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Evaluation of Lead Exposure at an Indoor Law Enforcement Firing Range
"We evaluated lead exposures in an indoor law enforcement firing range. We found lead in the air, but below occupational exposure limits. We also found lead on all surfaces tested including instructors' skin and footwear. All instructors had detectable blood lead levels. We recommended testing and balancing the ventilation system, improving hand hygiene, and starting a lead exposure monitoring program."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Grant, Michael; Eisenberg, Judith; Methner, Mark M.
2017-08
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Reform of U.S. International Taxation: Alternatives [August 01, 2017]
"The increasingly global scope of U.S. business has a variety of dimensions. In trade, the overall level of exports plus imports has risen steadily and substantially in recent decades, increasing from 16% of U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) in 1976 to 29% of GDP in 2016. Cross-border investment is growing even more dramatically. In 1976, the ratio of U.S. private assets abroad to GDP was 0.20; by year-end 2016 the ratio was 1.42. The bulk of the increase in outbound investment has been portfolio investment--investment in financial assets such as stocks and bonds without the active conduct of overseas business operations. But foreign direct investment by U.S. firms--actual foreign production by U.S.owned companies--has increased too, rising from a ratio of 0.12 of GDP to 0.44 of GDP between 1976 and 2016. It is the taxation of U.S. business operations that has been the recent focus of policymakers, and that has raised the question of basic tax reform in the international sector: Is the current U.S. system for taxing U.S. international business appropriate in this age of globalized business operations, or is reform needed? Moreover, along with the increasing scope of international investment activities, there is a growing opportunity for tax shelters that take advantage of low-tax foreign jurisdictions. How might revisions in the tax system exacerbate or address these tax shelter issues?"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Gravelle, Jane
2017-08-01
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How Winston-Salem/Forsyth County, NC, Achieved an End to Veteran Homelessness
From the Overview: "Forsyth County covers 413 square miles in the northwestern part of North Carolina, and includes the city of Winston-Salem. According to U.S. Census Bureau estimates, the population of Forsyth County was 371,511 in 2016, of which 7%, or 24,562, were Veterans. In 2016, 1,558 people experiencing homelessness sought help from HMIS [Homeless Management Information System]-participating agencies in our county. About 144 were Veterans. While we saw a 3% decrease in our population of people experiencing homelessness overall from the prior year, we had an 18% decrease in Veteran homelessness."
United States Interagency Council on Homelessness
Kurtz, Andrea
2017-08
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Harmful Algal Blooms and Hypoxia in the Great Lakes Research Plan and Action Strategy: An Interagency Report
"This report provides a research plan and action strategy for addressing the causes and impacts of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and hypoxia on stakeholders of all types within the Great Lakes region. Over the past several decades, HABs and hypoxia (low-oxygen conditions) have caught the nation's attention due to the associated negative socioeconomic, public health, and environmental impacts. Since the mid-1990s in particular, the Great Lakes region has seen an increase in the size, duration, and prevalence of these scientifically complex events."
National Science and Technology Council (U.S.); United States. Executive Office of the President
2017-08
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ITL Bulletin: Understanding the Major Update to NIST SP 800-63: Digital Identity Guidelines (August 2017)
This document is the Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) Bulletin for August 2017 from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). From the Introduction: "Digital identities are used in nearly every aspect of our online activities each day. A digital identity is the unique representation of a subject that is engaged in an online transaction. This bulletin outlines updates that NIST recently made in its four-volume Special Publication (SP) 800-63,Digital Identity Guidelines, which provide agencies with technical guidelines regarding the digital authentication of users to federal networked systems.Rather than being a single, monolithic guideline, SP 800-63-3 has been separated in multiple parts -each representing a distinct component of digital identity services. This way, organizations can choose the document that applies to the digital identity services they want to offer. This approach makes applying the guidelines easier for agencies--and also sets the stage for a nimble continuous improvement process. Also, NIST can quickly release key updates, rather than delivering in two or three year cycles. This bulletin will describe the components of digital identity - identity proofing, authentication, and federation - and explain how federal agencies can use them to protect the digital identities of their employees. It also provides an overview of the NIST documents that describe these digital identity components and explains how the information in them is organized."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.); Information Technology Laboratory (National Institute of Standards and Technology). Computer Security Division
Garcia, Mike; Grassi, Paul A.; Rigopoulos, Kristina . . .
2017-08
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CTC Sentinel [August 2017]
This August 2017 issue of the U.S. Military Academy's Combating Terrorism Center (CTC) Sentinel features the following articles: "Britain on Alert: The Attacks in London and Manchester and the Evolving Threat" by Raffaello Pantucci; "A View from the CT Foxhole: Edward You, FBI Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate, Biological Countermeasures Unit" by Kristina Hummel; "Predicting the Shape of Iraq's Next Sunni Insurgencies" by Michael Knights; "The Mujahidat Dilemma: Female Combatants and the Islamic State" by Charlie Winter and Devorah Margolin; and "Banning Encryption to Stop Terrorists: A Worse than Futile Exercise " by Aaron F. Brantly.
Combating Terrorism Center (U.S.)
2017-08
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FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin: August 2017
This edition of the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin features the following articles: "Police Militarization" by Scott W. Phillips; "From the Archives: A Mobile Command Post for Field Operations" by Howard R. Leary; "Crime Prevention Spotlight: Combating Thefts from Automobiles" by Damion L. Taylor; and "Leadership Spotlight: Having Hard Conversations" by Demetrio Avelino.
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
2017-08
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United States Attorneys' Bulletin: Prosecuting Violent Crimes II, Volume 65 Number 5, August 2017
This edition of the United States Attorneys' Bulletin covers Violent Crimes. The following articles are included: "Transnational Gangs: Prosecution of an MS-13 Gang Member Extradited from Mexico"; "Prosecution of Criminal Organizations: A More Effective Means to Curbing Violence"; "Kings Only of Corners and Blocks: A Primer on Using the Historical Conspiracy Strategy to Address the Violence of Non-Traditional Leaderless Street Gangs"; "Investigating and Prosecuting Heroin Overdose Cases"; and "The Effective Use of a Criminal as a Witness: A Special Problem."
Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys
2017-08
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Lake Aquilla: Habitat Survey Hill County, Texas
"This study surveyed and mapped the plant communities at Lake Aquilla, Hill County, Texas. The condition of the communities and their potential for future applications of selected restorative practices were also evaluated. Emphasis was placed on locating potential Texas Blackland prairie remnants, shrublands that may support the federally threatened Black-capped vireo ('Vireo atricapilla' Woodhouse), and oak-juniper woodlands that may support the federally endangered Golden-cheeked Warbler ('Dendroica chrysoparia' P. L. Sclater and Salvin). Data was collected using a combination of plots and transects. All vascular plant species were recorded, as well as their abundance and growth form. Plant community classifications were adapted from those developed by the National Vegetation Classification System for the state of Texas. Two-hundred and twenty-seven species of vascular plants were recorded from 27 sample locations. Remnant patches of Texas Blackland prairie degraded by fire suppression and previous land use practices were identified in the survey area. Shrublands suitable for the black-capped vireo, and oak-juniper woodlands suitable for the golden-cheeked warbler were not detected in the survey area. Restorative practices that include management of undesirable woody vegetation and application of prescribed fire were recommended for the grasslands, and oak woodlands and forests at Lake Aquilla."
Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.)
Philley, Kevin D.; Guilfoyle, Michael P.
2017-08
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MES Insights, Volume 8, Issue 4
This edition of the MES Insights published by the Middle East Studies (MES) program of the Marine Corps University contains the following article: "From Wolf Pack to Lone Wolf:
The Retreating Islamic State's Radicalized Strategy to Exist Beyond Territoriality" by Joseph Tyler Gruber. From the Introduction: "Analysis of the self-identified Islamic State's (IS) prolific and complex propaganda machine combined with increasing incidents of homegrown terrorism paint the group as a pervasive national security threat with a global reach. At the same time, reports from the front lines of its self-proclaimed 'caliphate' in Iraq and Syria boast sequential defeats and massive territorial losses for IS. These conflicting depictions of IS's capacity are reflective of the jihadist group's broad strategy to reshape its identity. By promoting and producing so-called 'lone wolf' terrorist attacks internationally, IS is seeking a new source of legitimacy which can survive the military and territorial losses of the caliphate."
Marine Corps University (U.S.). Middle East Studies
2017-08
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Medical Surveillance Monthly Report [August 2017]
"Medical Surveillance Monthly Report (MSMR), in continuous publication since 1995, is produced by the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch (AFHSB). The MSMR provides evidence-based estimates of the incidence, distribution, impact and trends of illness and injuries among United States military members and associated populations. Most reports in the MSMR are based on summaries of medical administrative data that are routinely provided to the AFHSB and integrated into the Defense Medical Surveillance System for health surveillance purposes." Articles in the edition include: "Multiple Sclerosis Among Service Members of the Active and Reserve Components of the U.S. Armed Forces and Among Other Beneficiaries of the Military Health System, 2007-2016," by Valerie F. Williams, Shauna Stahlman, and Saixia Ying; "Challenges with Diagnosing and Investigating Suspected Active Tuberculosis Disease in Military Trainees," by David Chang, Bryant J. Webber, Steven H. Hetrick, Jerry B. Owen, Audra A. Blasi, Bernadette M. Steele, and Heather C. Yun; and "Mid-Season Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Estimates for the 2016-2017 Influenza Season," by Elizabeth Toure, Angelia A. Eick-Cost, Anthony W. Hawksworth, Michael J. Cooper, Zheng Hu, Christopher A. Meyers, Peter E. Kammerer, Michelle N. Ricketts, and Susan Frederinko.
Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center (U.S.)
2017-08
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Terror Threat Snapshot [August 2017]
From the website of the House Committee on Homeland Security: "House Homeland Security Committee Chairman Michael McCaul (R-TX) today released August's Terror Threat Snapshot, a monthly assessment of the Committee's continuing effort to highlight the growing threat America, the West, and the world face from ISIS and other Islamist terrorists."
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security
2017-08
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Anti-Money Laundering: U.S. Efforts to Combat Narcotics-Related Money Laundering in the Western Hemisphere, Report to the Ranking Member, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives
"Proceeds from narcotics-related illicit activities are one of the most common sources of money laundering in the United States. Though difficult to accurately determine, in 2015, Treasury estimated that drug trafficking generated about $64 billion annually from U.S. sales. Moreover, the Western Hemisphere accounts for about a third of the jurisdictions designated by State as of primary concern for money laundering. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to provide information on U.S. efforts to impede illicit proceeds from drug trafficking from entering the financial systems of the United States and other Western Hemisphere countries. This report describes (1) U.S. agency oversight and monitoring of compliance with the BSA [Bank Secrecy Act], including collaboration with counterparts in other Western Hemisphere countries, and (2) State's and Treasury's efforts to build capacity in other Western Hemisphere countries to combat narcotics-related money laundering. GAO reviewed laws and regulations; interviewed experts and U.S. officials; reviewed documents and examined State's and Treasury's budget data for fiscal years 2011 through 2015, the most recent at the time of the review, for anti-money laundering activities. GAO selected Colombia, Mexico, and Panama--three principal recipients of AML [anti-money laundering] support--for site visits, in part, because each country was designated a major drug transit or illicit drug-producing country from fiscal years 2014 through 2016."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2017-08
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Short History of Biological Warfare: From Pre-History to the 21st Century
"This short monograph reviews the history of biological warfare (BW) from prehistory to the present. It covers what we know about the practice of BW and briefly describes the programs that developed BW weapons based on the best available research. […] This survey breaks the history of BW into three periods. The first section examines prehistory to 1900--the period before scientific advances proved that microorganisms were the cause of many diseases. Despite many claims to the contrary, resort to BW was exceedingly rare during this era. Readers interested only in BW's modern history can skip this section. The second section looks at the years from 1900 through 1945. This period saw the emergence of state BW programs, the employment of biological weapons in both world wars, and the use of biological agents by nonstate actors, including criminals. This period witnessed the most significant resort to BW. It included the first organized state campaign to wage BW--sabotage operations organized by the German government during World War I. It also saw the most extensive use--the Japanese attacks in China. Almost all the known victims of BW were Chinese, mostly civilians, who were killed in these operations. This period also saw the initial efforts to control BW in the 1925 Geneva Protocol, which essentially prohibited the first use of BW agents. Finally, the third section, covering the period from 1945 to the present, focuses mostly on developments during the Cold War, including descriptions of state BW programs as well as known uses of biological agents by states, terrorists, and criminals."
National Defense University. Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction; National Defense University Press
Carus, W. Seth
2017-08
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Conflict Minerals: Information on Artisanal Mined Gold and Efforts to Encourage Responsible Sourcing in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Report to Congressional Committees
"Over the past decade, the United States and the international community have sought to improve security in the DRC [Democratic Republic of the Congo], the site of one of the world's worst humanitarian crises. In the eastern DRC, armed groups have committed severe human rights abuses, including sexual violence, and reportedly profit from the exploitation of 'conflict minerals,' particularly gold. Congress included a provision in the 2010 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act that, among other things, required the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to promulgate regulations regarding the use of conflict minerals from the DRC and adjoining countries. The SEC adopted these regulations in 2012. The act also included a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to annually assess the SEC regulations' effectiveness in promoting peace and security and report on the rate of sexual violence in the DRC and adjoining countries. In April 2017, GAO reported on companies' disclosures, in response to the SEC regulations, of conflict minerals they used in calendar year 2015 (see GAO-17-517R). In this report, GAO provides information about (1) the supply chain for ASM [artisanal and small-scale mined] gold in the DRC; (2) efforts to encourage responsible sourcing of ASM gold; and (3) sexual violence in eastern DRC and neighboring countries published since August 2016, when GAO last reported on this topic. GAO reviewed U.S., UN, and nongovernment and international organizations' reports; interviewed U.S., DRC, and United Arab Emirates (UAE) officials and other stakeholders; and conducted fieldwork in Dubai, UAE."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2017-08
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Selected Federal Legal Authorities Pertinent to Public Health Emergencies [Updated August 2017]
"Federal laws and legal authorities address a variety of concerns central to public health emergencies, such as emergency declarations, quarantine and isolation, liability and licensure of workers, and mutual aid, among others. Because these laws involve multiple federal agencies and appear in many official documents, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) Public Health Law Program (PHLP) prepared the following annotated list of selected, commonly cited federal legal authorities for reference by public health officials, legal counsel, and others."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
Sunshine, Gregory; Kershner, Stacie
2017-08
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Modeling Cyber-Physical War-Gaming
"War games are simulations of what could happen in the real world. War games can serve multiple functions, such as training, testing a new system, testing existing processes, or discovering new knowledge. However, theoretic foundations and guidance for cyber war games are lacking. Here we illustrate how operational military war games and cyber war games share similar constructs. We also provide a game-theoretic approach to mathematically analyze attacker and defender strategies in cyber war games. Using a fairly realistic simulation, we empirically demonstrate applying game-theory models to quantify risks and benefits when assessing strategies"
U.S. Army Research Laboratory
Colbert, Edward J.M.; Kott, Alexander; Knachel, Lawrence P., III . . .
2017-08
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Considerations and Recommendations Regarding State and Local Officer-Involved Use-Of-Force Investigations
"As first responders, law enforcement officers protect the communities they serve; maintain order; render aid; and enforce state, county, municipal, and federal laws. In performing these duties, officers sometimes must use force, including deadly force, which they are permitted to do, but only consistent with the authority delegated to them by state and federal laws. Particularly when law enforcement officers use force resulting in death or serious bodily injury, there must be a complete, thorough, and transparent investigation conducted in a timely manner. The public has a right to expect that all involved parties be held legally accountable--including criminally accountable when appropriate--for their actions under applicable law. [...] This document is a resource that sets forth recommendations and issues to consider for municipal, county, and state law enforcement officials tasked with ensuring accountability for critical use-of-force incidents that result in death or serious bodily injury to any party. It is designed to follow existing laws, regulations, and statutes, and agencies should review their operating structures to ensure adherence to governing processes as they seek to implement recommendations identified in this document. This document is intended to be used prior to critical use-of-force incidents to identify and implement recommendations, address issues, and better equip agencies to effectively respond to use-of-force investigations."
United States. Bureau of Justice Assistance; United States. Department of Justice
2017-08
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Department of Homeland Security: Monthly Budget Execution and Staffing Report: Fiscal Year 2017 - Through June 30, 2017 (Fiscal Year 2017 Report to Congress)
This document provides details to Congress on the DHS monthly budget execution and staffing report for the 2017 fiscal year through June 30, 2017.
United States. Department of Homeland Security; United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of the Chief Financial Officer
2017-08-01
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Fake Rx in Indiana: Carfentanil and Fentanyl Found in Purported Oxycodone Pills
"A recent enforcement operation by the Drug Enforcement Administration's (DEA) Indianapolis District Office (IDO) resulted in the seizure of 970 purported prescription pills that were various shades of blue and appeared to be oxycodone. Laboratory analysis subsequently revealed that the pills were counterfeit; the dark blue pills contained carfentanil and the light blue pills contained fentanyl. Fentanyl is a Schedule II opioid analgesic approximately 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine. Carfentanil is a Schedule II substance, similar in structure to fentanyl, with an analgesic potency 10,000 times that of morphine and is used in veterinary practice to immobilize certain large animals, including elephants. Both can be fatal in very small amounts."
United States. Drug Enforcement Administration
2017-08
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Methamphetamine Fatalities on the Rise in King County, Washington
"The King County Medical Examiner's Office (KCMEO) reported that deaths caused by drugs increased to their highest levels in 2016 in King County, Washington. Methamphetamine was responsible for 109 (30 percent) of the 360 drug deaths according to KCMEO data. DEA reporting indicates that the methamphetamine responsible for the overdose deaths was produced in Mexico and smuggled across the Southwest Border (SWB) to the Pacific Northwest. Recently, methamphetamine users have begun combining the drug with heroin--a combination that has led to a substantial increase in deaths in King County--according to an analysis of KCMEO data."
United States. Drug Enforcement Administration
2017-08
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Colombian Cocaine Production Expansion Contributes to Rise in Supply in the United States
From the Executive Summary: "Changes in key international cocaine market indicators point to the highest U.S. cocaine supply levels since at least 2007. National data also show the most significant increase in domestic cocaine usage since at least 2009. Recent cocaine production and U.S. Transit Zone movement indicators have reached the highest levels ever observed. Cocaine supply and usage in the United States is rising and will likely continue to expand in the near term based upon a body of rising indicators, though some usage indicators may increase at slower rates than others. Barring a significant shift in the Government of Colombia's (GOC) policies, drug trafficking organization (DTO) behavior, or U.S. drug consumer preferences, this trend is likely to amplify through at least 2018."
United States. Drug Enforcement Administration
2017-08
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Today's NCTC
From the Foreword: "NCTC [National Counterterrorism Center] was borne out of a post-9/11 world in which the United States Government (USG) reorganized and restructured the Intelligence Community (IC) in order to protect and secure our nation from terrorist attacks. [...] These foundational documents define NCTC's principal roles, missions, and responsibilities--mainly to analyze the threat using all available USG information, to share terrorism-related information with our partners across the counterterrorism (CT) enterprise, to maintain the single authoritative USG database of known and suspected terrorists, and to integrate the national CT effort through effective planning and strategy development."
National Counterterrorism Center (U.S.)
2017-08
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Characterization of Peak Streamflows and Flood Inundation at Selected Areas in North Carolina Following Hurricane Matthew, October 2016
From the Abstract: "The passage of Hurricane Matthew through central and eastern North Carolina during October 7-9, 2016, brought heavy rainfall, which resulted in major flooding. More than 15 inches of rain was recorded in some areas. More than 600 roads were closed, including Interstates 95 and 40, and nearly 99,000 structures were affected by floodwaters. Immediately following the flooding, the U.S. Geological Survey documented 267 high-water marks, of which 254 were surveyed. North Carolina Emergency Management documented and surveyed 353 high-water marks. Using a subset of these high-water marks, seven flood-inundation maps were created for hard-hit communities. Digital datasets of the inundation areas, study reach boundary, and water-depth rasters are available for download. In addition, peak gage-height data, peak streamflow data, and annual exceedance probabilities (in percent) were determined for 24 U.S. Geological Survey stream-gages located near the heavily flooded communities."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
Musser, Jonathan W.; Watson, Kara M.; Gotvald, Anthony J.
2017-08
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Surge Toolkit and Facility Checklist
From the Website: "Reopening a closed ('shuttered') hospital to expand surge capacity in an emergency requires significant planning. This Toolkit is a step-by-step guide to assist staff responsible for management, legal, facility, staffing, security, materials management, and transportation planning."
United States. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
2017-08
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ECDC Tool for the Prioritisation of Infectious Disease Threats: Handbook and Manual
"This handbook describes an ECDC-developed [European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control] Microsoft Excel tool for the prioritisation of infectious disease threats. The tool and this handbook are best used in conjunction with ECDC's report on Best practices in ranking emerging infectious disease threats [1], which illustrates several important considerations for the risk-ranking process. This handbook also describes an ECDC risk-ranking exercise conducted to guide public health emergency preparedness planning from an EU perspective."
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
2017-08
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Effects of Climate Change on Volcanic Emissions and Health Security in Hawaii by 2050
"While it is commonly understood that climate change will modify the weather, it is also predicted to influence volcanic emissions directly. It will thus have a significant effect on the geophysical properties of the planet, as well as the exposure of humans to emissions of ash, dust and aerosols. Because of local topography, communities in the Hawaiian Islands are exposed to different concentrations and compositions of volcanic air pollution, depending on the volume of volcanic emissions, the speed and direction of the wind, humidity and precipitation, and the height of the inversion layer. Health effects from vog exposure vary greatly among individuals. People with preexisting respiratory conditions such as asthma, emphysema and bronchitis are more prone to experience the adverse effects of vog. In Hawaii, there has been an increase in the prevalence of asthma since at least 2000 that has been anecdotally attributed to vog. Investigating possible alternative causes, researchers found significant increases in sensitivity of adults to indoor aeroallergens, particularly those originating from dust mites, cockroaches, cats and dogs. Climate change may actually play an indirect causal role by encouraging human behavior that exposes people to irritating indoor environmental influences, which subjects may then speciously associate with vog exposure."
Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies
Canyon, Deon; Campbell, J.R.
2017-08?
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Final Test Report for Jack Rabbit (JR) II
From the Abstract: "This test report summarizes the findings from Jack Rabbit II (JRII) conducted at WDTC [West Desert Test Center], US Army Dugway Proving Ground (DPG), Utah, from August 2015 through September 2016. It should not be construed as the Army Test and Evaluation Command system evaluation report or system assessment for JRII. The JRII test was designed to safely replicate accidental or intentional releases of chlorine gas from pressurized tanks and to document the downwind movement of the gas through an urban setting and in an open area. During 2015, five trials were completed in a simulated urban area containing multiple vehicles with chlorine gas releases ranging in size from 5 to 9 tons. Mass, pressure, chlorine vapor concentration, temperature, and meteorological data were collected to track the chlorine cloud movement downrange. During 2016, four trials were completed with minimal urban structures and vehicles, using chlorine gas releases ranging in size from 10 to 20 tons. Three chlorine dissemination angles were tested; 180 degrees (downward), 135 degrees and 0 degrees (upward)."
US Army Dugway Proving Ground (DPG). West Desert Test Center (WDTC)
Schmidt, Eric; Nicholson, Damon; Lian, Norman . . .
2017-08
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Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): An Overview [August 01, 2017]
"Established by Congress as an amendment to the Clean Air Act, the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) mandates that U.S. transportation fuel contain a minimum volume of biofuel. The mandated minimum volume increases annually and must be met using both conventional biofuel (e.g., cornstarch ethanol) and advanced biofuel (e.g., cellulosic ethanol). For a biofuel to be applied toward the mandate, it must be used for certain purposes (transportation fuel, jet fuel, or heating oil) and meet certain environmental and biomass feedstock criteria."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Bracmort, Kelsi
2017-08-01
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Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): Waiver Authority and Modification of Volumes [August 1, 2017]
"The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) requires that the nation's transportation fuel supply contain renewable biofuels. This mandate--established in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct; P.L. 109-58) and expanded in the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA; P.L. 110140)--requires the use of renewable fuel, but it does not explicitly require the production of that fuel. Obligated parties, such as refiners or importers of gasoline or diesel fuel, are responsible for complying with the RFS requirements. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administers the mandate, which is an amendment of the Clean Air Act, under its authority to regulate fuels. The statutory renewable fuel volume amounts increase annually until 2022, with EPA determining the volume amounts after 2022 within certain limitations. In general, EPA has the authority to waive the RFS requirements, in whole or in part, if certain conditions outlined in statute prevail."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Bracmort, Kelsi
2017-08-01
