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Hypersonic Weapons: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated August 25, 2021]
From the Introduction: "[This] report reviews the hypersonic weapons programs in the United States, Russia, and China, providing information on the programs and infrastructure in each nation, based on unclassified sources. It also provides a brief summary of the state of global hypersonic weapons research development. It concludes with a discussion of the issues that Congress might address as it considers DOD's funding requests for U.S. hypersonic technology programs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sayler, Kelley M.
2021-08-25
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Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW):budget and U.S. Contributions [August 25, 2021]
From the Document: "The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), located in The Hague, Netherlands, is the international organization responsible for overseeing implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC, or Convention). The parties to the CWC have agreed to destroy and prevent the development and use of chemical weapons, as well as to restrict the use of dual-use chemicals while promoting technical cooperation. Assessed use of chemical weapons by Syria, North Korea, and Russia since 2013 has drawn renewed U.S. and international attention to chemical weapons issues and placed additional demands on the OPCW."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kerr, Paul K.; Nikitin, Mary Beth Dunham; Blanchfield, Luisa
2021-08-25
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Use of Militia, National Guard, or Federal Armed Forces Within the District of Columbia Prior to 2020 [August 25, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report provides information on 10 instances in which the militia, National Guard, or federal armed forces were used for operations within the geographic boundaries of Washington, DC, due to violence or anticipated violence. Congress may find these cases helpful when considering the contemporary or future role of the National Guard and federal armed forces in the nation's capital."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence; Blum, David A.; Ott, Alan . . .
2021-08-25
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International COVID-19 Data and Vaccine Distribution: Selected Resources [August 25, 2021]
From the Document: "The ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread to nearly every country worldwide, causing millions of cases and deaths as reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). The resources below provide information on tracking the international spread of the virus and global efforts to contain it through vaccine distribution, tests, and treatments. These resources are not a comprehensive list of COVID-19 international data sources. Rather, they are a starting point that may help congressional staff find resources for frequently requested data. [...] Readers may consider using caution when comparing data across sources, time frames, and geographies, as each resource may have differing methodologies and definitions that may change over time."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Fischer, Hannah
2021-08-25
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Cryptocurrency Transfers and Data Collection [August 25, 2021]
From the Overview: "The extent to which the government should collect data on and require reporting of cryptocurrency ('crypto') transfers has been the focus of recent policy discussions. Both the Biden Administration's FY2022 budget proposal and H.R. 3684, as amended and passed by the Senate on August 10, 2021, would enhance and expand tax information reporting for certain crypto transfers. Requiring more data collection on crypto transfers presents policymakers with a potential trade-off. On the one hand, enhanced data collection and reporting could lead to increased tax revenue and lower levels of illicit financial activity. On the other hand, enhanced data collection could lead some crypto market participants to move their operations offshore to avoid government oversight, which may negatively impact a burgeoning sector of the U.S. economy. This In Focus summarizes current data reporting requirements for certain crypto transfers, reviews recent policy proposals, and presents selected policy considerations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Keightley, Mark P.; Scott, Andrew P.
2021-08-25
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Noncitizen Eligibility for Medicaid and CHIP [August 25, 2021]
From the Document: "Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) provide a health care safety net for low-income populations. The availability of these programs for noncitizens (i.e., 'aliens' in immigration law) depends on the noncitizen's immigration status and certain other factors. The Migration Policy Institute estimates 2.4 million low-income noncitizens were enrolled in Medicaid, CHIP, or another public health insurance program in 2019. This In Focus provides an overview of Medicaid/CHIP eligibility rules for non-U.S. citizens."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Baumrucker, Evelyne P.; Kolker, Abigail F.
2021-08-25
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Connecting Constituents with Federal Programs for Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Projects [August 25, 2021]
From the Document: "Congress has established programs to assist constituents-- including individuals, organizations, and local governments--with drinking water and wastewater infrastructure projects. This In Focus includes a list of selected federal grant, loan, and other programs that support such projects. The following programs vary in scope and funding level and are not a comprehensive list of all potentially relevant programs for a given project."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Eck, Rachel J.; Procita, Kezee
2021-08-25
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COVID-19 Vaccination: Selected U.S. Data Sources [Updated August 25, 2021]
From the Document: "The sources below can help congressional staff track the progress of the U.S. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination campaign at the national, state, and local levels. Sources were selected for having commonly cited and frequently requested data. This list is not intended to be comprehensive. Because different resources use different methodologies, readers should check websites' notes and caveats, and use caution when comparing data."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cornell, Ada S.; Napili, Angela
2021-08-25
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Violence Prevention: Resources for Federal, State, Local, Tribal, Territorial, and Private Sector Homeland Security Partners
From the Document: "The Department of Homeland Security's mission is 'with honor and integrity, we will safeguard the American people, our homeland, and our values.' This requires and depends on close collaboration with our federal, state, local, tribal, territorial, and private sector partners. This guide provides an overview of available DHS resources supporting violence prevention for our partners in the field, as well as grant and funding opportunities."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2021-08-25
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Public Safety Officers' Benefits Program: Bureau of Justice Assistance in Compliance with Offset and Reporting Requirements for 9/11-Related Claims
From the Document: "Public safety officers--law enforcement officers, firefighters, and emergency medical technicians, among others--who die or become totally and permanently disabled after a line-of-duty injury are eligible for benefits from the Department of Justice's (DOJ) Public Safety Officers' Benefits (PSOB) program. The PSOB program provides a one-time, lump-sum payment to eligible public safety officers or their surviving family members. The lump-sum payment amount for a disability or death occurring during fiscal year 2021 was $370,376. Since fiscal year 2013, the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), which administers the PSOB program, approved more than 2,300 death and disability claims and provided over $570 million to eligible officers and their families."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2021-08-24
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MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, August 24, 2021: SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Hospitalizations Among Persons Aged ≥16 Years, by Vaccination Status -- Los Angeles County, California, May 1-July 25, 2021
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This early release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Hospitalizations Among Persons Aged ≥16 Years, by Vaccination Status -- Los Angeles County, California, May 1-July 25, 2021." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2021.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2021-08-24
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MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, August 24, 2021: Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Frontline Workers Before and During B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant Predominance -- Eight U.S. Locations, December 2020-August 2021
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This early release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Frontline Workers Before and During B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant Predominance -- Eight U.S. Locations, December 2020-August 2021." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2021.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2021-08-24
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2946, Reinforcing Nicaragua's Adherence to Conditions for Electoral Reform Act of 2021
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on July 29, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 2946 would require the Department of State to assess and report to the Congress on efforts to use targeted sanctions and diplomacy to promote free, fair, and transparent elections in Nicaragua, and to coordinate the department's efforts with U.S. allies. The bill also would require the department to report to the Congress on several related issues, including cooperation between Nicaragua and Russia on military, intelligence, and other matters. Finally, H.R. 2946 would require the Department of the Treasury to increase its scrutiny of assistance provided to Nicaragua by international financial institutions and to report to the Congress on its actions. On the basis of information about the costs to prepare similar reports, CBO estimates that satisfying those various reporting requirements would cost less than $500,000 each year and total $1 million over the 2021-2026 period. Such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-08-24
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S.J. Res. 10, a Joint Resolution to Repeal the Authorizations for Use of Military Force Against Iraq, and for Other Purposes
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as reported by the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on August 4, 2021. From the Document: "S.J. Res. 10 would repeal the statutory authorizations for U.S. military operations against Iraq. [...] S.J. Res 10 would repeal Public Law 102-1, which authorized the President to use U.S. Armed Forces to enforce U.N. Security Council resolutions regarding the 1991 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. [...] S.J. Res. 10 also would repeal Public Law 107-243, which in 2002 authorized the President to use U.S. Armed Forces to defend the United States against the threat posed by Iraq and to enforce all relevant U.N. Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq. The current Administration has stated that ongoing military operations in Iraq no longer rely solely on the legal basis of P.L. 107-243. Rather, the Department of Defense has asserted that operations to protect U.S. Armed Forces in a combat theater are justified under Article II of the Constitution. Additionally, the department has stated that Article 51 of the U.N. Charter provides the right of self-defense to member nations involved in ongoing military operations. On the basis of that information, CBO estimates that repealing the authorizing legislation would not affect spending to support current military operations in Iraq; thus, enacting the joint resolution would not affect the federal budget."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-08-24
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 2439, DHS Industrial Control Systems Capabilities Enhancement Act of 2021
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on August 4, 2021. From the Document: "S. 2439 would require the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) to identify and mitigate threats to systems that are used in the automated control of critical infrastructure processes (such as power generation and water treatment). The bill also would require CISA to brief the Congress on its capability to do so not later than six months after the bill's enactment and every six months thereafter over the four-year period following enactment of the bill. In addition, the bill would require the Government Accountability Office to review and report on CISA's practices for managing cybersecurity risks to industrial control systems. CISA already assists the owners and operators of critical infrastructure with addressing security vulnerabilities in their industrial control systems. The bill would codify those responsibilities but would not impose any new operating requirements on the agency. CBO estimates that implementing S. 2439 would cost less than $500,000 over the 2021-2026 period to prepare and deliver the required briefings; such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriations. For this estimate, CBO assumes that the bill will be enacted in fiscal year 2022."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-08-24
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 4469, AI in Counterterrorism Oversight Enhancement Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Oversight and Reform on July 20, 2021. From the Document: "The Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board is an independent agency in the executive branch that is responsible for ensuring that measures taken by the federal government to combat terrorism incorporate protections for privacy and civil liberties. H.R. 4469 would expand the scope of the agency's authorities to include measures that utilize artificial intelligence. Using information from the agency about similar initiatives, CBO expects that it would hire three additional staff members to implement H.R. 4469. CBO estimates that staff salaries and other administrative costs to prepare the additional reports required by the bill would average $500,000 per year and total $3 million over the 2021-2026 period; such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriations. For this estimate, CBO assumes that the bill will be enacted near the start of fiscal year 2022."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-08-24
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 4526, City and State Diplomacy Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on July 29, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 4526 would require the Department of State to establish an Office of City and State Diplomacy to coordinate and support the interactions of U.S. state and municipal governments with foreign governments. It also would require that office to provide annual reports to the Congress on its activities. For this estimate, CBO assumes that the bill will be enacted in fiscal year 2022. On the basis of information about similar activities conducted by the department's Bureau of Global Public Affairs, CBO estimates that the department would move some existing staff in the Bureau to the new office and hire an additional five employees at an annual cost of $200,000 each. In total, CBO estimates that creating the new office and satisfying the reporting requirement would cost about $1 million each year and total $5 million over the 2021-2026 period. Such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-08-24
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 812, a Bill to Direct the Secretary of State to Develop a Strategy to Regain Observer Status for Taiwan in the World Health Organization, and for Other Purposes
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as passed by the Senate on August 6, 2021. From the Document: "S. 812 would expand an existing requirement for the Department of State to report on its efforts to endorse and obtain observer status for Taiwan at annual meetings of the World Health Organization. Under the act, the department would provide information about how it modifies those efforts following meetings at which Taiwan was excluded as an observer. On the basis of information about similar reporting requirements, CBO estimates that implementing the act would cost less than $500,000 over the 2021-2026 period. Such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-08-24
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Saudi Security: Increasing Challenges Alongside Strategic Limitations
From the Document: "In recent years the threats facing Saudi Arabia have intensified, and they have seen significant changes. A noticeable increase in kinetic threats (scope and precision) and in cyber threats to strategic assets is evident, and in particular Riyadh faces a threat to the functional continuity of its oil facilities and freedom of navigation. These looming threats are ominous for the Saudi economy and damage the kingdom's standing; should they intensify further, security could be undermined, and in extreme scenarios, national stability and the stability of the royal house itself. This trend has four main sources: Saudi Arabia's adversaries are winning the arms race and are capable of attacking it more easily than in the past; Iran has displayed increasing audacity in its actions in the region, exposing the weakness of the Gulf and American deterrence; there has been a regression in the willingness of Riyadh's traditional supporters - the United States, Pakistan, and Arab countries - to guarantee its security; and an assertive policy by Riyadh has generated increased criticism. All these enhance the potential threat in the domestic arena, at the borders, and from across the borders."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Guzansky, Yoel; Barak, Tomer
2021-08-24
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H. Rept. 117-117: Providing for Consideration of the Bill (H.R. 4) to Amend the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to Revise the Criteria for Determining Which States and Political Subdivisions Are Subject to Section 4 of the Act, and for Other Purposes; Providing for Consideration of the Senate Amendment to the Bill (H.R. 3684) to Authorize Funds for Federal Aid Highways, Highway Safety Programs, and Transit Programs, and for Other Purposes; and Providing for the Adoption of the Concurrent Resolution (S. Con. Res. 14) Setting Forth the Congressional Budget for the United States Government for Fiscal Year 2022 and Setting Forth the Appropriate Budgetary Levels for Fiscal Years 2023 Through 2031; and for Other Purposes, Report to Accompany H. Res. 601, August 24, 2021
From the Summary of Provisions of the Resolution: "The resolution provides for consideration of H.R. 4, the John R. Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act of 2021, under a closed rule. The resolution provides one hour of debate equally divided and controlled by the chair and ranking minority member of the Committee on the Judiciary or their respective designees. The resolution waives all points of order against consideration of the bill. The resolution provides that the amendment printed in this report shall be considered as adopted and the bill, as amended, shall be considered as read."
United States. Government Printing Office
2021-08-24
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Illicit Fentanyl from China: An Evolving Global Operation
From the Key Findings: "[1] 'China remains the primary country of origin for illicit fentanyl and fentanyl-related substances trafficked into the United States:' In 2019, China fulfilled a pledge to the United States and placed all forms of fentanyl and its analogues on a regulatory schedule. Nevertheless, illicit fentanyl from China remains widely available in the United States. Chinese traffickers are using various strategies to circumvent new regulations, including focusing on chemical precursors, relocating some manufacturing to India, rerouting precursor shipments through third countries, and leveraging marketing schemes to avoid detection. [...] [2] 'Since China's government scheduled fentanyl, the amount of finished fentanyl shipped directly from China to the United States has declined, while the amount shipped from Mexico has increased:' The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) assesses Chinese traffickers have shifted from primarily manufacturing finished fentanyl to primarily exporting precursors to Mexican cartels, who manufacture illicit fentanyl and deliver the final product. U.S. law enforcement has seen a growing trend of Chinese nationals, in both Mexico and the United States, working with Mexican cartels. [...] [3] 'Chinese brokers are laundering Mexican drug money through China's financial system:' Chinese money launderers are using financial technology, mobile banking apps, and social media to evade authorities. [4] 'Cooperation between the United States and China remains limited:' U.S. law enforcement agencies have established working groups, conducted high-level meetings, and shared information with their Chinese counterparts, which has led to the dismantling of a few illicit fentanyl networks."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Greenwood, Lauren; Fashola, Kevin
2021-08-24
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Afghan Aerial Evacuation in Context [August 24, 2021]
From the Document: "August 24, 2021 On August 15, 2021, the U.S. military [hyperlink] began evacuating thousands of persons from Hamid Karzai International Airport, in Kabul, Afghanistan. As of August 24, the military has airlifted approximately 64,000 [hyperlink] persons since July --of those, approximately 40,000 were reportedly evacuated since August 16 and 12,700 were reportedly evacuated [hyperlink] on August 23 alone. President Biden [hyperlink] has stated that he intends to complete the evacuation and the Taliban have stipulated that U.S. forces need to withdraw from Afghanistan by August 31. [...] There are several constraints affecting air operations for the Kabul airlift. First, Kabul Airport has a single runway and a relatively small parking area for aircraft [hyperlink], physically limiting the number of aircraft. Second, there is a limited amount of fuel at the airfield, and DOD has instructed aircraft not to refuel on the ground. Third, airlift operations are dependent on the number of State Department consular officers [hyperlink] processing visas[.] [...] Finally, the 85,000 evacuee estimate accounts for U.S. and Afghan civilians across the entire country (which is the size of Texas). It is unclear how many people outside of Kabul are being evacuated given limited infrastructure in the country and the lack of security outside of the airport. Despite these constraints, it may be instructive to consider previous airlifts from emergency situations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hoehn, John R.; Gertler, Jeremiah
2021-08-24
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Russia's Nord Stream 2 Natural Gas Pipeline to Germany [Updated August 24, 2021]
From the Document: "Nord Stream 2, a natural gas pipeline nearing completion, is expected to increase the volume of Russia's natural gas export capacity directly to Germany, bypassing Ukraine, Poland, and other transit states. Successive U.S. Administrations and Congresses have opposed Nord Stream 2, reflecting concerns about European dependence on Russian energy and the threat of increased Russian aggression in Ukraine. The German government is a key proponent of the pipeline, which it says will be a reliable source of natural gas as Germany is ending nuclear energy production and reducing coal use. Despite the Biden Administration's stated opposition to Nord Stream 2, the Administration appears to have shifted its focus away from working to prevent the pipeline's completion to mitigating the potential negative impacts of an operational pipeline. Some critics of this approach, including some Members of Congress and the Ukrainian and Polish governments, sharply criticized a U.S.-German joint statement on energy security, issued on July 21, 2021, which they perceived as indirectly affirming the pipeline's completion. Although the statement included a German pledge to increase energy investments in Ukraine and to counter future Russian attempts to 'use energy as a weapon,' it made no mention of halting progress on Nord Stream 2. Critics argue it will be difficult to hold future German governments to its commitments and that the Administration should pursue additional sanctions to prevent the pipeline from becoming operational."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Belkin, Paul; Ratner, Michael; Welt, Cory
2021-08-24
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Energy and Water Development Appropriations: Nuclear Weapons Activities [Updated August 24, 2021]
From the Overview: "Responsibility for U.S. nuclear weapons resides with both the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Energy (DOE). DOD develops, deploys, and operates the missiles and aircraft that can deliver nuclear warheads. It also generates the military requirements for the warheads carried on those platforms. The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), a semiautonomous agency within the Department of Energy, oversees the research, development, test, and acquisition programs that produce, maintain, and sustain the warheads. NNSA is also responsible for storing and securing the warheads that are not deployed with DOD delivery systems and for dismantling warheads that have been retired and removed from the stockpile. Congress authorizes funding for both DOD and NNSA nuclear weapons activities in the annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA); it funds the NNSA budget through the Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act. This report focuses on the portion of the Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act that funds NNSA's nuclear weapons activities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Woolf, Amy F.
2021-08-24
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Federally Supported Projects and Programs for Wastewater, Drinking Water, and Water Supply Infrastructure [Updated August 24, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report focuses on programs that support drinking water and wastewater infrastructure projects and also municipal and industrial (M&I) water supply projects and activities. This report generally does not address water projects and programs for irrigation, flood control, hydroelectricity, and recreation. However, in some cases [...], a federal program or agency (e.g., Reclamation and USDA) may primarily support one or more of these other objectives while providing some support for M&I activities, even if only incidentally. Other federal authorities (e.g., those of Reclamation and USACE [U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]) may be available to assist with the provision of emergency water and wastewater needs, such as improving access to water supplies during a drought. Such authorities are generally not discussed in this report."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Ramseur, Jonathan L.; Lawhorn, Julie M.; Normand, Anna E. . . .
2021-08-24
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USCIS Needs to Improve Its Electronic Employment Eligibility Verification Process
From the Highlights: "The United States is home to millions of undocumented individuals who are often motivated to come here in search of work. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) verifies the employment eligibility of newly hired individuals through the E-Verify system. E-Verify is critical for helping to maintain the integrity of the Nation's immigration system and ensuring only authorized individuals gain employment. We conducted this audit to assess the effectiveness of E-Verify to electronically confirm employment eligibility."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2021-08-23
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 1198, Solid Start Act of 2021
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs on July 28, 2021. From the Document: "S. 1198 would codify the Solid Start program implemented in 2019 by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to help veterans transition to civilian life. Under the program, VA aims to contact every veteran by phone three times during their first year after separating from the armed forces. On those outreach calls, veterans receive information about their eligibility for VA health care and benefits and the availability of mental health resources. The bill would require VA to tailor outreach calls to address the needs of each veteran's situation, including customizing information specifically for women veterans. To the extent that S. 1198 would expand the Solid Start program, VA would incur additional costs; however, on the basis of information provided by VA in detailed program plans and status reports, CBO estimates that those costs would total less than $500,000 over the 2021-2026 period. Such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-08-23
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Evaluation of DHS' Compliance with Federal Information Security Modernization Act Requirements for Intelligence Systems for Fiscal Year 2020
From the Unclassified Summary: "We evaluated the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) enterprise-wide security program for Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information intelligence systems. [...] We determined that DHS' information security program for Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information intelligence systems is effective this year as the Department achieved 'Level 4 - Managed and Measurable' in three of five cybersecurity functions, based on current reporting instructions for intelligence systems. However, we identified deficiencies in DHS' protect and recover functions. We made three recommendations to the Office of Intelligence and Analysis to address the deficiencies identified. The Office of Intelligence and Analysis concurred with all three recommendations. We conducted our fieldwork between July 2020 and March 2021."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2021-08-23
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Confederate Names and Military Installations [Updated August 23, 2021]
From the Document: "There are 10 major military installations named after Confederate Civil War commanders located in the former states of the Confederacy. These are all Army installations: Fort Rucker [hyperlink] (after Col. Edmund W. Rucker [hyperlink], who was given the honorary title of 'General') in Alabama; Fort Benning [hyperlink] (Brig. Gen. Henry L. Benning [hyperlink]) and Fort Gordon [hyperlink] (Maj. Gen. John Brown Gordon [hyperlink]) in Georgia; Camp Beauregard [hyperlink] (Gen. Pierre Gustave Toutant 'P.G.T.' Beauregard [hyperlink]) and Fort Polk [hyperlink] (Gen. Leonidas Polk [hyperlink]) in Louisiana; Fort Bragg [hyperlink] (Gen. Braxton Bragg [hyperlink]) in North Carolina; Fort Hood [hyperlink] (Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood [hyperlink]) in Texas; and Fort A.P. Hill [hyperlink] (Lt. Gen. Ambrose Powell 'A.P.' Hill [hyperlink]), Fort Lee [hyperlink] (Gen. Robert E. Lee [hyperlink]) and Fort Pickett [hyperlink] (Maj. Gen. George Edward Pickett [hyperlink]) in Virginia. According to the U.S. Army Center of Military History [hyperlink], Camp Beauregard and Forts Benning, Bragg, Gordon, and Lee were established during World War I while the other forts (Hill, Hood, Pickett, Polk, and Rucker) were established in the 1940s."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2021-08-23
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Collapse of the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces: Implications for U.S. Security Assistance and Cooperation [August 23, 2021]
From the Document: "The swift collapse of the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF), which had received tens of billions of dollars in U.S. training and equipment over two decades, has prompted questions about U.S. security assistance in Afghanistan and beyond."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arabia, Christina
2021-08-23
