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Double Jeopardy: COVID-19 and Behavioral Health Disparities for Black and Latino Communities in the U.S. (Submitted by OBHE)
From the Document: "The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has revealed deep-seated inequities in health care for communities of color and amplifies social and economic factors that contribute to poor health outcomes. Recent news reports indicate that the pandemic disproportionately impacts communities of color, compounding longstanding racial disparities. As of April 15, 2020, case data from CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] show that in COVID-19 cases where race was specified, Blacks, who comprise 13 percent of the total U.S. population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2018), make up 30 percent of COVID-19 cases; Latinos, who make up 18 percent of the population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2018), account for 17 percent of COVID-19 cases."
United States. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
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COVID-19 Pandemic Response Resources
From the Webpage: "This page contains fact sheets and other resources to support the health and well-being of communities impacted by COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]."
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress
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Water and COVID-19: Risks and Opportunities
From the Webpage: "The Pacific Institute is one of the world's leading water research and policy organizations, and the challenge of ensuring safe and affordable water, sanitation, and hygiene for all has been a focus of ours for decades." This webpage provides links to resources on this topic amid the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
Pacific Institute (Oakland, Calif.)
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COVID-19 Impact Analysis Platform [website]
From the Website: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Impact Analysis Platform provides comprehensive data and insights on COVID-19's impact on mobility, economy, and society with daily data updates. The platform was originally developed by Dr. Lei Zhang's research group at the Maryland Transportation Institute in partnership with the Center for Advanced Transportation Technology Laboratory. A multidisciplinary team of researchers are now making their COVID-19 data and research findings available to inform the general public and support decision making through this platform."
University of Maryland at College Park. Maryland Transportation Institute; University of Maryland at College Park. Center for Advanced Transportation Technology Laboratory
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COVID-19: FEMA Reimbursement of Costs for Emergency Medical Services
From the Document: "State, local, tribal and territorial government entities, and certain private nonprofit organizations are eligible to apply to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for reimbursement of emergency protective measures taken to respond to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] emergency. 911 and emergency medical services (EMS) agencies (including fire service, third government service, and certain private nonprofit services) may be reimbursed for certain costs related to the COVID-19 response."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
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NETEC COVID-19 Webinar Series [video]
From the Webpage: "NETEC [National Emerging Special Pathogen Training and Education Center] is committed to providing the tools to educate healthcare workers and share preparedness best practices. In this webinar series, we will highlight subject matter experts who have been immersed in the many challenges and topics around COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]."
National Emerging Special Pathogen Training and Education Center
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Medical Planning and Response Manual for a Nuclear Detonation Incident: A Practical Guide
From the Introduction: "The successful detonation of a nuclear device on U.S. soil would be a catastrophic event, causing an unprecedented number of injuries and lives lost, as well as economic, political, and social disruption. However, an effective medical response and a public prepared to protect itself from fallout could save tens of thousands of lives. Since 2001, all levels of government, academic institutions, and professional organizations have done significant work to enhance our ability to prepare for and respond to a nuclear detonation. The following series of papers distill and translate key pieces of that work on protective actions and medical response to make them more accessible and easier to translate into practice. In addition, policies to enhance our nation's ability to respond to a nuclear detonation are suggested."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
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Technical Note: Child Helplines and the Protection of Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic
From the Introduction: "Stressors from the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic on children and families, compounded by security, health and financial factors, have increased the risks of intimate partner violence and violence against children. Containment measures can further aggravate situations of children who are already exposed to abusive, neglectful and unsupportive environments. [...] As a response to the COVID-19 crisis, child protection actors and service providers - including government departments, (I)NGOs [(international) non-governmental organizations] and UN agencies - are exploring how they can continue to provide support to children, families and communities remotely through the use of technology. This includes child helplines, which, over the last decade, have become increasingly important in responding to concerns raised by children and young people on a range of issues affecting their lives."
Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action; Child Helpline International; Global Protection Cluster . . .
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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): An Overview of Worker Protection Issues
"SARS [Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome] is a severe viral illness that was first reported in Asia in February 2003. The illness is characterized by a variety of symptoms including fever, cough, shortness of breath. In a minority of patients (6-9%), SARS may even progress to death. SARS has been reported in North America among persons returning from travel to Asia, among health care workers, and among others in contact with individuals with SARS. Because new outbreaks may occur, workers should be aware of the recommended measures to prevent occupational SARS infection."
United States. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
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Report on the NSA's Call Detail Records Program Under USA Freedom Act
From the Background: "The Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (Board) has issued its oversight report on the government's operation of the call detail records (CDR) program under the USA Freedom Act. The NSA [National Security Agency] suspended its use of this program in early 2019 'after balancing the program's relative intelligence value, associated costs, and compliance and data-integrity concerns caused by the unique complexities of using these provider-generated business records for intelligence purposes.' After suspending the program, NSA ultimately deleted the CDRs collected under the Act, with the exception of data referenced in disseminated Intelligence reports or used for mission-management purposes. The Board completed this comprehensive review to provide transparency and clarity for the public. The Board secured the declassification of several important, never previously disclosed facts about the program. This additional information should enhance the public's understanding of the government's implementation of the CDR program."
United States. Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board
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Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
"Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is viral respiratory illness first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012. It is caused by a coronavirus called MERS-CoV. Most people who have been confirmed to have MERS-CoV infection developed severe acute respiratory illness. They had fever, cough, and shortness of breath. More than 30% of these people died. So far, all the cases have been linked to countries in the Arabian Peninsula. This virus has spread from ill people to others through close contact, such as caring for or living with an infected person. However, there is no evidence of sustained spreading in community settings."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
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Checklist of Measures to Combat SARS
"The battle against SARS [Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome] is not yet over in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the world. At the 54th annual conference of the World Health Organisation's regional committee for the Western Pacific region held in September 2003 in Manila, Dr Lee Jong-wook, Director-General of the World Health Organisation (WHO), said, 'We have to prepare on the assumption that this (SARS) will come back.' We will only win the battle if the Government and all sectors of the community take part in the fight. The HKSAR [Hong Kong Special Administrative Region] Government has already put in place a comprehensive strategy to guard against SARS. Various sectors and trades have also implemented preventive measures and are on full alert. We will remain vigilant and oversee the community's collective effort to ensure that a high level of preparedness is maintained on all fronts. Within the Government, the Health, Welfare and Food Bureau will ensure readiness of all Government departments and the Hospital Authority by conducting checks and keeping track of the progress in the implementation of necessary measures."
Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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Pandemic Influenza Functional Tabletop Exercise
"The University of Washington's (UW) 2006 annual emergency preparedness exercise was held on Wednesday, May 31, 2006. The exercise involved a simulated communicable disease outbreak that affected the Seattle, Bothell, and Tacoma campuses, and the entire region. There were 56 participants, representing UW administrators, unit leaders, and departments as well as external agencies. The primary purpose of this exercise was to test the adequacy of the University's emergency response plan during all phases of a simulated pandemic influenza (flu) event. This report is based upon the observations and evaluations of the exercise, and is intended to assist UW units and operating departments in enhancing emergency preparedness. The suggested actions in this report should be viewed as recommendations only."
University of Washington
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After Action Report: Tabletop Pandemic Influenza Exercise
This exercise was designed to test the Emergency Action Plans and preparedness in the event of an influenza pandemic. A key result of this tabletop exercise was the realization that the private sector must be involved in pandemic planning.
Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS)
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ACS Funding Summary: Establishment and Operationalization
From the Document: "Alternate Care Sites (ACSs) are one of many Alternate Care Strategies intended to provide additional hospital surge capacity and capability for communities overwhelmed by patients from COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. ACSs can be established (owned and operated) by an individual hospital, a group or partnership of hospitals or health systems, a local community (such as the local health department), a state (such as a state Health Department), or the federal government. ACSs can also be established by any of these entities and then have ownership and operational responsibility transferred or changed during its operation. The different operating models and ownership options can affect funding availability/eligibility and sources, so understanding options before making ACS ownership decisions is a critical step. It is recommended for SLTTs [state, local, tribal, or territorial entities] to reach out to the Regional Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) or HHS [Department of Health and Human Services] regional emergency coordinators for the most recent guidance."
United States. Technical Resources, Assistance Center and Information Exchange
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H. R. 3355: Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994
This document contains an Act to control and prevent crime titled "Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994."
United States. Government Printing Office
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Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) [website]
From the Website: "Which countries are doing better and which are doing worse? We built 207 country profiles which allow you to explore the statistics on the coronavirus pandemic for every country in the world. Each profile includes interactive visualizations, explanations of the presented metrics, and the details on the sources of the data. Every country profile is updated daily."
Our World In Data
Roser, Max, 1983-; Ritchie, Hannah; Ortiz Ospina, Esteban, 1983- . . .
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Global Health Security Agenda: Toward a World Safe and Secure from Infectious Disease Threats
"Working together with partners around the world in support of the nine objectives of our Global Health Security agenda, we seek to prioritize coordinated action and specific, measurable steps focused on: preventing epidemics, detecting biological threats early, and rapidly responding to disease outbreaks, whether naturally occurring, intentionally produced, or accidentally caused. This effort will support existing agreements under the World Health Organization (WHO) International Health Regulations 2005 (IHR), the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) Animal Health Codes, and the Codex Alimentarius International Food Standards and will complement existing multilateral efforts in this area, including under the G8, G20, Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction, Global Health Security Initiative, and regional forums." The document outlines the nine objectives of the Global Health Security agenda.
United States. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Secretary.
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Guide to the Implementation of the National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS) in State Public Health Agencies
"This document is targeted to program managers and surveillance staff in state health agencies who are involved in the implementation of the National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS). The target audience includes epidemiologists and other professional staff with varying degrees of computer knowledge and skills. […] The document is divided into three sections. Section I describes NEDSS and the NEDSS architecture. Included in that section is a discussion of what an integrated system is and how the integration of multiple systems can be achieved in different ways. The multiple layers of modern information systems (i.e., user interface, middle layer with business rules, and database) are also discussed. Finally, the NEDSS architecture and its elements are summarized. Section II deals more in detail with NEDSS implementation options for state programs. Fully integrated systems are compared with data warehouses. The option of using CDC-developed NEDSS software is discussed against the alternative of adopting state-developed applications. Some guidance is provided on how to choose the best solution for each state and how many systems should be included in NEDSS. Section III includes a brief description of the resources needed at the state level for the implementation of NEDSS. In addition, connectivity, security, and other important issues (such as confidentiality and legal authority to collect and access surveillance information) are discussed. A section with Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) and a glossary complete the document."
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists
Pezzino, Gianfranco
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Low Dose Interferon, Immune Modulation and Emergency Influenza Prophylaxis
"Warnings have been issued that the avian influenza virus presently killing animals and people in Asia may become the new strain of pandemic flu which could potentially kill millions of people. These warnings have sparked renewed interest in ways to treat or prevent influenza. Clinical observations from thousands of influenza patients in Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, China, and Japan claim significant clinical benefits to patients intranasally given low-dose (a few hundred to 10,000 units) interferon during natural outbreaks of influenza. In contrast, in experimental influenza virus challenge studies with human volunteers, those volunteers given 800,000 to 70 million units of interferon by intranasal delivery did not experience a clinical benefit. Data generated using low dose interferon was rejected by Western scientists because of the impure nature of the interferon used in early studies and because the low dose interferon did not seem to make any sense. This review proposes that the subject of low dose interferon for influenza be revisited. Intranasal and oral administration of low-dose interferon deliver interferon to the same receptors in the oral-pharyngeal cavity. Low-dose oral interferon may represent an inexpensive, safe way to modulate the immune system during, or before, influenza infection."
Pathobiologics International
Cummins, Joseph M.; Thompson, Chad G.
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Resource Manual for Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Testing in Texas
"Both seasonal and pandemic influenza pose a serious threat to the health of the public. Seasonal influenza accounts for over 36,000 deaths in the United States each year. The table below lists estimates for the number of Texans that would be affected by an influenza pandemic. Clinical laboratories typically receive the first specimens for testing during a public health emergency and therefore have an important role in preventing or limiting the impact of a pandemic. This manual is being provided as a resource document to improve understanding of influenza surveillance in Texas and the pandemic influenza testing capabilities of the Texas public health system. In addition, this manual will provide guidance for the over 300 clinical or hospital laboratories in Texas that are involved in influenza diagnosis and pandemic influenza planning efforts." This document includes maps, graphs, charts, and tables to illustrate scientific data.
Texas. Department of State Health Services
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Connecticut Department of Public Health: Avian Flu and Pandemic Flu [website]
This frequently updated webpage contains many documents and links about avian and pandemic flu, including extensive information for healthcare providers.
Connecticut. Department of Public Health
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Who Activities in Avian Influenza and Pandemic Influenza Preparedness, January - May 2006
"From 7-9 November 2005, a meeting on avian influenza and human pandemic influenza was jointly convened by WHO, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Organisation for Animal Health, and the World Bank. Participants reached a number of conclusions and agreed on a 12-point action plan. Concerning human health matters, four main opportunities to act were identified: reduce high-risk behaviours associated with human infections; improve the detection, investigation, and reporting of human cases and, in so doing, strengthen the early warning system; contain an emerging pandemic virus; and increase pandemic preparedness. A fifth item - considered by many participants to be the most pressing need for adequate preparedness - concerned world capacity to manufacture sufficient quantities of pandemic vaccines and antiviral drugs, at sufficient speed, and to make these interventions broadly accessible to all countries."
World Health Organization
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Information About Social Distancing
From the Introduction: "Social distancing is a term applied to certain actions that are taken by Public Health officials to stop or slow down the spread of a highly contagious disease. The Health Officer has the legal authority to carry out social distancing measures. Since these measures will have considerable impact on our community, any action to start social distancing measures would be coordinated with local agencies such as cities, police departments and schools, as well as with state and federal partners. The Santa Clara County Public Health Department is the local agency responsible for providing the public with information about social distancing measures. This information is being provided to help you understand what you may be asked to do if the Health Officer puts social distancing measures into practice."
Santa Clara County (Calif.). Public Health Department
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Differential Effects of Intervention Timing on COVID-19 Spread in the United States
From the Document: "Assessing the effects of early non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] spread in the United States is crucial for understanding and planning future control measures to combat the ongoing pandemic. Here we use county-level observations of reported infections and deaths, in conjunction with human mobility data and a metapopulation transmission model to quantify changes of disease transmission rates in US counties from March 15, 2020 to May 3, 2020. We find significant reductions of the basic reproductive numbers in major metropolitan areas in association with social distancing and other control measures. Counterfactual simulations indicate that, had these same control measures been implemented just 1-2 weeks earlier, a substantial number of cases and deaths could have been averted. Specifically, nationwide, 61.6% [95% CI: 54.6%-67.7%] of reported infections and 55.0% [95% CI: 46.1%-62.2%] of reported deaths as of May 3, 2020 could have been avoided if the same control measures had been implemented just one week earlier. We also examine the effects of delays in re-implementing social distancing following a relaxation of control measures. A longer response time results in a stronger rebound of infections and death. Our findings underscore the importance of early intervention and aggressive response in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic."
Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health
Pei, Sen; Kandula, Sasikiran; Shaman, Jeffrey
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Safety Guide for the 'New Normal' After COVID-19
From the Webpage: "Protect your children, house, finances and data now that confinement measures are starting to relax. Criminals are still looking for victims."
Europol
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Counties Matter: COVID-19
From the Document: "America's counties are on the front lines of our nation's response to the coronavirus pandemic. During this unprecedented public health emergency and the aftermath of an economic crisis, counties are committed to strong intergovernmental cooperation to mitigate COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] and its far-reaching impacts on America's people and places."
National Association of Counties
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Expected Loss Provisioning Under a Global Pandemic
From the Introduction: "The 2007-09 GFC [Great Financial Crisis] exposed significant shortcomings in the accounting principles that underpinned banks' loan loss provisioning practices. At the time, the accounting standard for loan loss provisioning was based on a so-called incurred loss (IL) model, limiting the ability of banks to recognise loan loss provisions in advance of a loss event. It was also criticised as being procyclical, because a large amount of provisions were recognised only after losses became evident. [...] This paper takes stock of the measures introduced in several jurisdictions to influence how ECL [expected credit losses] methodologies can be applied under the current Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. Section 2 compares the key features of incurred and ECL methodologies, while Section 3 summarises the actions taken in the United States and in selected IFRS [International Financial Reporting Standards] jurisdictions that have adopted ECL provisioning frameworks. This section also reviews the cumulative impact of these measures on a bank's financial metrics."
Bank for International Settlements
Zamil, Raihan
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Planning Hospital Needs for Ventilators and Respiratory Therapists in the COVID-19 Crisis
From the Description: "Ideally, no one would have to wait for access to a life-saving device, such as a ventilator. But during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis, many hospitals have run short of ventilators -- as well as respiratory therapists (RTs) who are trained to operate them -- while other facilities scramble to prepare for the coming demand surge. Any patient who needs a ventilator might not be able to get one, imperiling their survival. Mathematically, the delay that a patient may experience depends on the number of ventilators at the hospital, the number of patients who need them, and the average time that patients spend on them. COVID-19 increases the arrival rate of ventilator patients at hospitals, and these patients have longer lengths of stay, resulting in the sharp rise in demand for ventilators. Hospitals need to estimate how many ventilators they will need to respond to this crisis, accounting for increased uncertain arrival rates and lengths of stay. At the same time, regional coordinators want to know which hospitals have the greatest need for the next spare ventilator or available capacity for the next ventilator patient. To address the ventilator allocation problem at both of these levels, the authors of this Perspective designed a model that can be used to calculate the number of ventilators and RTs needed to achieve a target wait time -- the average delay for a ventilator experienced by a new patient. The target wait time corresponds with a probability that any wait is experienced: If the average wait is small, most patients would in fact experience no wait at all. At the regional level, planners can use this model to assess needs and allocate patients or resources efficiently across hospitals in order to minimize patient wait time."
RAND Corporation
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Macroeconomic Spillover Effects of the Pandemic on the Global Economy: Appendix
From the Document: "Although some economic dislocation is unavoidable in order to contain the spread of the virus, the overall economic consequences will depend on how quickly economic activity rebounds after confinement measures are repealed. Two economic parameters play a central role in the response to the pandemic: the persistence of output fluctuations within each part of the world and the strength of international spillovers."
Bank for International Settlements
