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• EMR-ISAC: InfoGram, Volume 21 Issue 31, August 5, 2021

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  The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following articles: "DHS S&T [Science and Technology Directorate] designs and tests practical, lightweight respirator for wildland firefighters"; "DHS releases new human trafficking guidance for law enforcement"; "FEMA releases new emergency planning guidance for chemical incidents"; "Webinar: Preventing Targeted Violence and Protecting the Safety and Security of Houses of Worship in the United States and Europe"; "NSA [National Security Agency] releases guidance on securing wireless devices while in public"; "CISA [Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency's]: China cyber threat overview and advisories"; "DDoS [distributed denial-of-service] attacks largely target the US and the computers and internet sectors"; "A clever phishing campaign is targeting Office 365 users"; and "REvil [Ransomware Evil] most popular ransomware variant in 2021 (so far)."

  Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)

  2021-08-05
• United States Role in the United Nations System, Hearings on Recommendations of the President's Commission for the Observance of the 25th Anniversary of the U.N. (Lodge Commission); and the UNA-USA Policy Panel on the U.N. (Katzenbach Commission), Hearings Before the Subcommittee on International Organizations and Movements of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-Second Congress, First Session, October 13 and 14, 1971

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  This is the October 13 and 14, 1971 hearings titled "United States Role in the United Nations System" held before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. From the opening statement of Donald M. Fraser: "Today the subcommittee will begin 2 days of public hearings on the recommendations of two expert Commissions on the United Nations [....] The reports of these two Commissions deal with a broad range of issues affecting the United Nations and the role of the United States in the U.N. system. As such, the reports provide an excellent guide for careful consideration by this subcommittee of what might be expected of the United Nations during the next few years, and make some significant foreign policy recommendations for this country to consider in the world organizations." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Samuel DePalma, Nicholas Katzenbach, Henry Cabot Lodge, Lincoln Bloomfield, and Francis O. Wilcox.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1971
• Soviet Naval Activities in Cuba, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Inter-American Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-First Congress, Second Session, September 30, October 13, November 19 and 24, 1970

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  This is the September 30, October 13, November 19 and 24, 1970 hearings titled "Soviet Naval Activities in Cuba" held before the House Subcommittee on Inter-American Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. From the opening statement of Dante B. Fascell: "We are meeting this afternoon to be briefed on the details of the Soviet naval and military buildup in Cuba, which forms the background of the warning given the Soviet Union late last week by the White House." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: John Bridge, John Heekin, C. S. Freed, Marian A. Czarnecki, Manolo Reyes, and Alexis Johnson.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1971
• 2020 List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor

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  From the Document: "The U.S. Department of Labor (USDOL or the Department) has produced this ninth edition of the 'List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor' in accordance with the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA), as amended. The TVPRA requires USDOL's Bureau of International Labor Affairs (ILAB or the Bureau) to 'develop and make available to the public a list of goods from countries that [ILAB] has reason to believe are produced by forced labor or child labor in violation of international standards' (TVPRA List or the List; 22 U.S.C. § 7112(b)(2)(C)). It also requires submission of the TVPRA List to the United States Congress not later than December 1, 2014, and every 2 years thereafter (22 U.S.C. § 7112(b)(3))."

  United States. Bureau of International Labor Affairs. Office of Child Labor, Forced Labor, and Human Trafficking

  Uluca, Chanda; Pedersen, Austin; Yang, Fan . . .

  2020-09
• United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Near East of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-Second Congress, Second Session, April 19, 1972

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  This is the April 19, 1972 hearing titled "United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)," held before the House Subcommittee on the Near East of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. From the opening statement of Lee H. Hamilton: "Today the Subcommittee on the Near East would like to review the activities of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA), and U.S. support of that organization. For over 20 years now, UNRWA has provided the basic relief services, education, and health services that have meant the difference between life and death for many refugees. A great deal has happened in the last two decades in the Middle East, but unfortunately very little has changed in the lives of this fragmented community of Palestinians, most of whom are refugees. [...] The United States, for its part, must redouble its efforts to insure that another generation of Palestinians does not grow up in refugee camps and to find ways and means to provide their lives with hope and dignity, their bodies with sustenance and strength and their vocations with purpose and skills." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: John A. Armitage and Laurence V. Michelmore.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1972
• Soviet Naval Activities in Cuba, Part 2, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Inter-American Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-Second Congress, First Session, September 28, 1971

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  This is the September 28, 1971 hearing titled "Soviet Naval Activities in Cuba, Part 2" held before the House Subcommittee on Inter-American Affairs. From the opening statement of Dante B. Fascell: "[W]e were again reminded of the continuing threat from Cuba last September when a dramatic warning was issued by the White House concerning the construction of a naval support facility at Cienfuegos, Cuba. [...] To bring us up to date on Soviet activities in Cuba, we are pleased to have with us Lt. Gen. Jamie M. Philpott, Acting Director, Defense Intelligence Agency." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Gerald Cassell, C. S. Freed, John Heekin, Margaret Peed, Jamies M. Philpott, and Charles Tilton.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1971
• Under Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Ninety-First Congress, Second Session on S. 3347, to Reorganize and Strengthen the United States Government Structure for Dealing with Western Hemisphere Affairs, and for Other Purposes, March 18, 1970

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  This is the March 18, 1970 hearing titled "Under Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs" held before the Senate Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations. From the opening statement of Frank Church: "The Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations is meeting this morning to consider the bill S. 3347, to reorganize and strengthen the U.S. Government structure for dealing with Western Hemisphere affairs, and for other purposes." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Elliot L. Richardson.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1970
• 2018 National Household Survey Results [presentation]

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  From the Document: "[1] The NHS [National Household Survey] assesses how the culture of personal disaster preparedness and resilience has changed over time in the United States. [2] FEMA has conducted this survey since 2007. [3] The NHS is a 'telephone interview survey' in which both landlines and cell phones are selected randomly to answer a set of survey questions. [4] FEMA selects a larger set of phone numbers in certain areas of the country that are at higher risk of one of 'six hazards', to gain more information from residents in those areas. These are called 'oversamples' (one oversample taken for each of these hazards). [5] In the '2018 NHS', FEMA interviewed '5,003 adults' (aged 18 years and older)."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  2019-09-05?
• War Powers Legislation, Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Ninety-Second Congress, First Session on S. 731, S.J. Res. 18 and S. J. Res. 59, March 8, 9, 24, and 25, April 23 and 26, May 14, July 26 and 27 and October 6, 1971

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  These are the March 8, 9, 24, and 25, April 23 and 26, May 14, July 26 and 27 and October 6, 1971 hearings titled "War Powers Legislation," held before the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. From the opening statement of J. W. Fulbright: "In 1969 the Senate, by a vote of 70 to 16 adopted the national commitments resolution expressing the Senate's judgment that a foreign commitment--especially a commitment to war--could only be valid under our Constitution if it were the result of affirmative action taken by both the executive and legislative branches of our Government. Since that time Members of both Houses of Congress have been considering practical means of implementing the national commitments resolution. Sustained and serious thought has been given to problems relating to the war power--problems having to do with the intent of the Constitution, the responsibilities of Congress, the growth of Presidential power, and the need for restoring constitutional balance in the wake of two major undeclared wares in the last 20 years." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: George Ball, Lloyd M. Bentsen, Alexander M. Bickel, McGeorge Bundy, Lawton Chiles, Henry Steele Commager, Thomas F. Eagleton, Paul Findley, Arthur J. Goldberg, Barry Goldwater, Frank Horton, Jacob K. Javits, Alfred H. Kelly, Alpheus T. Mason, Charles McC. Mathias Jr., John Norton Moore, Richard B. Morris, Claiborne Pell, George Reedy, William D. Rogers, William P. Rogers, William B. Spong Jr., John Stennis, and Robert Taft Jr.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1972
• Delivering Benefits at Speed Through Real-World Repurposing of Off-Patent Drugs: The COVID-19 Pandemic as a Case in Point

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  From the Abstract: "Real-world drug repurposing--the immediate 'off-label' prescribing of drugs to address urgent clinical needs--is a widely overlooked opportunity. Off-label prescribing (ie, for a nonapproved indication) is legal in most countries and tends to shift the burden of liability and cost to physicians and patients, respectively. Nevertheless, health crises may mean that real-world repurposing is the only realistic source for solutions. Optimal real-world repurposing requires a track record of safety, affordability, and access for drug candidates. Although thousands of such drugs are already available, there is no central repository of off-label uses to facilitate immediate identification and selection of potentially useful interventions during public health crises. Using the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic as an example, we provide a glimpse of the extensive literature that supports the rationale behind six generic drugs, in four classes, all of which are affordable, supported by decades of safety data, and targeted toward the underlying pathophysiology that makes COVID-19 so deadly. This paper briefly summarizes why cimetidine or famotidine, dipyridamole, fenofibrate or bezafibrate, and sildenafil citrate are worth considering for patients with COVID-19. Clinical trials to assess efficacy are already underway for famotidine, dipyridamole, and sildenafil, and further trials of all these agents will be important in due course. These examples also reveal the unlimited opportunity to future-proof our health care systems by proactively mining, synthesizing, cataloging, and evaluating the off-label treatment opportunities of thousands of safe, well-established, and affordable generic drugs." This article can also be found here on the Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) Public Health and Surveillance website: [http://publichealth.jmir.org/2020/2/e19199/].

  JMIR Publications

  Rogosnitzky, Moshe; Berkowitz, Esther; Jadad, Alejandro R.

  2020-05-13
• Regulation and Trust: 3-Month Follow-Up Study on COVID-19 Mortality in 25 European Countries

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  From the Abstract: "The outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has dramatically changed societies in 2020. Since the end of February, Europe has been hit particularly hard by COVID-19, but there are major country differences in both the spread of the virus and measures taken to stop the virus. Social psychological factors such as institutional trust could be important in understanding the development of the epidemic. [...] The aim of this study was to examine country variations of COVID-19 mortality in Europe by analyzing social risk factors explaining the spread of the disease, restrictions and control measures, and institutional trust. [...] The spread of the COVID-19 epidemic has been fast everywhere, but the findings revealed significant differences between countries in COVID-19 mortality. Perceived sociability predicted higher COVID-19 mortality. Major differences between the 25 countries were found in reaction times to the crisis. Late reaction to the crisis predicted later mortality figures. Institutional trust was associated with lower COVID-19 mortality. [...] The spread of the COVID-19 epidemic has been fast everywhere, but the findings revealed significant differences between countries in COVID-19 mortality. Perceived sociability predicted higher COVID-19 mortality. Major differences between the 25 countries were found in reaction times to the crisis. Late reaction to the crisis predicted later mortality figures. Institutional trust was associated with lower COVID-19 mortality."

  JMIR Publications

  Oksanen, Atte; Kaakinen, Markus; Latikka, Rita . . .

  2020-04-24
• Mathematical Modelling to Assess the Impact of Lockdown on COVID-19 Transmission in India: Model Development and Validation

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  From the Abstract: "The World Health Organization has declared the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) to be a public health emergency; at present, India is facing a major threat of community spread. We developed a mathematical model for investigating and predicting the effects of lockdown on future COVID-19 cases with a specific focus on India. [...] The objective of this work was to develop and validate a mathematical model and to assess the impact of various lockdown scenarios on COVID-19 transmission in India. [...] A model consisting of a framework of ordinary differential equations was developed by incorporating the actual reported cases in 14 countries. After validation, the model was applied to predict COVID-19 transmission in India for different intervention scenarios in terms of lockdown for 4, 14, 21, 42, and 60 days. We also assessed the situations of enhanced exposure due to aggregation of individuals in transit stations and shopping malls before the lockdown. [...] For India, the model predicted marked reductions in cases for the intervention periods of 14 and 21 days of lockdown and significant reduction for 42 days of lockdown. Such intervention exceeding 42 days does not result in measurable improvement. [...] Implementation of a strict lockdown for a period of at least 21 days is expected to reduce the transmission of COVID-19. However, a further extension of up to 42 days is required to significantly reduce the transmission of COVID-19 in India." This article can also be found here on the Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) Public Health and Surveillance website: [http://publichealth.jmir.org/2020/2/e19368/].

  JMIR Publications

  Ambikapathy, Bakiya; Krishnamurthy, Kamalanand

  2020-05-07
• Knowledge and Perceptions of COVID-19 Among Health Care Workers: Cross-Sectional Study

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  From the Abstract: "During the first week of March, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak reached more than 100 countries with over 100,000 cases. Health care authorities have already initiated awareness and preparedness activities worldwide. A poor understanding of the disease among health care workers (HCWs) may result in delayed treatment and result in the rapid spread of the infection. [...] This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and perceptions of HCWs about COVID-19. [...] A cross-sectional, web-based study was conducted among HCWs about COVID-19 during the first week of March 2020. A 23-item survey instrument was developed and distributed randomly to HCWs using social media; it required 5 minutes to complete. [...] As the global threat of COVID-19 continues to emerge, it is critical to improve the knowledge and perceptions of HCWs. Educational interventions are urgently needed to reach HCWs worldwide, and further studies are warranted." This article can also be found here on the Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) Public Health and Surveillance website: [http://publichealth.jmir.org/2020/2/e19160/].

  JMIR Publications

  Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Aldhaleei, Wafa Ali; Rahmani, Jamal . . .

  2020-04-30
• Preparation for Quarantine on the Cruise Ship Diamond Princess in Japan Due to COVID-19

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  From the Abstract: "Japan implemented a large-scale quarantine on the Diamond Princess cruise ship in an attempt to control the spread of the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in February 2020. [...] Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests for SARS-CoV-2 were performed for all 3711 people (2666 passengers and 1045 crew) on board. [...] Of those tested, 696 (18.8%) tested positive for coronavirus disease (COVID-19), of which 410 (58.9%) were asymptomatic. We also confirmed that 54% of the asymptomatic patients with a positive RT-PCR result had lung opacities on chest computed tomography. There were many difficulties in implementing quarantine, such as creating a dividing traffic line between infectious and noninfectious passengers, finding hospitals and transportation providers willing to accept these patients, transporting individuals, language barriers, and supporting daily life. As of March 8, 2020, 31 patients (4.5% of patients with positive RT-PCR results) were hospitalized and required ventilator support or intensive care, and 7 patients (1.0% of patients with positive RT-PCR results) had died. [...] There were several difficulties in implementing large-scale quarantine and obtaining medical support on the cruise ship. In the future, we need to prepare for patients' transfer and the admitting hospitals when disembarking the passengers." This article can also be found here on the Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) Public Health and Surveillance website: [http://publichealth.jmir.org/2020/2/e18821/].

  JMIR Publications

  Yamahata, Yoshihiro; Shibata, Ayako

  2020-05-11
• Estimation of the Probability of Reinfection with COVID-19 by the Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed-Undetectable-Susceptible Model

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  From the Abstract: "With the sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction test used to detect the presence of the virus in the human host, the worldwide health community has been able to record a large number of the recovered population. [...] The aim of this study was to evaluate the probability of reinfection in the recovered class and the model equations, which exhibits the disease-free equilibrium state for the coronavirus disease [COVID-19]. [...] The model differential equation was evaluated for the disease-free equilibrium for the case of reinfection as well as the existence and stability criteria for the disease, using the model proportions. [...] With a total of about 900,000 infected cases worldwide, numerical simulations for this study were carried out to complement the analytical results and investigate the effect that the implementation of quarantine and observation procedures has on the projection of further virus spread. [...] As shown by the results, the proportion of the infected population, in the absence of a curative vaccination, will continue to grow worldwide; meanwhile, the recovery rate will continue slowly, which means that the ratio of infection rate to recovery rate will determine the death rate that is recorded. Most significant for this study is the rate of reinfection by the recovered population, which will decline to zero over time as the virus is cleared clinically from the system of the recovered class." This article can also be found here on the Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) Public Health and Surveillance website: [http://publichealth.jmir.org/2020/2/e19097/].

  JMIR Publications

  Okhuese, Alexander Victor

  2020-05-13
• Turning the Crisis into an Opportunity: Digital Health Strategies Deployed During the COVID-19 Outbreak

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  From the Abstract: "Digital health technologies offer significant opportunities to reshape current health care systems. From the adoption of electronic medical records to mobile health apps and other disruptive technologies, digital health solutions have promised a better quality of care at a more sustainable cost. However, the widescale adoption of these solutions is lagging behind. The most adverse scenarios often provide an opportunity to develop and test the capacity of digital health technologies to increase the efficiency of health care systems. Catalonia (Northeast Spain) is one of the most advanced regions in terms of digital health adoption across Europe. The region has a long tradition of health information exchange in the public health care sector and is currently implementing an ambitious digital health strategy. In this viewpoint, we discuss the crucial role digital health solutions play during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic to support public health policies. We also report on the strategies currently deployed at scale during the outbreak in Catalonia." This article can also be found here on the Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) Public Health and Surveillance website: [http://publichealth.jmir.org/2020/2/e19106/].

  JMIR Publications

  Sust, Pol Pérez; Solans, Oscar; Fajardo, Joan Carles . . .

  2020-05-04
• Emergency Response to COVID-19 in Canada: Platform Development and Implementation for eHealth in Crisis Management

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  From the Abstract: "Public health emergencies like epidemics put enormous pressure on health care systems while revealing deep structural and functional problems in the organization of care. The current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic illustrates this at a global level. [...] The aim of this study is to develop an innovative web-based solution addressing the seemingly insurmountable challenges of triaging, monitoring, and delivering nonhospital services unleashed by the COVID-19 pandemic. [...] An adaptable crisis management digital platform was envisioned and designed with the goal of improving the system's response on the basis of the literature; an existing shared health record platform; and discussions between health care providers, decision makers, academia, and the private sector in response to the COVID 19 epidemic. [...] The Crisis Management Platform was developed and offered to health authorities in Ontario on a nonprofit basis. It has the capability to dramatically streamline patient intake, triage, monitoring, referral, and delivery of nonhospital services. It decentralizes the provision of services (by moving them online) and centralizes data gathering and analysis, maximizing the use of existing human resources, facilitating evidence-based decision making, and minimizing the risk to both users and providers. It has unlimited scale-up possibilities (only constrained by human health risk resource availability) with minimal marginal cost." This article can also be found here on the Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) Public Health and Surveillance website: [http://publichealth.jmir.org/2020/2/e18995/].

  JMIR Publications

  Krausz, Michael, MD, PhD, FRCPc; Westenberg, Jean Nicolas; Vigo, Daniel . . .

  2020-05-15
• Agile Requirements Engineering and Software Planning for a Digital Health Platform to Engage the Effects of Isolation Caused by Social Distancing: Case Study

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  From the Abstract: "Social distancing and shielding measures have been put in place to reduce social interaction and slow the transmission of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). For older people, self-isolation presents particular challenges for mental health and social relationships. As time progresses, continued social distancing could have a compounding impact on these concerns. [...] This project aims to provide a tool for older people and their families and peers to improve their well-being and health during and after regulated social distancing. First, we will evaluate the tool's feasibility, acceptability, and usability to encourage positive nutrition, enhance physical activity, and enable virtual interaction while social distancing. Second, we will be implementing the app to provide an online community to assist families and peer groups in maintaining contact with older people using goal setting. Anonymized data from the app will be aggregated with other real-world data sources to develop a machine learning algorithm to improve the identification of patients with COVID-19 and track for real time use by health systems. [...] Making use of a pre-existing software framework for health behavior change, a proof of concept was developed, and a multistage app development and deployment for the solution was created. [...] This case study lays the foundations for future app development to combat mental and societal issues arising from social distancing measures. The app will be tested and evaluated in future studies to allow continuous improvement of the app." This article can also be found here on the Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) Public Health and Surveillance website: [http://publichealth.jmir.org/2020/2/e19297/].

  JMIR Publications

  Meinert, Edward; Milne-Ives, Madison; Surodina, Svitlana . . .

  2020-05-06
• Data Mining and Content Analysis of the Chinese Social Media Platform Weibo During the Early COVID-19 Outbreak: Retrospective Observational Infoveillance Study

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  From the Abstract: "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which began in Wuhan, China in December 2019, is rapidly spreading worldwide with over 1.9 million cases as of mid-April 2020. Infoveillance approaches using social media can help characterize disease distribution and public knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors critical to the early stages of an outbreak. [...] The aim of this study is to conduct a quantitative and qualitative assessment of Chinese social media posts originating in Wuhan City on the Chinese microblogging platform Weibo during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak. [...] Chinese-language messages from Wuhan were collected for 39 days between December 23, 2019, and January 30, 2020, on Weibo. For quantitative analysis, the total daily cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan were obtained from the Chinese National Health Commission, and a linear regression model was used to determine if Weibo COVID-19 posts were predictive of the number of cases reported. Qualitative content analysis and an inductive manual coding approach were used to identify parent classifications of news and user-generated COVID-19 topics. [...] The results of this study provide initial insight into the origins of the COVID-19 outbreak based on quantitative and qualitative analysis of Chinese social media data at the initial epicenter in Wuhan City. Future studies should continue to explore the utility of social media data to predict COVID-19 disease severity, measure public reaction and behavior, and evaluate effectiveness of outbreak communication." This article was originally published on the Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) Public Health and Surveillance website: [http://publichealth.jmir.org/2020/2/e18700/].

  JMIR Publications

  Li, Jiawei; Purushothaman, Vidya; Mackey, Tim Ken . . .

  2020-04-21
• Correlations of Online Search Engine Trends with Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Incidence: Infodemiology Study

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  From the Abstract: "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the latest pandemic of the digital age. With the internet harvesting large amounts of data from the general population in real time, public databases such as Google Trends (GT) and the Baidu Index (BI) can be an expedient tool to assist public health efforts. [...] The aim of this study is to apply digital epidemiology to the current COVID-19 pandemic to determine the utility of providing adjunctive epidemiologic information on outbreaks of this disease and evaluate this methodology in the case of future pandemics. [...] An epidemiologic time series analysis of online search trends relating to the COVID-19 pandemic was performed from January 9, 2020, to April 6, 2020. BI was used to obtain online search data for China, while GT was used for worldwide data, the countries of Italy and Spain, and the US states of New York and Washington. These data were compared to real-world confirmed cases and deaths of COVID-19. Chronologic patterns were assessed in relation to disease patterns, significant events, and media reports. [...] This study demonstrates the utility of digital epidemiology in providing helpful surveillance data of disease outbreaks like COVID-19. Although certain online search trends for this disease were influenced by media coverage, many search terms reflected clinical manifestations of the disease and showed strong correlations with real-world cases and deaths." This article was originally published on the Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) Public Health and Surveillance website: [https://publichealth.jmir.org/2020/2/e19702].

  JMIR Publications

  Higgins, Thomas; Wu, Arthur; Illing, Elisa . . .

  2020-05-21
• Considerations for Postacute Rehabilitation for Survivors of COVID-19

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  From the Abstract: "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first reported on December 31, 2019. Because it has only been studied for just over three months, our understanding of this disease is still incomplete, particularly regarding its sequelae and long-term outcomes. Moreover, very little has been written about the rehabilitation needs of patients with COVID-19 after discharge from acute care. The objective of this report is to answer the question 'What rehabilitation services do survivors of COVID-19 require?' The question was asked within the context of a subacute hospital delivering geriatric inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation services. Three areas relevant to rehabilitation after COVID-19 were identified. First, details of how patients may present have been summarized, including comorbidities, complications from an intensive care unit stay with or without intubation, and the effects of the virus on multiple body systems, including those pertaining to cardiac, neurological, cognitive, and mental health. Second, I have suggested procedures regarding the design of inpatient rehabilitation units for COVID-19 survivors, staffing issues, and considerations for outpatient rehabilitation. Third, guidelines for rehabilitation (physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech-language pathology) following COVID-19 have been proposed with respect to recovery of the respiratory system as well as recovery of mobility and function." This article can also be found here on the Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) Public Health and Surveillance website: [http://publichealth.jmir.org/2020/2/e19462/].

  JMIR Publications

  Sheehy, Lisa Mary

  2020-05-08
• Knowledge and Behaviors Toward COVID-19 Among US Residents During the Early Days of the Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Online Questionnaire

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  From the Abstract: "The early days of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States brought uncertainty in the knowledge about COVID-19 and what to do about it. It is necessary to understand public knowledge and behaviors if we are to effectively address the pandemic. [...] The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that knowledge about COVID-19 influences participation in different behaviors including self-reports of purchasing more goods than usual, attending large gatherings, and using medical masks. [...] This study was funded and approved by the Institutional Review Board on March 17, 2020. The cross-sectional online survey of 1034 US residents aged 18 years or older was conducted on March 17, 2020. [...] The results suggest that there is a politicization of response recommendations. Democrats had 30% lower odds of attending large gatherings [...] and 48% lower odds of using medical masks [...] compared to Republicans. [...] A national, coordinated effort toward a pandemic response may ensure better compliance with behavioral recommendations to address this public health emergency." This article can also be found here on the Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) Public Health and Surveillance website: [http://publichealth.jmir.org/2020/2/e19161/].

  JMIR Publications

  Clements, John M.

  2020-05-08
• Mathematical Modeling of COVID-19 Control and Prevention Based on Immigration Population Data in China: Model Development and Validation

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  From the Abstract: "At the end of February 2020, the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China had drastically slowed and appeared to be under control compared to the peak data in early February of that year. However, the outcomes of COVID-19 control and prevention measures varied between regions (ie, provinces and municipalities) in China; moreover, COVID-19 has become a global pandemic, and the spread of the disease has accelerated in countries outside China. [...] This study aimed to establish valid models to evaluate the effectiveness of COVID-19 control and prevention among various regions in China. These models also targeted regions with control and prevention problems by issuing immediate warnings. [...] We built a mathematical model, the Epidemic Risk Time Series Model, and used it to analyze two sets of data, including the daily COVID-19 incidence (ie, newly diagnosed cases) as well as the daily immigration population size. [...] Based on the results of the model evaluation, some regions, such as Shanghai and Zhejiang, were successful in COVID-19 control and prevention, whereas other regions, such as Heilongjiang, yielded poor performance. The evaluation result was highly correlated with the basic reproduction number (R0 ) value, and the result was evaluated in a timely manner at the beginning of the disease outbreak. [...] The Epidemic Risk Time Series Model was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of COVID-19 control and prevention in different regions in China based on analysis of immigration population data. Compared to other methods, such as R0 , this model enabled more prompt issue of early warnings. This model can be generalized and applied to other countries to evaluate their COVID-19 control and prevention." This article was originally published on the Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) Public Health and Surveillance website: [http://publichealth.jmir.org/2020/2/e18638/].

  JMIR Publications

  Huang, Qiangsheng; Kang, Yu Sunny

  2020-05-25
• Use of the Army in Aid of the Civil Power.

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  The document discusses the use of the U.S. Army to protect the three guaranties of Article IV Section 4 of the Constitution: 1. The guaranty of a republican form of government; 2. The guaranty against invasion; and 3. The guaranty against domestic violence. "By the use of the Army in aid of the civil power is here meant its use under some power granted by the Constitution of the United States, either directly or through the medium of legislation. 'War powers,' independent of the Constitution, whatever they may be, and whether legislative or executive, are no part of this subject. The use-here spoken of has reference to the occasions for the employment of the Army, that is, to the purposes for which it may be used, and not to what it may do in carrying out the use. The occasions had in view are those of resistance to the law not amounting to war, and the subject to which these observations will be more especially addressed is the employment of the Army in executing the laws of the United States and in protecting their instrumentalities of government against unlawful interference."

  United States. Government Printing Office

  Lieber, G. Norman (Guido Norman), b. 1837

  1898
• Left Behind: A Brief Assessment of the Biden Administration's Strategic Failures During the Afghanistan Evacuation

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  From the Executive Summary: "From August 15 to August 31, the United States completed its largest air evacuation. However, this evacuation was marred by a lack of planning, coordination, and communication. The United States failed to establish a clear system of how to contact evacuees and processes to allow them into the airport. The result left American citizens, U.S. legal permanent residents, and Afghan allies abandoned to the fate of the Taliban regime. [...] In conducting interviews for this report, it is clear that despite substantial failures of leadership and foresight, it was junior and mid-level civil servants, Foreign Service and military officers, and enlisted personnel who would help mitigate a number of issues through extraordinary feats. In fact, it was the heroic initiative taken by these people that prevented the evacuation from being even more disastrous than it could have been."

  United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations

  2022-02
• Basic Field Manual: Military Law - Domestic Disturbances

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  "This manual is limited to, a brief presentation of such of the principles of the law governing the employment of Federal military forces; in aid of the civil authorities as the troops in camp or field, in time of war or domestic disturbance, ordinarily may have needed to know and apply. The calling of State troops for use within the State in aid of the civil authorities is governed by the laws of the State concerned, and the limitations and restrictions as, to their authority to act under such State call must depend on the laws of the State. However the general principles and methods of employment of troops and materiel as stated in this manual apply equally to any armed force used for this purpose."

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1941-02-06
• Modeling COVID-19 Latent Prevalence to Assess a Public Health Intervention at a State and Regional Scale: Retrospective Cohort Study

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  From the Abstract: "Emergence of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caught the world off guard and unprepared, initiating a global pandemic. In the absence of evidence, individual communities had to take timely action to reduce the rate of disease spread and avoid overburdening their health care systems. Although a few predictive models have been published to guide these decisions, most have not taken into account spatial differences and have included assumptions that do not match the local realities. Access to reliable information that is adapted to local context is critical for policy makers to make informed decisions during a rapidly evolving pandemic. [...] The goal of this study was to develop an adapted susceptible-infected-removed (SIR) model to predict the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic in North Carolina and the Charlotte Metropolitan Region, and to incorporate the effect of a public health intervention to reduce disease spread while accounting for unique regional features and imperfect detection. [...] Our SIR-int model for estimated latent prevalence was reasonably flexible, highly accurate, and demonstrated efficacy of a stay-at-home order at both the state and regional level. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating local context into pandemic forecast modeling, as well as the need to remain vigilant and informed by the data as we enter into a critical period of the outbreak." This article can also be found here on the Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) Public Health and Surveillance website: [http://publichealth.jmir.org/2020/2/e19353/].

  JMIR Publications

  Turk, Philip J.; Chou, Shih-Hsiung; Kowalkowski, Marc A. . . .

  2020-06-19
• Security Against Renewed German Aggression: Statement by William L. Clayton, Assistant Secretary of State before the Subcommittee on War Mobilization, Senate Committee on Military Affairs, June 25, 1945

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  "In all questions affecting the treatment of Germany, the Department of State has one paramount objective-security against a renewed German aggression. And security can be assured only so long as there is agreement with our Allies on the basic principles of the treatment of Germany. We have reached that agreement as far as the basic objectives of the occupation of Germany are concerned. […] The task of destroying the economic basis of German aggression is one that requires vigorous, simultaneous action along a number of lines. I am very glad to discuss this morning those three aspects of this problem on which your committee has asked me to report. These are the serious problem of Axis economic penetration in Latin America, the problem of tracking down and frustrating German efforts to hide abroad a stake for another gamble of aggression, and the question of the treatment of German cartels, combines, and technology."

  United States. Government Printing Office

  Clayton, William L.

  1945-06-25
• National Security Organization: A Report to Congress by the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, February 1949

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  "World conditions demand that the United States maintain a strong National Security Organization. This need results directly from the total disruption of the old balance of power among nations, and from new forms of communications and warfare which have impaired America's ocean-moated isolation. Ours is a need for defense and our military strength must be predicated upon the degree of menace which we face. At present outlook, the United States' need far a strong Military Establishment is obvious. In the past, the United States has maintained merely a nominal Army and Air Force, and its Navy has been sharply limited. The assumption was that war, and international crises which could result in war, would be rare and that there would always be ample time to build a strong military force around this permanent cadre. Now the United States, in the forefront of world affairs, must continuously deal with political and economic pressures."

  United States. Central Intelligence Agency

  1949-02
• Tracking Social Media Discourse About the COVID-19 Pandemic: Development of a Public Coronavirus Twitter Data Set

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  From the Abstract: "At the time of this writing, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak has already put tremendous strain on many countries' citizens, resources, and economies around the world. Social distancing measures, travel bans, self-quarantines, and business closures are changing the very fabric of societies worldwide. With people forced out of public spaces, much of the conversation about these phenomena now occurs online on social media platforms like Twitter. [...] In this paper, we describe a multilingual COVID-19 Twitter data set that we are making available to the research community via our COVID-19-TweetIDs GitHub repository. [...] We started this ongoing data collection on January 28, 2020, leveraging Twitter's streaming application programming interface (API) and Tweepy to follow certain keywords and accounts that were trending at the time data collection began. We used Twitter's search API to query for past tweets, resulting in the earliest tweets in our collection dating back to January 21, 2020. [...] Since the inception of our collection, we have actively maintained and updated our GitHub repository on a weekly basis. We have published over 123 million tweets, with over 60% of the tweets in English. This paper also presents basic statistics that show that Twitter activity responds and reacts to COVID-19-related events. [...] It is our hope that our contribution will enable the study of online conversation dynamics in the context of a planetary-scale epidemic outbreak of unprecedented proportions and implications. This data set could also help track COVID-19-related misinformation and unverified rumors or enable the understanding of fear and panic--and undoubtedly more." This article was originally published on the Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) Public Health and Surveillance website: [http://publichealth.jmir.org/2020/2/e19273/].

  JMIR Publications

  Chen, Emily; Lerman, Kristina; Ferrara, Emilio

  2020-05-29