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• Origins of the American Military Coup of 2012

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  This article discusses the origins of a fictionalized essay which tells the story, looking back from 20 years in the future, of how trends led to a military coup in the United States in the year 2012. The author proposes advice within his fictional scenario that could have prevented the situation from occurring: "Clearly, the curious tapestry of military authoritarianism and combat ineffectiveness that we see today was not yet woven in 1992. But the threads were there. Knowing what I know now, here's the advice I would have given the War College Class of 1992 had I been their graduation speaker: Demand that the armed forces focus exclusively on indisputably military duties; acknowledge that national security does have economic, social, educational, and environmental dimensions, but insist that this doesn't necessarily mean the problems in those areas are the responsibility of the military to correct; readily cede the budgetary resources to those agencies whose business it is to address the non-military issues the armed forces are presently asked to fix; divest the defense budget of perception-skewing expenses; continue to press for the elimination of superfluous, resource-draining Guard and Reserve unites; educate the public to the sophisticated training requirements occasioned by the complexities of modern warfare; resist unification of the services not only on operational grounds, but also because unification would be inimical to the checks and balances that underpin democratic government; assure that officer accessions from the service academies correspond with overall force reductions (but maintain separate service academies) and keep ROTC on a wide diversity of campuses; orient recruiting resources and campaigns toward ensuring that all echelons of society are represented in the military, without compromising standards. Accept that this kind of recruiting may increase costs. It's worth it; [and] work to moderate the base-as-an-island syndrome by providing improved incentives for military members and families to assimilate into civilian communities."

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Dunlap, Charles J., 1950-

  1992
• Jihad: Islamic Thought and Practice

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  "Jihad, commonly translated in Western publications as 'holy war,' has become a disturbingly familiar term. Saddam Hussein called for a jihad against the Western Coalition forces in late 1990; and at the same time, Saudi Arabia declared a jihad against Hussein's invading Iraqi forces. (1:51) Understanding the historical development and use of the concept of jihad is important to comprehend current events within the Islamic spheres of influence and their relations with the West. This paper traces the origin and development of the Islamic concept of jihad. It emphasizes the historical roots of the doctrine of jihad and its manifestations and justification as a means to understand the role of jihad in current Islamic thought and practice."

  Air University (U.S.). Air War College

  Middleton, Gordon R.

  1992
• Army Veterinary Service Role in Low-Intensity Conflict

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  "National security of the United States depends on stability in the Western Hemisphere, and this stability in turn depends in large part on the respective governments being able to control disease, malnutrition, and poverty in their exploding populations. In spite of the remarkable trend of democratization in Latin America, there continues to be widespread political unrest and terrorism as fledgling democracies strive for moral legitimacy to govern. Terrorism and insurgency are basically rooted in economic and social inequality that can only be improved by providing a broader and more equitable access to economic resources and the benefits they imply (health, education, housing, etc..) The low-intensity conflict environment of Latin America then extends beyond military confrontation. It is characterized more by confrontation between man and his socioeconomic and political situation, of which health and nutrition are integral parts. Properly applied veterinary medicine programs can make a difference in this struggle. They impact on health, economics, and nutrition more than any other single discipline."

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Stamp, Gary L.

  1992
• Guarding Against Politicization

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  Politicization can manifest itself in many ways, but in each case it boils down to the same essential elements: "Almost all agree that it involves deliberately distorting analysis or judgments favor a preferred line of thinking irrespective of evidence. Most consider 'classic' politicization to be only that which occurs if products are forced to conform to policymakers' views. A number believe politicization also results from management pressures to define and drive certain lines of analysis and substantive viewpoints. Still others believe that changes in tone or emphasis made during the normal review or coordination process, and limited means or expressing alternative viewpoints, also constitute forms of politicization."

  Center for the Study of Intelligence (U.S.)

  Gates, Robert Michael, 1943-

  1992
• Need for Ethical Norms

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  "The word 'ethics' turns off many and confuses more. Yet the notions of shared values and an agreed-on process for dealing with adversity and change-what many people mean when they talk about corporate culture-seem to be at the heart of the ethical issue. People who are in touch with their own core beliefs and the beliefs of others and are sustained by them can be more comfortable living on the cutting edge. At times, taking a tough line or a decisive stand in a mussel of ambiguity is the only ethical thing to do. If a manger is indecisive and spends time trying to figure out the "good" think to do, the enterprise may be lost. One of the foremost costs has been our seemingly sustained reluctance to formalize the ethical minimums which should govern our business and to pass these findings on to those who join the Agency. Although many of us have discussed the ethics of our profession, little has been done organizationally to capture these thoughts. Rather than possibly hamstringing future options by formalizing Agency dos and don'ts, we seem to prefer risking a repetition of behaviors which have jeopardized our organization standing and credibility in the past. We can ill afford to allow this trade-off to continue."

  Center for the Study of Intelligence (U.S.)

  Ericson, Paul G.

  1992
• Managing Covert Political Action

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  "Although covert political action became an important tool of US policy America never completely abandoned its moral traditions. The threat of international Communism, however, became a compelling rationale for covert action, to the extent that many operations needed no more specific justification. Thus the Cold War, and the perceived severity of the Soviet threat, made it possible for policymakers to ignore competing ethical considerations when they endorsed covert actions."

  Center for the Study of Intelligence (U.S.)

  Barry, James A.

  1992
• DI 10 Years After Reorganization

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  "Ten years have passed since the Directorate of Intelligence (DI) was reorganized primarily along regional rather than functional lines. Technically, the reorganization was of the National Foreign Assessment Center (NFAC) into the DI. Because the DIKi was a name of much longer standing (January 1952-October 1977), I have chosen to simplify this discussion by talking about the old DI and new DI, with October 1981 as the breaking point between the two."

  Center for the Study of Intelligence (U.S.)

  Overton, David W.

  1992
• Kent-Kendall debate of 1949

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  "Sherman Kent's Strategic Intelligence for American World Policy, published in 1949, is probably the most influential book ever written on US intelligence analysis. Indeed, Kent's carefully drafted blueprint for meeting the challenges facing intelligence in the post war world has regularly been cited by defenders and critics alike of the performance of the Central Intelligence Agency. Almost all experienced Agency analysts are generally familiar with Kent's themes, though probably more from informal discussions than from a careful reading. One of Kent's most finely honed doctrines addresses the relationship between producers and consumers of intelligence analysis. Effective ties, while manifestly essential for the well-being of both groups, were difficult to achieve. Kent's recommended fix: to warrant scholarly objectivity, provide analysts with institutional independence; to warrant relevance, urge them to strive to obtain 'guidance' from policy makers. Willmoore Kendall's 'The Function of Intelligence,' a 1949 review of Strategic Intelligence, agreed with Kent on the importance of getting right the relationship between experts and decision makers but on little else. Kendall's bold and prescient arguments deserve more attention from both students and practitioners of intelligence analysis. Kendall rejected what he depicted as Kent's ideal of bureaucratic scholars processing information to understand the outside world for the benefit of bureaucratic policy planners. The function of the intelligence as Kendall saw it was directly to help 'politically responsible' leaders achieve their foreign policy goals in large measure by identifying the elements of an issue that were susceptible to US influence. In addition, Kendall observed that if the intelligence mission were to illuminate decision making with the best expert knowledge can provide, Kent's aversions to taking account of domestic US politics and social science theory were self-defeating. This article first sets out the major lines of doctrinal disagreement between Kent and Kendall in the context of the late 1940's. It then sketches the impact of the opposing views on CIA doctrine and practice during the ensuing 0 years. Finally, it addresses requirements for effective producer-consumer relations in the 1990's, a period in which challenges to both policy makers and analysts are likely to increase even as recourses committed to national security become scarcer. If for no other reason, doctrinal choices require thoughtful examination at this juncture."

  Center for the Study of Intelligence (U.S.)

  1992
• Combating Mind-Set

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  "When intelligence analysts cannot rely solely on factual evidence to address questions of concern to US national security, they have to begin to employ judgment. In effect, when we do not know, we estimate. And when analysts estimate they depend on what I will call mind-set. For the purpose of this article, mind-set is the distillation of the intelligence analyst's cumulative factual and conceptual knowledge into a framework for making estimative judgments on a complex subject. Case studies on Agency analytic performance indicate that analysts and managers alike do not pay their dues to this powerful phenomenon. Analytic procedures and practices, herein call tradecraft, that do not ensure against or otherwise combat mind-set put the resultant assessments at high risk of either being wrong or being unread."

  Center for the Study of Intelligence (U.S.)

  Davis, Jack

  1992
• This Scud's for You: The Gulf War from Tel Aviv

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  "The following is one women's description of what the first Gulf War felt like from Tel Aviv. She described the fear she felt when the first scud missile was launched at Israel. She tells how the fear subsided the more the war went on because everyone was getting used to the sirens. Finally she talks about how wonderful it was when the war was over and she knew no more missiles would be coming at Israel."

  Center for the Study of Intelligence (U.S.)

  Robinson, Sheryl

  1992
• National Security, Papers Prepared for GAO Conference on Worldwide Threats

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  "On October 30,199 1, GAO sponsored a conference designed to provide insight into potential military threats to US national security interests and necessary modifications to current and planned U.S. forces to meet those threats. Conference participants, including defense analysts and retired military officers, discussed and analyzed the possibility of U.S. and allied involvement in various regional contingencies in Europe and the Soviet Union, the Near East and South Asia, and East Asia. Topics ranged from the possibility of nuclear war to a general discussion of low-intensity conflict. We commissioned the papers in this supplement prior to the conference to serve as the starting point for discussion. They represent a wide range of perspectives and do not necessarily represent GAO'S views and opinions."

  United States. General Accounting Office

  1992
• Fire, Police, and EMS Coordination at Apartment Building Explosion - Harlem, New York City

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  "An undetected natural gas leak in an eleventh floor apartment of a 12-story fire resistive residential structure caused an explosion which killed three elderly residents and injured 34 others, including 19 police officers and six firefighters. The efforts of the three lead response agencies, Fire, Police, and EMS, were coordinated within the structure of an Incident Command System (ICS). Integrated and cooperative command, linked with the implementation of a Collapse Rescue Plan; prudent triage and effective use of available resources for medical treatment; and rapid perimeter control to prevent further injuries demonstrated that seemingly overwhelming emergencies can be managed by applying good standard operating procedures. The lessons learned/reinforced by each agency at this incident can serve as a model to assist other emergency responders in planning for similar situations."

  United States Fire Administration

  1992
• Report on the Future of the National Fire Service: Year 2000 and Beyond

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  "On April 30-May 1, 1992, The National Fire Academy's (NFA) Board of Visitors sponsored a workshop at the National Emergency Training Center (NETC) in Emmitsburg, Maryland. The purpose of the workshop was to envision the environment, service demands, and training requirements of the American fire service in the year 2000 and beyond. […] The objectives of the workshop were to identify: Economic, technological, social, and political factors that will affect the fire service; Fire service issues and requirements that will affect the fire service beyond the year 2000; and Education and training issues that will affect the fire service beyond the year 2000. Facilitators at the workshop asked participants to look at the future of the fire service within the specified time scale. They cautioned the participants not to express what they would like to see, or to outline steps that ought to be taken. Facilitators asked participants to use their knowledge and experience to draw a picture of the future of the fire service, even if that future is not what they would like. Workshop participants met in three sessions to look at external factors that will affect the fire service, changes in the fire service itself, and education and training in the year 2000 and beyond."

  National Fire Academy; United States Fire Administration

  1992
• Offsite Environmental Monitoring Report: Radiation Monitoring Around United States Nuclear Test Areas, Calendar Year 1991

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  "This report describes the Offsite Radiation Safety Program conducted during 1991 by the Environmental Protection Agency`s (EPA`s) Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory-Las Vegas. This laboratory operates an environmental radiation monitoring program in the region surrounding the Nevada Test Site (NTS) and at former test sites in Alaska, Colorado, Mississippi, Nevada, and New Mexico. The surveillance program is designed to measure levels and trends of radioactivity, if present, in the environment surrounding testing areas to ascertain whether current radiation levels and associated doses to the general public are in compliance with existing radiation protection standards. The surveillance program additionally has the responsibility to take action to protect the health and well being of the public in the event of any accidental release of radioactive contaminants. Offsite levels of radiation and radioactivity are assessed by sampling milk, water, and air; by deploying thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and using pressurized ion chambers (PICs); and by biological monitoring of animals, food crops, and humans. Personnel with mobile monitoring equipment are placed in areas downwind from the test site prior to each nuclear weapons test to implement protective actions, provide immediate radiation monitoring, and obtain environmental samples rapidly after any occurrence of radioactivity release. Comparison of the measurements and sample analysis results with background levels and with appropriate standards and regulations indicated that there was no radioactivity detected offsite by the various EPA monitoring networks and no exposure above natural background to the population living in the vicinity of the NTS that could be attributed to current NTS activities. Annual and long-term trends were evaluated in the Noble Gas, Tritium, Milk Surveillance, Biomonitoring, TLD, PIC networks, and the Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program."

  United States. Environmental Protection Agency

  Chaloud, D. J.; Dicey, B.B.; Mullen, A.A.

  1992-01-01
• Joint Task Force Andrew After Action Report

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  This after-action report provides a broad overview of Joint Task Force Andrew operations based on the analysis of joint assessment topics, such as healthcare, logistics, and joint airspace management, as they apply across the joint spectrum. Joint Task Force Andrew assisted the Department of Defense in complying with the provisions of the Stafford Act after Hurricane Andrew in 1992.

  United States. Joint Forces Command

  1992
• US Army Field Manual: Legal Guide for Commanders

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  "This manual is a guide to military law for company commanders - officers and noncommissioned officers. It describes military law reflected in military justice, administrative law, and personal rights, responsibilities, and restrictions. It outlines basic responsibilities and daily procedures for administering military justice and administrative law in the unit."

  United States. Army

  1992-01
• U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: National Guard Plane Crash at Hotel Site

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  This technical report series looks at a C-130 crash outside of a hotel in Evansville, IN resulting in fire extension to the structure which led to multiple deaths and injuries.

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration

  1992
• Responding to a Changing World

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  "The changes in the world since the demise of the Soviet Union have significantly altered the environment in which the United states seeks to achieve its national objectives. While the threat to the survival of the U.S. has diminished, new and less predictable threats to other of the U.S.'s national interests have emerged. Airpower is uniquely suited to deal with the changing world; an examination of objectives, strategy, doctrine, force structure, and constraints and opportunities shows how airpower, and the Air Force, can contribute to safeguarding national interests in a changing world."

  Air University (U.S.). Air War College

  Campbell, John H.

  1992
• Psychological Assessment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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  This article on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) offers a review of progress in the field of assessing PTSD. From the article: "Knowledge of PTSD is advancing rapidly, as evidenced by the burgeoning literature on traumatic events and their psychological and social sequelae (Blake, Albano & Keane, 1992). Driving this expansion of information is the development and utilization of assessment approaches and instruments that are both conceptually and technically sophisticated. Numerous methodologically sound studies appear in the literature regularly that document the capacity of researchers and clinicians working in the field of trauma to evaluate comprehensively the nature of high-magnitude stressors, the characteristics of the persons exposed, and the expression of symptoms following exposure. As advocated by Sutker et al. (1991), the assessment of PTSD is increasingly characterized by person-environment conceptualizations with an emphasis on continuous measures of the stressor events, person characteristics, individual symptom responses, and a comprehensive assessment of compromised and spared abilities among individuals exposed. This approach to assessment is both dynamic and interactive, placing a greater emphasis on longitudinal rather than cross-sectional views in understanding psychological outcomes associated with traumatic event exposure. [...] The publications cited in this article were selected not to be exhaustive of all important articles on PTSD assessment, but rather to present articles that served as precedents for instrument development or application; remaining articles were selected because they summarized well the existing literature on PTSD assessment. It is remarkable, and indeed gratifying, that the field of PTSD assessment has expanded so broadly. Through this expansion, work on treatment, psychopathology, health care utilization, and long-range effects can proceed in a systematic, coherent manner."

  National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (U.S.)

  Keane, Terence Martin; Kaloupek, Danny G.; Weathers, Frank W., 1957-

  1992
• Selective Review of the Literature on Ethnocultural Aspects of PTSD

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  This article on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) discusses ethnic and cultural considerations as related to PTSD, providing selected abstracts from related documents. From the article: "During the past twenty years, the growth of interest in ethnocultural aspects of reactions to traumatic events has been indicated by publication of numerous books, technical reports, and journal articles on a broad spectrum of ethnic populations and ethnic aspects of PTSD. As noted by the present authors in a recent article (Marsella, Friedman & Spain, in press), information on ethnocultural aspects of PTSD is widely distributed across publications that focus on different: 1) ethnocultural groups (e.g., Afro-Americans, American Indians, Asian-Americans, Cambodians, Hispanics); 2) traumatized populations (e.g., war veterans, refugees, torture victims, prisoner-of-war survivors, rape and crime victims, survivors of natural and human-made disasters); 3) traumatic events (e.g., Vietnam War, Afghanistan War, Northern Ireland Conflict, Buffalo Creek Disasters, Chernobyl, Hiroshima, Three Mile Island, San Ysidro Massacre, Khmer Rouge genocide, Nazi Holocaust, refugee camp internment, rape, criminal assault); and 4) clinical topics (e.g., epidemiology, measurement of PTSD, clinical diagnosis, alternative therapies). [...] Ethnocultural studies of PTSD offer an opportunity to identify the universal and the culture-specific aspects of the PTSD experience by comparing ethnocultural group differences in the distribution, expression, and treatment of PTSD. Identifying these differences can help clinicians adjust their practices and procedures to accommodate the shared and the unique aspects of the PTSD experience. While responses to a traumatic event may share some universal features, especially as the trauma becomes more severe, ethnocultural factors may play an important role in the individual's vulnerability to PTSD, the expression of PTSD, and the treatment responsivity of PTSD."

  National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (U.S.)

  Friedman, Matthew J.; Marsella, Anthony J.; Spain, E. Huland

  1992
• Trauma of Sexual Victimization: Feminist Contributions to Theory, Research, and Practice

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  This article on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) discusses the feminine perspective and research contributions on sexual trauma among women and girls. From the article: "Twenty years ago, rape was thought of as a rare event, incest as a culturally universal taboo. Public and professional awareness have undergone dramatic transformation in the course of just two decades (Briere, 1992). Today, the literature is replete with research examining the scope and trauma of sexual victimization. We have chosen to focus on feminist contributions to understanding the sexual victimization of women and girls. We have abstracted our own most recent books (Herman, 1992; Koss & Harvey, 1991) and a number of works that together highlight twenty years of feminist inquiry. Readers interested in male victims are referred to a recent review by Watkins and Bentovim (1992)."

  National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (U.S.)

  Harvey, Mary R.; Herman, Judith Lewis, 1942-

  1992
• Introduction to Coastal Habitats and Biological Resources for Spill Response

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  "This is a 1992 training manual covering physical, geological, and biological considerations relevant to oil spill response and cleanup."

  United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

  1992
• Our Changing Planet: The FY 1993 U.S. Global Change Research Program

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  "I am pleased to forward with this letter 'Our Changing Planet: The FY 1993 U.S. Global Change Research Program,' a report prepared by the Committee on Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES) of the Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET) to supplement the President's Fiscal Year 1993 Budget. This is the fourth report in a series established in 1989. This report outlines a Presidential Initiative for an accelerated, focused research strategy designed to reduce key scientific uncertainties and to develop more reliable scientific predictions upon which sound national and international policies and responses to global change can be based. Because of the importance of this area, even in a time of substantial fiscal constraints, the President is proposing a 24 percent increase in the budget for this effort in FY 1993. The U.S. Global Change Research Program is a key component of the President's overall approach to the U.S. responsibility for global stewardship. This broad approach recognizes the profound economic and social implications of responding to global environmental changes and maintains U.S. leadership on this issue. Given the international importance of negotiations on the Framework Convention on Climate Change, the report emphasizes activities intended to respond to scientific uncertainties identified through the assessment process of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)."

  U.S. Global Change Research Program

  1992?
• Perspective on Strategic Nuclear Deterrence in the New World Order

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  "For over 40 years, American nuclear strategy reflected a bi-polar world view. White the Cold War is over, the former Soviet Union remains the sole threat of a cataclysmic nuclear attack and we see emerging Third World capabilities. The post-Cold War world promises to be complicated, more volatile, and less predictable. While the strategic mission is largely unchanged, the threat, arms control, and budget realities are dramatically changed. It is time, to conduct a review of the purpose, character, size, and composition of US strategic forces. This paper suggests our deterrence philosophy is sound. We have the opportunity to create a stable deterrence at substantially reduced force levels. But, we need to change the way we do business in Europe, the Third World, in space, and in our planning and targeting."

  Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)

  Webber, Richard E.

  1992
• National Military Strategy of the United States

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  "The community of nations has entered into an exciting and promising era. Global war is now less likely and the US national security strategy reflects that fact. The 'National Military Strategy' reflects this new world and guides US military planning. The Goldwater-Nichols Reorganization Act of 1986 charges the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, with the responsibility of assisting the President and the Secretary of Defense in providing strategic direction for the Armed Forces. This document provides my advice in consultation with the commanders of the unified and specified commands and the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It implements the Defense Agenda of the President's 'National Security Strategy' and Secretary of Defense policies spelled out in the 'Defense Planning' Guidance and in the 'Annual Report to the President and the Congress'. This new strategy is built upon the four key foundations of the National Defense Strategy: Strategic Deterrence and Defense, Forward Presence, Crisis Response, and Reconstitution. For most of the past 45 years the primary focus of our national military strategy has been containment of the Soviet Union and its communist ideology--we met that challenge successfully. Certain realities remain -- the United States is looked to for world leadership; we have enduring cultural, political, and economic links across the Atlantic, the Pacific, and within the Western Hemisphere; and vast quantities of modern nuclear and conventional forces still exist in the Commonwealth of Independent States and its constituent republics."

  United States. Department of Defense

  1992-01
• Statistical Report United States Attorneys Offices: Fiscal Year 1992

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  "This Annual Statistical Report summarizes and presents the criminal prosecutions and civil litigation conducted by the United States Attorneys in Fiscal Year 1992. The statistical information is reported by the United States Attorneys to the centralized computer database maintained by the EOUSA [Executive Office for United States Attorneys] Case Management Staff, which used the newly developed Central Caseload Tracking System and the Central Collections System to compile the charts and graphs within this report. Slight variations between this report and the Fiscal Year 1991 report may be attributed to the transition to the new tracking system and to our continued attention to identifying and removing obsolete files from the system."

  Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys

  1992?
• Expanding Chinese Naval Power and Maritime Security in Southeast Asia

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  "The collapse of East-West competition for global preeminence is unleashing powerful forces for strategic change in the Asia-Pacific region. A reconfiguration of the regional security balance is taking place, especially a resurging naval rivalry, as aspiring hegemons--notably China, Japan and India--jostle for leadership roles. This report examines the central role being played by China in the unfolding security changes in Asia. Chinese naval modernization is analyzed within the context of China's Southeast Asian maritime interests, its new maritime strategy, and its evolving naval capabilities. The report recommends: maintaining a significant U.S. naval presence in Asia to protect American economic and political interests in the region; creating a loose yet textured and inclusive multilateral set of security relations in the Asia-Pacific region; initiating a Sino-American naval rapprochement as a prelude to enhanced regional naval cooperation; and, reassuring America's friends in the region through a continuing American naval deterrence."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Winterford, David, 1949-

  1992-01
• International Environment: Kuwaiti Oil Fires-Chronic Health Risks Unknown but Assessments Are Under Way, Briefing Report to the Chairman, Legislation and National Security Subcommittee, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives

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  From the Background: "During its occupation of Kuwait, the Iraqi army sabotaged the bulk of Kuwait's oil fields. [...] 798 oil wells were sabotaged--611 were set on fire, 79 were gushing, and 108 were damaged. These fires, which were north and south of Kuwait's major populated area of Kuwait City, produced an enormous amount of smoke and other pollutants. [...] n response to this situation, the Saudi Arabian government requested U.S. technical assistance to assess the health impact on the population. Concerned with the impact of the pollution on U.S. citizens and troops, the U.S. Embassy in Saudi Arabia concurred with this request and requested that a team be sent to Kuwait to assess the potential health effects of the fires. An interagency team was formed and sent to the Gulf on March 10, 1991, to monitor the air, to determine if there was an acute health threat from exposure to some of the substances thought to be emitted from the burning wells, and to identify other by-products produced from burning oil wells. According to team members, there was concern that the fires could be emitting toxic gases at levels that could cause severe acute health effects and, in particular, death."

  United States. General Accounting Office

  1992-01
• Goals, Opportunities, and Priorities for the USGS Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program

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  "This report presents a new strategic plan for the U.S. Geological Survey's Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (EHRP), which is directed at understanding the causes and effects of earthquakes, evaluating potential earthquake hazards, and predicting earthquakes and their geologic effects. The program is a principal component of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, established by the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 for the purpose of reducing risks to life and property from earthquakes. [...] As a strategic plan, this document provides the scientific framework and rationale for the EHRP. It defmes the goals and objectives of the program and the types of activities by which the goals should be pursued. Further, it suggests priorities for program activities in the context of two annual funding options-$50 and $100 million. This document is not an itemized workplan and thus does not define how, when, and where specific activities should be undertaken. The intended audience of this report is primarily the earth-science and earthquake-hazard-reduction community."

  Geological Survey (U.S.)

  Page, Robert A.; Boore, David M.; Thatcher, Wayne R. . . .

  1992
• Fire Management Notes (Vol.53-54 No.4)

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  This is Volume 53-54, No.4 of Fire Management Notes, a quarterly periodical devoted to the technique of forest fire control, produced by the U.S. Forest Service.

  United States. Forest Service

  1992