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Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine: Judicial Minimalism (Part 1 of 3) [March 29, 2022]
From the Document: "The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine (see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Legal Sidebar LSB10719, 'The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine (Part 9)') is a set of rules the Supreme Court has developed to guide federal courts in disposing of cases that raise constitutional questions in order to minimize tensions that arise when an unelected federal judiciary sets aside laws enacted by Congress or state legislatures. Under the Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine, federal courts should interpret the Constitution only when it is a 'strict necessity' [hyperlink]. In a concurring opinion in 'Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority' [hyperlink], Justice Louis Brandeis identified seven rules comprising the Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine: (1) the Rule Against Feigned or Collusive Lawsuits; (2) Ripeness; (3) Judicial Minimalism; (4) the Last Resort Rule; (5) Standing and Mootness; (6) Constitutional Estoppel; and (7) the Constitutional-Doubt Canon. Rules (1), (2), (5), and (6) inform whether a court can hear a case (i.e., whether it is justiciable), while Rules (3), (4), and (7) inform how a court should address constitutional questions in cases before it. This Legal Sidebar Post on Judicial Minimalism is the first of three that look at this latter set of rules. Because the Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine informs how the Court is likely to resolve disputes involving the constitutionality of laws, understanding the Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine may assist Congress in its legislative activities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dennis, Jeanne M.
2022-03-29
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Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine: The Last Resort Rule (Part 2 of 3) [March 29, 2022]
From the Document: "The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine (see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Legal Sidebar LSB10719, 'The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine (Part 9)') is a set of rules the Supreme Court has developed to guide federal courts in disposing of cases that raise constitutional questions in order to minimize tensions that arise when an unelected federal judiciary sets aside laws enacted by Congress or state legislatures. Under the Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine, federal courts should interpret the Constitution only when it is a 'strict necessity' [hyperlink]. In a concurring opinion in 'Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority' [hyperlink], Justice Louis Brandeis identified seven rules comprising the Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine: (1) the Rule Against Feigned or Collusive Lawsuits; (2) Ripeness; (3) Judicial Minimalism; (4) the Last Resort Rule; (5) Standing and Mootness; (6) Constitutional Estoppel; and (7) the Constitutional-Doubt Canon. Rules (1), (2), (5), and (6) inform whether a court can hear a case (i.e., whether it is justiciable), while Rules (3), (4), and (7) inform how a court should address constitutional questions in cases before it. This Legal Sidebar Post on the Last Resort Rule is the second of three that look at this latter set of rules. Because the Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine informs how the Court is likely to resolve disputes involving the constitutionality of laws, understanding the Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine may assist Congress in its legislative activities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dennis, Jeanne M.
2022-03-29
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Presidential Succession in Turkmenistan: Issues for Congress [March 29, 2022]
From the Overview: "Turkmenistan, an authoritarian country rich in hydrocarbons that borders Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and the Caspian Sea, held a snap presidential election on March 12, 2022. Serdar Berdimuhamedov [hyperlink], son of incumbent President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov, won with a reported 73% [hyperlink] of the vote and was inaugurated [hyperlink] on March 19. Analysts had long speculated [hyperlink] that Serdar was being positioned by his father to succeed to the presidency. The younger Berdimuhamedov was elected [hyperlink] to parliament in 2016 and went on to hold a number of increasingly senior government positions. In September 2021 he turned 40, the minimum age for presidential candidates. Despite rumors about Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov's health, analysts were surprised [hyperlink] by the timing of the election. Some speculate that it may have been motivated [hyperlink] by January unrest in neighboring Kazakhstan, while others emphasize [hyperlink] that it was the culmination of a long-term process rather than a 'knee-jerk reaction.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blackwood, Maria A.
2022-03-29
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Freedom of Information Act: Selected Agencies Adapted to COVID-19 Challenges but Actions Needed to Reduce Backlogs, Statement of James R. Mctigue, Jr., Director, Strategic Issues, Testimony Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate
From the Highlights: "FOIA [Freedom of Information Act] seeks to improve the public's access to government information and promote openness and accountability in government. However, the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic presented challenges for FOIA administration by significantly affecting how federal employees performed their work as agencies adopted a maximum telework posture and limited on-site work. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to testify on FOIA government-wide performance and the associated impact of the pandemic. Specifically, this statement summarizes the results from GAO's previously issued reports on (1) government-wide FOIA performance for fiscal year 2020 compared to fiscal year 2019 and long-term trends from fiscal years 2012 through 2020; (2) selected agencies' initial pandemic-related challenges and their use of leading practices to maintain FOIA operations; (3) selected agencies' continuing challenges with FOIA request backlogs; and (4) selected agencies' use of proactive information disclosures--making records publicly available without waiting for specific requests."
United States. Government Accountability Office
McTigue, James R., Jr.
2022-03-29
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H. Rept. 117-284: Resolution Recommending That the House of Representatives Find Peter K. Navarro and Daniel Scavino, Jr., in Contempt of Congress for Refusal to Comply with Subpoenas Duly Issued by the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, Report, March 29, 2022
From the Purpose and Summary: "On January 6, 2021, a violent mob attempted to impede Congress's constitutional and statutory mandate to count the electoral votes in the 2020 Presidential election and launched an assault on the United States Capitol Complex that resulted in multiple deaths, physical harm to more than 140 members of law enforcement, and terror and trauma among staff, institutional employees, and press. In response, the House adopted House Resolution 503 on June 30, 2021, establishing the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol (hereinafter referred to as the ''Select Committee''). The Select Committee is investigating the facts, circumstances, and causes of the January 6th attack and issues relating to the interference with the peaceful transfer of power, in order to identify and evaluate problems and to recommend to the House and its relevant committees corrective laws, policies, procedures, rules, or regulations. This inquiry includes examination of the factors that influenced, instigated, or contributed to the attack and how various individuals and entities coordinated their activities leading up to the attack."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-03-29
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H. Rept. 117-282: Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2022, Report to Accompany H.R. 6865, March 29, 2022
From the Purpose of Legislation: "The purpose of H.R. 6865, as amended, is to authorize $12.8 billion in discretionary funding for the United States Coast Guard (hereinafter Coast Guard or Service) in fiscal year 2022 and $13.9 billion in fiscal year 2023, setting aside $585 million for improvements to Coast Guard shoreside infrastructure and facilities. The bill also authorizes $510 million for the acquisition of a twelfth National Security Cutter and three Fast Response Cutters, $350 million for the acquisition of a Great Lakes icebreaker in fiscal year 2022, and $20 million in fiscal year 2023 for icebreaking cutters for operation in the Great Lakes, Northeastern United States, and the Arctic. The bill reauthorizes the end-of-year strength of 44,500 active-duty personnel and gradually increases the number of commissioned officers on the active-duty promotion list to 7,400 by fiscal year 2025. Further, H.R. 6865, as amended, allows the Secretary of Homeland Security to increase the authorized end strength of the Coast Guard Selected Reserves by up to 3 percent and the Commandant by up to 2 percent of the existing end strength per fiscal year. Finally, the bill makes reforms to Coast Guard authorities and laws governing shipping and navigation."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-03-29
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Modes of Constitutional Analysis: The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine (Part 9) [March 29, 2022]
From the Document: "This Legal Sidebar Post is the last in a nine-part series [hyperlink] that discusses certain 'methods' or 'modes' of analysis that the Supreme Court has used to interpret provisions of the Constitution. This ninth essay provides an overview of the Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine, which is a set of rules the Supreme Court has developed to guide federal court dispositions of cases that raise constitutional questions. Because the Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine informs how the Court is likely to resolve disputes involving the constitutionality of laws, understanding the Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine may assist Congress in its legislative activities. [...] The fundamental principle of the Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine is that federal courts should interpret the Constitution only when it is a 'strict necessity [hyperlink].' The reason for this is threefold: first, because the Constitution is the supreme law of the land, its interpretation has broad implications; second, an unelected Supreme Court exercising judicial review to countermand actions by an elected Congress or state legislatures is in tension with principles of democracy and majority-rule; and third, because the Supreme Court's authority depends, as a practical matter, on the Executive Branch enforcing and the people accepting its rulings, the Court must be careful not to squander public goodwill by issuing ill-considered opinions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dennis, Jeanne M.
2022-03-29
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Public Law 117-107: Emmett Till Antilynching Act
"An act to amend section 249 of title 18, United States Code, to specify lynching as a hate crime act."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-03-29
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Navy TAGOS(X) Ocean Surveillance Shipbuilding Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated March 29, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The Navy wants to procure in FY2022 the first of a planned new class of seven TAGOS [Tactical Auxiliary General Ocean Surveillance](X) ocean surveillance ships. The Navy's proposed FY2022 budget requested $434.4 million for the procurement of the first TAGOS(X)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-03-29
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Southwest Interagency Mobilization Guide, 2022
From the Document: "The National Interagency Mobilization Guide identifies standard procedures that guide the operations of multi-agency logistical support activity throughout the coordination system. This guide is intended to facilitate interagency dispatch coordination, ensuring the timeliest and cost effective incident support services available are provided. It is designed to accommodate amendments as needed and will be retained as current material until amended. Local Mobilization Guides should be used to supplement the National Interagency Mobilization Guide."
Arizona. Department of Forestry and Fire Management; United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs; United States. Bureau of Land Management . . .
2022-03-29
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U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine [Updated March 28, 2022]
From the Document: "In advance of Russia's attack on Ukraine, the Biden Administration and the 117th Congress had boosted security assistance to Ukraine and continue to consider further options. Since Russia launched its invasion in February 2022, the Biden Administration has authorized a total of $1.35 billion to provide immediate security assistance 'to help Ukraine meet the armored, airborne, and other threats it is facing.' In addition, the Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103, Division N) includes $3.5 billion to replenish Department of Defense (DOD) equipment stocks that have been or are to be sent to Ukraine and $650 million in Foreign Military Financing (FMF) for Ukraine and 'countries impacted by the situation in Ukraine.' Defense appropriations also include $300 million for DOD's Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative (USAI). Even prior to the start of the war, Ukraine was a leading recipient of U.S. military aid in Europe and Eurasia. From 2014, when Russia first invaded Ukraine, through March 2022, the United States has committed more than $4 billion in State Department- and DOD-funded security assistance 'to help Ukraine preserve its territorial integrity, secure its borders, and improve interoperability with NATO.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arabia, Christina; Bowen, Andrew S.; Welt, Cory
2022-03-28
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Brief Overview of FEMA's Public Assistance Program [Updated March 28, 2022]
From the Document: "The Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Public Assistance (PA) program provides financial assistance to states, tribes, and territories when authorized as part of a presidential declaration under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (the Stafford Act, P.L. 93-288, as amended). PA's broad scope includes assistance for urgent response undertaken immediately before or after a hazard strikes, as well as long-term recovery assistance completed years later. PA was authorized in every U.S. state, territory, and the District of Columbia over the past decade. After PA is authorized, a state, tribe, or territory becomes the PA primary grant Recipient. State, tribal, territorial, and local governments (SLTTs), as well as eligible nonprofit entities, may then apply for funding as 'Applicants.' Applicants must submit a request for grant funds to the PA primary grant Recipient, which evaluates eligibility for PA with FEMA. The Stafford Act authorizes FEMA to reimburse not less than 75% of the eligible costs of specific types of disaster response and recovery work undertaken by eligible Applicants. FEMA may recommend that the President increase the federal cost share, where warranted."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lee, Erica A.
2022-03-28
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U.S. Nationals and Foreign Military Service [March 28, 2022]
From the Background: "International law grants rights to and imposes duties upon a neutral state during an armed conflict between belligerent nations. One of these duties is that neutral states shall not furnish troops to belligerent states, except this duty does not include independent actions by a neutral state's citizens. A state's neutrality is usually unaffected if its citizens willingly serve in a belligerent state's armed forces. International law permits such service, but a state's internal law may prohibit it. U.S. nationals (including both citizens and other persons owing allegiance to the United States (8 U.S.C. [United States Code] §1101)) have performed foreign military service at various times since 1788. This In Focus examines the laws governing U.S. national foreign military service during armed conflicts."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Elsea, Jennifer; Gaffney, Jonathan M.; Ott, Alan
2022-03-28
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Illicit Fentanyl and Weapons of Mass Destruction: International Controls and Policy Options [March 28, 2022]
From the Document: "As synthetic opioid overdose deaths in the United States reach historic [hyperlink] levels, some policy stakeholders have sought U.S. action in designating [hyperlink] fentanyl as a weapon of mass destruction (WMD). Such calls [hyperlink] have also prompted congressional interest [hyperlink]. Although a statutory designation of fentanyl as a WMD does not appear necessary for additional executive branch action to address fentanyl as an illicit drug or chemical weapon, Congress may consider developing legislation to improve upon perceived shortcomings in the U.S. government's approach to addressing fentanyl. [...] Various observers draw rhetorical comparisons between fentanyl abuse and WMDs. For example, the congressionally mandated [hyperlink] Commission on Combating Synthetic Opioid Trafficking assessed [hyperlink] in February 2022 that '[i]n terms of loss of life and damage to the economy, illicit synthetic opioids have the effect of a slow-motion weapon of mass destruction.' Others, including some Members of Congress [hyperlink], note the possible use of fentanyl as a weapon; in media reports [hyperlink], observers [hyperlink] have speculated that fentanyl's increasing availability may prompt U.S. adversaries and nonstate actors to weaponize the drug. Governments have also recently committed to restricting the use of central nervous system-acting (CNS) chemicals, including fentanyl, in law enforcement and other security operations. (In 2002, the Russian military reportedly [hyperlink] deployed an aerosolized form of fentanyl to incapacitate terrorists holding hostages in a Moscow theater; the gas also killed [hyperlink] more than 120 of the hostages.)"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kerr, Paul K.; Rosen, Liana W.
2022-03-28
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Military Response to Omicron and COVID-19: Federal Armed Forces and National Guard [Updated March 28, 2022]
From the Document: "On November 26, 2021, the World Health Organization designated the Omicron mutation [hyperlink] of the SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] virus a 'variant of concern.' Since then, Omicron has become the dominant strain [hyperlink] of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States. After a case surge from December 2021 through mid-January 2022, COVID-19 cases in the United States have dropped, with hospitalizations and deaths following the same trend after a short delay. The deployment of military and National Guard personnel remains an issue for Congress given the role they both played in responding to the Omicron COVID-19 surge and the role that they might play in the event of a future surge of a new variant. [...] The U.S. Army North [hyperlink], U.S. Northern Command's Joint Force Land Component Command, manages the Department of Defense's COVID-19 response operation in support of the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Department of Health and Human Services. Since August 2021 [hyperlink], 'approximately 1,275 military medical personnel from the U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy are continuing to work alongside civilian healthcare providers in civilian hospitals, helping treat COVID-19 patients in a total of 30 states and the Navajo Nation.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Fischer, Hannah
2022-03-28
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H. Rept. 117-280: Homicide Victims' Families' Rights Act of 2021, Report to Accompany H.R. 3359, March 28, 2022
From the Purpose and Summary: "H.R. 3359, the 'Homicide Victims' Families' Rights Act of 2021,' would grant relatives of homicide victims, under federal law, the right to have their loved ones' case files reviewed by the federal law enforcement agency with jurisdiction over their case, after three years of the case going cold."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-03-28
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Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2023
From the Document: "'Budget of the United States Government', Fiscal Year 2023 contains the Budget Message of the President, information on the President's priorities, and summary tables."
United States. Office of Management and Budget
2022-03-28?
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U.S. Department of Commerce Strategic Plan, 2022-2026: Innovation, Equity, and Resilience, Strengthening American Competitiveness in the 21st Century
From the Document: "This strategic plan for fiscal years 2022 to 2026 prioritizes investments in innovation, equity, and resilience that will position our workers and businesses for success in the 21st century. Universal affordable, high-speed broadband will help workers and businesses develop cutting edge skills and technologies. Meaningful action to combat climate change will support new, high-quality jobs. Our supply chains will be stronger and more diverse. And all Americans, especially those that have been historically excluded, will share in our prosperity. Through collaboration with workers, businesses, and the staff of the Commerce Department's 13 bureaus, we have developed an integrated roadmap to succeed in this 21st century economy. Our plan has five strategic goals[.]"
United States. Department of Commerce
2022-03-28?
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Fact Sheet: 2022 National Defense Strategy
From the Document: "Today, the Department of Defense transmitted to Congress the classified 2022 National Defense Strategy (NDS). For the first time, the Department conducted its strategic reviews in a fully integrated way - incorporating the Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) and Missile Defense Review (MDR) in the NDS - ensuring tight linkages between our strategy and our resources. The unclassified NDS will be forthcoming. Consistent with the President's Interim National Security Strategic Guidance, the classified NDS sets out how the Department of Defense will contribute to advancing and safeguarding vital U.S. national interests - protecting the American people, expanding America's prosperity, and realizing and defending our democratic values. The Defense priorities are: 1. Defending the homeland, paced to the growing multi-domain threat posed by the PRC [People's Republic of China][;] 2. Deterring strategic attacks against the United States, Allies, and partners[;] 3. Deterring aggression, while being prepared to prevail in conflict when necessary, prioritizing the PRC challenge in the Indo-Pacific, then the Russia challenge in Europe[;] [and] 4. Building a resilient Joint Force and defense ecosystem. The Department will act urgently to sustain and strengthen deterrence, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) as our most consequential strategic competitor and the pacing challenge for the Department. Russia poses acute threats, as illustrated by its brutal and unprovoked invasion of Ukraine. We will collaborate with our NATO Allies and partners to reinforce robust deterrence in the face of Russian aggression."
United States. Department of Defense
2022-03-28?
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COVID-19 Travel Restrictions Installation Status Update [As of March 28, 2022]
This is the U.S. Department of Defense Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)-related military travel restriction guide as of March 21, 2022, based on data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). As reported in the document, "Travel Restrictions 'LIFTED' at 213 of 230 Installations (93%)[.] [...] Of the 213 installations with lifted travel restrictions this week, 2 reinstated travel restrictions while 0 lifted restrictions."
United States. Department of Defense
2022-03-28
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Fact Sheet: Posture Updates in Support of Allies in Europe [March 28, 2022]
From the Document: "As part of our commitment to upholding the principles of the rules-based international order and to the security of our NATO Allies, the United States maintains significant combat-capable forces in Europe. These forward-deployed forces help to deter aggression and if deterrence fails, stand shoulder to shoulder with our Allies to maintain security and stability in Europe. Secretary Austin has ordered additional temporary forces to Europe. These new deployments will build on the earlier force posture movements to and within Europe, as well as the decision to heighten the state of readiness of U.S. response forces. No U.S. forces deployed in Europe are going to fight in Ukraine. These are also not permanent moves. They respond to current conditions and enable the Alliance to more effectively deter against a wide range of threats. We will adjust our posture as those conditions evolve, and we will continue to consult closely with NATO Allies to ensure an appropriate collective posture of deterrence and defense. We welcome the announcements by other Allies of their willingness to deploy additional contributions to enhance NATO's posture and readiness."
United States. Department of Defense
2022-03-28
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H. Rept. 117-279: Prohibiting Punishment of Acquitted Conduct Act of 2021, Report to Accompany H.R. 1621, March 28, 2022
From the Purpose and Summary: "H.R. 1621, the 'Prohibiting Punishment of Acquitted Conduct Act of 2021,' would prohibit judges from increasing sentences based on conduct for which a jury found a defendant not guilty."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-03-28
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Philippines: Background and U.S. Relations [March 28, 2022]
From the Overview: "The United States and the Republic of the Philippines have maintained a deep relationship that includes a bilateral security alliance, extensive military cooperation, close people-to-people ties, and many shared strategic and economic interests. U.S. past administration of the Philippines as a colonial territory (1898-1946) also has shaped the relationship, by both forging bonds, on the one hand, and, among some Filipinos, creating a wariness of drawing too close to the United States, on the other. Filipino-Americans constitute the third-largest Asian-American group in the United States, numbering over 4.2 million people, and comprise the most numerous foreign-born group in the U.S. Armed Forces. [...] The Philippines has long played an important role in U.S. Asia policy, and it figures prominently in the Biden Administration's Indo-Pacific strategy as one of five regional treaty allies with which the United States has a deepening relationship. The Philippines has been a treaty ally since 1951 and a major non-NATO ally since 2003. It is the largest recipient of U.S. military assistance, equipment, and training in the region."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lum, Thomas G. (Thomas Gong), 1961-; Dolven, Ben; Arabia, Christina
2022-03-28
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Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: European Union Responses and Implications for U.S.-EU Relations [Updated March 28, 2022]
From the Document: "The 27-member European Union (EU) has responded with unprecedented unity and speed to Russia's February 2022 invasion of Ukraine. EU policy responses and coordination with the United States are of interest to Congress given the EU's role as a U.S. partner in addressing Russia's aggression." The following are some key EU responses: "Sanctions"; "Military Assistance"; "Helping Refugees and Providing Aid"; and "Tackling Disinformation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2022-03-28
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Breakthrough on a Potential COVID-19 Intellectual Property Rights Waiver [March 25, 2022]
From the Document: "On March 15, 2022, the United States [hyperlink], the European Union (EU), India, and South Africa reached agreement on a proposed 'TRIPS' patent waiver for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. The Director-General (DG) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) [hyperlink] welcomed the compromise among key players in the debate as a 'major step forward,' [hyperlink] but stressed the need to finalize details. The broader WTO membership is expected to discuss the proposed agreement as WTO decisions generally are by consensus. These developments present issues for Congress including regarding the congressional role, COVID-19 medical incentives and global vaccine access, and U.S. trade policy in advancing intellectual property rights (IPR)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias
2022-03-25
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Expedited Removal of Aliens: An Introduction [Updated March 25, 2022]
From the Document: "Non-U.S. nationals (aliens) who do not meet requirements governing their entry or continued presence in the United States may be subject to removal. The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) establishes different removal processes for different categories of aliens. Most removable aliens apprehended within the interior of the United States are subject to 'formal' removal proceedings under INA § 240. Aliens in these proceedings are given certain procedural guarantees including the rights to counsel, to appear at a hearing before an immigration judge (IJ), to present evidence, and to appeal an adverse decision. The INA, however, sets forth a streamlined 'expedited removal' process for certain arriving aliens and aliens who recently entered the United States without inspection. This In Focus provides a brief introduction to the expedited removal framework."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Hillel R.
2022-03-25
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Foreign Leaders Addressing Congress [Updated March 25, 2022]
From the Document: "Foreign leaders are periodically invited to address Congress. The first address by a foreign dignitary occurred on December 10, 1824, when Revolutionary War hero the Marquis de Lafayette addressed the House. The most recent address took place on April 3, 2019, when His Excellency Jens Stoltenberg, Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), addressed a joint meeting of Congress. [...] When a foreign leader formally visits the United States he or she is sometimes invited to address Congress. The decision to invite a foreign leader to address Congress has historically been made by the congressional leadership, often in consultation and conjunction with the executive branch. No formal procedure, however, on when or how to issue invitations is codified in law or in House or Senate rules. Additionally, not all foreign leaders who visit the United States are invited to address Congress. When a foreign leader is invited to address Congress, the invitation is formally extended by the Speaker of the House on behalf of the House and Senate leadership."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Straus, Jacob R.
2022-03-25
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Schedule I Status of Marijuana [Updated March 25, 2022]
From the Document: "The Controlled Substances Act [hyperlink] (CSA) places various substances in one of five schedules based on their medical use, potential for abuse, and safety or risk for dependence. The five schedules [hyperlink] are progressively ordered with Schedule V substances regarded as the least dangerous and addictive and Schedule I substances considered the most dangerous and addictive. Schedule I substances are considered to have a 'high potential for abuse' with 'no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.' The CSA prohibits the manufacture, distribution, dispensation, and possession of Schedule I substances except for federal government-approved research studies. Marijuana is listed as a Schedule I controlled substance [hyperlink] under the CSA[.] [...] The Schedule I status of marijuana means that the substance is strictly regulated by federal authorities. Yet, over the last several decades, most states and territories have deviated from across-the-board prohibition of marijuana, and now have laws and policies allowing for some cultivation, sale, distribution, and possession of marijuana."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sacco, Lisa N.
2022-03-25
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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, March 25, 2022
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Tuberculosis - United States, 2021"; "Lessons Learned from Programmatic Gains in HIV Service Delivery During the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Pandemic - 41 PEPFAR [U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief]-Supported Countries, 2020"; "Health Needs and Use of Services Among Children with Developmental Disabilities - United States, 2014-2018"; "Effectiveness of mRNA [messenger ribonucleic acid] Vaccination in Preventing COVID-19-Associated Invasive Mechanical Ventilation and Death -United States, March 2021-January 2022"; "COVID-19-Associated Hospitalizations Among Adults During SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Variant Predominance, by Race/Ethnicity and Vaccination Status - COVID-NET, 14 States, July 2021-January 2022"; "Erratum"; and "Quick Stats." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-03-25
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MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, March 25, 2022: Use of at-Home COVID-19 Tests -- United States, August 23, 2021-March 12, 2022
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This Early Release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "Use of At-Home COVID-19 Tests -- United States, August 23, 2021-March 12, 2022." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from MMWR can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-03-25
