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U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated October 6, 2021]

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From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress regarding U.S.-China strategic competition in the South China Sea (SCS) and East China Sea (ECS). In an international security environment described as one of renewed great power competition, the South China Sea (SCS) has emerged as an arena of U.S.-China strategic competition. China's actions in the SCS in recent years have heightened concerns among U.S. observers that China is gaining effective control of the SCS, an area of strategic, political, and economic importance to the United States and its allies and partners. Actions by China's maritime forces at the Japan-administered Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea (ECS) are another concern for U.S. observers. Chinese domination of China's near-seas region could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific region and elsewhere. The issue for Congress is whether the Administration's strategy for competing strategically with China in the SCS and ECS is appropriate and correctly resourced, and whether Congress should approve, reject, or modify the strategy, the level of resources for implementing it, or both. Decisions that Congress makes on these issues could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific region and elsewhere."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

O'Rourke, Ronald

2021-10-06
Congressional Reform: A Perspective [October 6, 2021]

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From the Document: "The focus of this report is on the internal operation and organization of Congress. It does not address the array of external matters that affect the House and Senate, such as campaign fundraising or gerrymandering House districts. Second, the report highlights six reform goals that commonly suffuse major congressional reorganization initiatives. They include improving efficiency, redistributing power, promoting transparency, enhancing public standing, achieving policy results, and strengthening congressional prerogatives. Each objective would likely provoke an array of discrete reform suggestions proposed by Members and many others (e.g., scholars, commentators, and think-tank analysts). Third, the bulk of the report provides an examination of three joint reorganization panels whose mission was to study and make recommendations for improving the organization, operation, and role of the legislative branch. The three joint panels were created in 1945, 1965, and 1993. Specifically, the report addresses several matters that overlap each reform committee and several that are unique to each joint panel, such as the factors and forces that influenced why these bicameral panels were created and what were several of their main recommendations."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Oleszek, Walter J.

2021-10-06
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2415, Orphaned Well Cleanup and Jobs Act of 2021

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This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Natural Resources on May 26, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 2415 would authorize appropriations totaling $8 billion in fiscal year 2021 for the Department of the Interior (DOI) to establish an orphaned-well remediation program on federal land and to provide grants to states and Indian tribes for similar purposes. The bill also would direct DOI to collect fees for idled (or nonoperational) oil and gas wells located on onshore federal land and would authorize the department to spend those fees without further appropriation for reclamation and related administration. [...] H.R. 2415 would authorize the appropriations totaling $8 billion in fiscal year 2021. Because that fiscal year has ended, CBO assumes for this estimate that those amounts would be provided in 2022. On that basis and assuming appropriation of the specified amounts, CBO estimates that implementing the bill would cost $7.7 billion over the 2022-2026 period."

United States. Congressional Budget Office

2021-10-06
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 729, Strength in Diversity Act of 2021

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This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Education and Labor on July 15, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 729 would authorize the appropriation of whatever amounts are necessary through 2027 for the Department of Education to operate a grant program for eligible entities to develop or implement plans to improve diversity, and to reduce or eliminate racial or socioeconomic isolation in schools. That authorization would be extended through 2028 under the General Education Provisions Act. In 2017, the Congress provided $12 million for a grant program called Opening Doors, Expanding Opportunities. The program in this bill is similar to that program and CBO used that previously appropriated amount as the basis for estimating the authorization level in H.R. 729. After accounting for anticipated inflation, CBO estimates that the authorization would increase to $13 million in 2026. Based on historical spending patterns of similar programs, and assuming appropriation of the estimated amounts, CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 729 would cost $48 million over the 2022-2026 period."

United States. Congressional Budget Office

2021-10-06
Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections [Updated October 5, 2021]

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From the Document: "This report provides the results of recent presidential elections in Latin America and the Caribbean. Below are three tables, organized by region, that include the date of each country's independence, the name of the most recently elected president or prime minister, and the projected date of the next presidential election. Information in this report was gathered from numerous sources, including the U.S. State Department, Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA's) World Fact Book, International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) Election Guide, Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), and other news sources."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Davis-Castro, Carla Y.

2021-10-05
Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations [Updated October 5, 2021]

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From the Overview: "The Biden Administration seeks to recalibrate long-standing U.S.-Saudi ties amid leadership changes in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia and debate in the United States over foreign policy priorities. Successive U.S. Administrations have sought partnership with the ruling Al Saud family since the 1940s in light of their kingdom's large oil reserves and Saudi Arabia's global religious and financial influence. The Al Saud monarchy has sought protection, advice, investment, and armaments from the United States, looking to U.S. partners for assistance in developing their country's natural and human resources and in facing external and internal threats. U.S. leaders have valued Saudi cooperation in security matters and generally have sought to preserve the secure and apolitical flow of the kingdom's energy resources to global markets. Since 2011, significant shifts in the political and economic landscape of the Middle East have focused international attention on Saudi domestic and foreign policies and driven social and political debates among Saudis[.] [...] These regional shifts, coupled with ongoing economic, social, and political changes in the kingdom, have made sensitive issues such as political reform, human rights, corruption, security cooperation, and arms sales more prominent in U.S.-Saudi relations than during some periods in the past."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Blanchard, Christopher M.

2021-10-05
Ransomware and Federal Law: Cybercrime and Cybersecurity [October 5, 2021]

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From the Introduction: "This report explores legal issues implicated by two potential approaches to combatting ransomware. First, the report summarizes the potential for criminal prosecution under federal statutes such as the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) and the Economic Espionage Act (EEA). This section of the report also discusses legal issues facing ransomware victims--in particular, whether victims risk legal liability by making ransomware payments. Second, the report summarizes federal laws governing public and private sector cybersecurity, including preparedness and incident response. This report does not cover technological and policy considerations involving ransomware, as these topics may be found in other CRS [Congressional Research Service] products."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Berris, Peter G.; Gaffney, Jonathan M.

2021-10-05
Ukraine: Background, Conflict with Russia, and U.S. Policy [Updated October 5, 2021]

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From the Introduction: "This report provides an overview of Ukraine's domestic politics and reform challenges; Ukraine's conflict with Russia; the Ukrainian economy; and Ukraine's relations with the United States, the European Union (EU), and NATO."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Welt, Cory

2021-10-05
H. Rept. 117-135: Homeland Procurement Reform Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 2915, October 5, 2021

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From the Purpose and Summary: "H.R. 2915, the 'Homeland Procurement Reform Act' or the 'HOPR Act,' would reform the way the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) procures uniforms and related gear (e.g., body armor) for its operational components. It seeks to ensure that the Department issues high-quality uniforms and gear to frontline personnel by encouraging the procurement of domestically sourced items. Under the Act, the Secretary of Homeland Security is required to ensure, to the maximum extent possible, that at least one-third of the funds obligated for the procurement of uniforms and gear be used to purchase goods manufactured or supplied by entities that qualify as a U.S. small business. Moreover, the bill requires DHS to study whether uniform allowances provided to personnel are adequate and to also report on opportunities to procure additional items, such as personal protective equipment (PPE), from domestic sources. Lastly, the bill strengthens supply chain security by mandating locked storage, reports of stolen goods, and the destruction of defective or unusable items bearing official DHS insignia not manufactured in the United States."

United States. Government Publishing Office

2021-10-05
Chile: An Overview [Updated October 5, 2021]

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From the Document: "Chile, located along the Pacific coast of South America, traditionally has been one of the United States' closest partners in Latin America. The country's transition to a higher level of economic development has enabled it to play a more active role in foreign affairs, often in collaboration with the United States."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Meyer, Peter J.

2021-10-05
COVID-19: Potential Implications for International Security Environment-- Overview of Issues and Further Reading for Congress [Updated October 5, 2021]

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From the Summary: "Some observers argue the COVID-19 [Coronavirus Disease 2019] pandemic could be a world-changing event with potentially profound and long-lasting implications for the international security environment. Other observers are more skeptical that the pandemic will have such effects. In reports issued in March and April 2021, the U.S. intelligence community provided assessments of the potential impact of the pandemic on the international security environment. Observers who argue the pandemic could be world-changing for the international security environment have focused on several areas of potential change, including the following, which are listed here separately but overlap in some cases and can interact with one another: [1] world order, international institutions, and global governance; [2] U.S. global leadership and the U.S. role in the world; [3] China's potential role as a global leader; [4] U.S. relations and great power competition with China and Russia; [5] the relative prevalence of democratic and authoritarian or autocratic forms of government; [6] societal tension, reform, transformation, and governmental stability in various countries; [7] the world economy, globalization, and U.S. trade policy; [8] allied defense spending and U.S. alliances; [9] the cohesion of the European Union; [10] the definition of, and budgeting for, U.S. national security; [11] U.S. defense strategy, defense budgets, and military operations; [12] U.S. foreign assistance programs, international debt relief, and refugee policy; [13] activities of non-state actors; [14] the amount of U.S. attention devoted to ongoing international issues other than the pandemic; and [15] the role of Congress in setting and overseeing the execution of U.S. foreign and defense policy."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

O'Rourke, Ronald; McInnis, Kathleen J.

2021-10-05
SBA Veterans Assistance Programs: an Analysis of Contemporary Issues [Updated October 5, 2021]

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From the Summary: "This report opens with an examination of the economic circumstances of veteran-owned businesses. It then provides a brief overview of veterans' employment experiences, comparing unemployment and labor force participation rates for veterans, veterans who have left the military since September 2001, and nonveterans. The report also describes employment assistance programs offered by several federal agencies to assist veterans in their transition from the military to the civilian labor force and examines, in greater detail, the SBA's [Small Business Administration] veteran business development programs, the SBA's efforts to assist veterans' access to capital, and the SBA's service-disabled veteran-owned (SDVOSB) federal procurement program. It also discusses the SBA's Military Reservist Economic Injury Disaster Loan program and P.L. 114-38, the Veterans Entrepreneurship Act of 2015, which authorized and made permanent, under specified circumstances, the SBA's recent practice of waiving the SBAExpress loan program's one time, up-front loan guarantee fee for veterans (and their spouses)."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Lowry, Sean; Dilger, Robert Jay, 1954-

2021-10-05
Labor Market Tightness and the Economic Recovery, Part 2 [October 5, 2021]

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From the Document: "Recently, many businesses have reportedly complained of labor market 'tightness'--workforce shortages and difficulties in hiring to reduce them. This is surprising to many economists because employment is still low. If long-lasting, these shortages could hold back the economic recovery and potentially contribute to inflationary pressures [hyperlink]. This Insight, which concludes a previous CRS Insight (Part 1 [hyperlink]) that analyzes evidence of potential labor market tightenness, discusses potential causes and the policy implications of those findings."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Labonte, Marc; Weinstock, Lida R.

2021-10-05
Labor Market Tightness and the Economic Recovery, Part 1 [October 5, 2021]

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From the Document: "Recently, many businesses have reportedly complained of challenges posed by labor market 'tightness'-- workforce shortages and difficulties in hiring to reduce them. This is generally considered unusual when employment is still low by historical standards--one of the many unusual economic phenomena that have occurred during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. If long-lasting, these shortages could hold back the economic recovery and potentially contribute to inflationary pressures [hyperlink]. This Insight examines evidence of tightness. A companion Insight (Part 2 [hyperlink]) discusses potential causes and policy implications."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Labonte, Marc; Weinstock, Lida R.

2021-10-05
Federal Research: Agency Actions Needed to Address Foreign Influence, Statement of Candice N. Wright, Director, Science, Technology Assessment, and Analytics, Testimony Before the Subcommittees on Investigations and Oversight and Research and Technology Committee on Science, Space, and Technology House of Representatives

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From the Highlights: "The federal government reported expending about $44.5 billion on university science and engineering research in fiscal year 2019. Safeguarding the U.S. research enterprise from threats of foreign influence is of critical importance. Recent reports by GAO [Government Accountability Office] and others have noted challenges the research community faces in combatting undue foreign influence while also maintaining an open research environment that fosters collaboration, transparency, and the free exchange of ideas. This testimony discusses, among other things, (1) COI [conflict of interest] policies and disclosure requirements at selected agencies and universities that address potential foreign threats, and (2) mechanisms to monitor and enforce policies and requirements."

United States. Government Accountability Office

Wright, Candice N.

2021-10-05
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 2610, Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022

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This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence on August 4, 2021. From the Document: "S. 2610 would authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2022 for intelligence activities of the U.S. government, including the Intelligence Community Management Account and the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System. The bill also would extend federal retirement benefits to former employees of Air America and its affiliates, allow certain whistleblowers to seek punitive and compensatory damages in federal court, modify the process for appealing the revocation or denial of security clearances, and create or modify other programs affecting the intelligence community. CBO does not provide estimates for classified programs; therefore, this estimate addresses only the unclassified aspects of the bill. In addition, CBO cannot provide estimates for certain provisions in the unclassified portion of the bill because they concern classified programs. On that limited basis, CBO estimates that implementing the unclassified provisions of the bill would cost $630 million over the 2022-2026 period; that spending would be subject to appropriation of the specified and estimated amounts. CBO estimates that enacting S. 2610 also would increase direct spending by at least $9 million over the 2022-2031 period and would have an insignificant effect on revenues."

United States. Congressional Budget Office

2021-10-05
S. Rept. 117-40: Artificial Intelligence Training for the Acquisition Workforce Act, Report to Accompany S. 2551, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, October 5, 2021

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From the Purpose and Summary: "S. 2551, the Artificial Intelligence [AI] Training for the Workforce Act, or the 'AI Training Act,' requires the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to establish or otherwise provide a training program on artificial intelligence (AI) for the federal acquisition workforce, in order to ensure that the workforce has knowledge of the capabilities and risks associated with AI. The bill defines artificial intelligence and the covered workforce members targeted for the training, including program and procurement personnel, and others as designated by the head of the executive agency to participate. The Director of OMB, in coordination with the Administrator of General Services and others determined relevant by the Director, must develop and provide the training program to the covered workforce not later than one year after the date of enactment."

United States. Government Publishing Office

2021-10-05
Associations Between County-Level Vaccination Rates and Covid-19 Outcomes Among Medicare Beneficiaries

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From the Key Points: "[1] COVID-19 [Coronavirus Disease 2019] vaccines are a key component in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical data show vaccines are highly effective in preventing COVID-19 infections and severe outcomes including hospitalization and death. [2] In this analysis of individual-level health data and county-level vaccination rates, we find that higher county vaccination rates were associated with significant reductions in the odds of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and death among Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) beneficiaries between January and May 2021. [3] Comparing the rates of these outcomes to what our model predicts would have happened without any vaccinations, we estimate COVID-19 vaccinations were linked to estimated reductions of approximately 107,000 infections, 43,000 hospitalizations, and 16,000 deaths in our study sample of 25.3 million beneficiaries. These estimates correspond to estimated reductions of approximately 265,000 infections, 107,000 hospitalizations, and 39,000 deaths for the full Medicare population of 62.7 million people. [4] After accounting for the potential underreporting of COVID-19 deaths in Medicare FFS claims data, and considering alternative models, the number of deaths prevented among the full Medicare population could plausibly range from 12,000 to 49,000 deaths. [5] Reductions in cumulative weekly deaths were found nationally, for all racial and ethnic groups, and across all 48 states included in our sample. [6] The difference in vaccination rates for those age 65 and older between the lowest (34%) and highest (85%) counties and states by the end of May highlights the continued opportunity to leverage COVID-19 vaccinations to prevent COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths."

United States. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. Office of Health Policy

Samson, Lok Wong; Tarazi, Wafa; Orav, E. J. (Endel John) . . .

2021-10-05
Global Economic Effects of COVID-19 [Updated October 4, 2021]

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From the Summary: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] viral pandemic is an unprecedented global phenomenon that is also a highly personal experience with wide-ranging effects. On September 20, 2021, U.S. viral deaths surpassed the 675,446 total from the 1918 Spanish flu, the previous worst U.S. pandemic-related death total on record. The pandemic has disrupted lives across all countries and communities and negatively affected global economic growth in 2020 beyond anything experienced in nearly a century. Estimates indicate the virus reduced global economic growth in 2020 to an annualized rate of around -3.2%,with a recovery of 6.0% projected for 2021. Global trade is estimated to have fallen by 5.3% in 2020, but is projected to grow by 8.0% in 2021. According to a consensus of forecasts, the economic downturn in 2020 was not as negative as initially estimated, due in part to the fiscal and monetary policies governments adopted in 2020. In most countries, economic growth fell sharply in the second quarter of 2020, rebounded quickly in the third quarter, and has been mostly positive since. Although lessening, the total global economic effects continue to mount. [...] This report provides an overview of the global economic costs to date and the response by governments and international institutions to address these effects."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Jackson, James K., 1949-; Nelson, Rebecca M.; Weiss, Martin A. . . .

2021-10-04
Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress [October 4, 2021]

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From the Introduction: "This report presents background information and issues for Congress concerning the Navy's force structure and shipbuilding plans. The current and planned size and composition of the Navy, the annual rate of Navy ship procurement, the prospective affordability of the Navy's shipbuilding plans, and the capacity of the U.S. shipbuilding industry to execute the Navy's shipbuilding plans have been oversight matters for the congressional defense committees for many years. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Navy's force-level goal, its proposed FY2022 shipbuilding program, and its longer-term shipbuilding plans. Decisions that Congress makes on this issue can substantially affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

O'Rourke, Ronald

2021-10-04
U.S. Research and Development Funding and Performance: Fact Sheet [Updated October 4, 2021]

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From the Document: "Research and development (R&D) in the United States is funded and performed by a number of sectors--including the federal government, state governments, businesses, academia, and nonprofit organizations--for a variety of purposes. This fact sheet begins by providing a profile of the U.S. R&D enterprise, including historical trends and current funding by sector and by whether the R&D is basic research, applied research, or development. The final section of this fact sheet includes data on R&D performance by sector."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Sargent, John F.

2021-10-04
U.S. Global Family Planning and Reproductive Health Programs: Funding Trends and Issues for Congress [Updated October 4, 2021]

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From the Document: "The United States is the largest global donor of international family planning and reproductive health (FP/RH) assistance, supporting programs in 40 countries. In recent years, Congress has appropriated approximately $575 million annually in funds for bilateral FP/RH assistance. Key issues for the 117thCongress include debate over the merits of U.S. support for these activities, funding levels, statutory limitations of FP/RH assistance, and emerging global challenges that may affect access to FP/RH services."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Tharakan, Sara M.

2021-10-04
Wildfire Statistics [Updated October 4, 2021]

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From the Document: "Wildfires are unplanned fires, including lightning-caused fires, unauthorized human-caused fires, and escaped prescribed fire projects. States are responsible for responding to wildfires that begin on nonfederal (state, local, and private) lands, except for lands protected by federal agencies under cooperative agreements. The federal government is responsible for responding to wildfires that begin on federal lands. The Forest Service (FS)--within the U.S. Department of Agriculture--carries out wildfire management and response across the 193 million acres of the National Forest System(NFS). The Department of the Interior (DOI) manages wildfire response for more than 400 million acres of national parks, wildlife refuges and preserves, other public lands, and Indian reservations. Wildfire statistics help to illustrate past U.S. wildfire activity. Nationwide data compiled by the National Interagency Coordination Center (NICC) indicate that the number of annual wildfires is variable but has decreased slightly over the last 30 years and the number of acres affected annually, while also variable, generally has increased."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Hoover, Katie; Hanson, Laura A.

2021-10-04
Russian Military Exercises [October 4, 2021]

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From the Document: "The Russian military has routinely conducted two types of military exercises: annual strategic command staff exercises and combat readiness inspections. Many of these exercises are what most analysts consider part of a military's normal training routine. Russia uses these exercises to test military readiness, refine operational concepts, assess new equipment and technologies, and improve command and control. Russia also may use some of these exercises as a form of coercive signaling toward neighboring states and foreign audiences. Some observers are also concerned about Russian use of military exercises as a pretext to mask preparations for potential and actual invasions[.] In particular, the size and nature of the exercises, including the recently concluded Zapad 2021 joint Russian-Belarusian strategic exercise, have caused concern among U.S. and European observers, including some Members of Congress. Some Members expressed concern about the exercise reflecting Russian aggression toward allies in the region."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Bowen, Andrew S.

2021-10-04
MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, October 1, 2021: Multicomponent Strategies to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Transmission -- Nine Overnight Youth Summer Camps, United States, June-August 2021

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The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This Early Release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "Multicomponent Strategies to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] Transmission -- Nine Overnight Youth Summer Camps, United States, June-August 2021." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from WWMR can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2021.html].

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)

2021-10-01
MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, October 1, 2021: COVID-19 Outbreaks at Youth Summer Camps -- Louisiana, June-July 2021

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The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This Early Release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Outbreaks at Youth Summer Camps -- Louisiana, June-July 2021." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from WWMR can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2021.html].

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)

2021-10-01
MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, October 1, 2021

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The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication -- Pakistan, January 2020-July 2021"; Disparities in COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Vaccination Status, Intent, and Perceived Access for Noninstitutionalized Adults, by Disability Status -- National Immunization Survey Adult COVID Module, United States, May 30-June 26, 2021"; "Association Between K-12 School Mask Policies and School-Associated COVID-19 Outbreaks -- Maricopa and Pima Counties, Arizona, July-August 2021"; "COVID-19-Related School Closures and Learning Modality Changes --United States, August 1-September 17, 2021"; "Pediatric COVID-19 Cases in Counties With and Without School Mask Requirements - United States, July 1-September 4, 2021"; "Safety Monitoring of an Additional Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine -- United States, August 12-September 19, 2021"; "Notes from the Field: Deaths Related to Hurricane Ida Reported by Media -- Nine States, August 29-September 9, 2021"; "Notes from the Field: E-Cigarette Use Among Middle and High School Students - National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2021"; and "QuickStats: Age-Adjusted Death Rates for Female Breast Cancer, by State --National Vital Statistics System, United States, 2019." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2021.html].

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)

2021-10-01
Infrastructure Resilience Planning Framework (IRPF), Version 1.0

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From the Overview: "The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) developed the Infrastructure Resilience Planning Framework (IRPF) to provide an approach for localities, regions, and the private sector to work together to plan for the security and resilience of critical infrastructure services in the face of multiple threats and changes. [...] This Framework provides methods and tools to address critical infrastructure security and resilience through planning, by helping communities and regions: [1] 'Understand and communicate' how infrastructure resilience contributes to community resilience; [2] 'Identify' how threats and hazards might impact the normal functioning of community infrastructure and delivery of services; [3] 'Prepare' governments, owners and operators to withstand and adapt to evolving threats and hazards; [4] 'Integrate' infrastructure security and resilience considerations, including the impacts of dependencies and cascading disruptions, into planning and investment decisions; and [5] 'Recover' quickly from disruptions to the normal functioning of community and regional infrastructure[.] For the purpose of this document, 'community' should be understood to include not just individual cities or towns, but also multijurisdictional regional authorities conducting planning and stakeholders with common interests or working on a common corridor to enhance the resilience of related infrastructure systems."

United States. Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency

2021-10
Infrastructure Resilience Planning Framework [fact sheet]

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This Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) fact sheet provides a brief overview of the Infrastructure Resilience Planning Framework (IRPF), with a link to the full IRPF guidance. From the Overview: "The Infrastructure Resilience Planning Framework (IRPF) [hyperlink] is a flexible framework that enables users to identify critical infrastructure, assess related risks, and develop and implement resilience solutions. The framework helps users to understand interconnected infrastructure systems and can be incorporated into many types of plans such as economic development, capital improvement, hazard mitigation, and emergency response/recovery. The IRPF's audience is state, local, tribal, and territorial governments; regional planning commissions; infrastructure owners and operators; and large manufacturing clusters. The IRPF outlines five key steps that can be incorporated into existing planning processes to enhance resilience by addressing critical infrastructure dependencies. To support these steps, it includes guidance, tools, and resources, including infrastructure dependency questions, a meeting facilitation guide, and a compendium of mechanisms to fund resilience solutions."

United States. Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency

2021-10?
United States Environmental Protection Agency Climate Adaptation Action Plan

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From the Introduction: "Climate change poses a real and present danger to communities all across the country. Its impacts are already being felt. President Biden's Executive Order 14008, 'Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad,' requires federal agencies to develop Climate Action Plans that describe their agency's climate vulnerabilities and the steps it will take to bolster adaptation and increase resilience to the impacts of climate change. This 2021 EPA [Environmental Protection Agency] Climate Adaptation Action Plan ('Plan') builds on a strong foundation. The agency released its first Climate Change Adaptation Plan in June 2014, followed by 17 Climate Change Adaptation Implementation Plans prepared by its National Environmental Program Offices, National Support Offices, and 10 Regional Offices. The 2021 Plan accelerates action and focuses agency attention on priority actions it will take to fulfill our mission and increase human and ecosystem resilience even as the climate changes. This Plan will be followed by updates to the 17 'Implementation Plans' produced in 2014. Every office will report on its progress since 2014 and identify future actions to address the agency-wide priorities identified in this Plan. EPA offices will engage with states, tribes, territories, local communities, and other stakeholders when updating their plans."

United States. Environmental Protection Agency

2021-10

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