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How Treasury Issues Debt [Updated June 14, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The U.S. Department of the Treasury (Treasury) is responsible for issuing federal government debt. Debt issuance is a core component of Treasury's role as the manager of government operations, as it is needed when tax revenue collections are insufficient to meet the demand of federal obligations. The primary objective of Treasury's debt management strategy is to finance the government's borrowing needs at the lowest cost over time. To accomplish this Treasury adheres to three principles: (1) to issue debt in a regular and predictable pattern, (2) to provide transparency in the decisionmaking process, and (3) to seek continuous improvements in the auction process. [...] This report examines Treasury's debt management practices, focusing on the auction process, how prices and interest rates of securities are determined, and the role of market participants in the process. It also addresses the role of debt in influencing present and future budget outcomes."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Driessen, Grant A.
2022-06-14
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Juvenile Life Without Parole: In Brief [June 13, 2022]
From the Document: "This report provides information on the federal role in juvenile justice, including the sentencing of juvenile offenders, as well as implications from recent Supreme Court decisions concerning juvenile sentencing. The report also discusses research related to cognitive development that is commonly cited in policy debates about juvenile offenders. It concludes by presenting key issues that may be of interest to Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hanson, Emily J.; Lampe, Joanna R.
2022-06-13
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Paid Family and Medical Leave in the United States [Updated June 13, 2022]
From the Introduction: "Paid family and medical leave (PFML) refers to partially or fully compensated time away from work for specific and generally significant family caregiving needs ('paid family leave') or for the employee's own serious medical condition ('paid medical leave'). Family caregiving needs include those such as the arrival of a new child or serious illness of a close family member. Medical conditions that may qualify for medical leave generally must be severe enough to require medical intervention and interfere with a worker's performance of key job responsibilities. Although the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA; P.L. 103-3, as amended) provides eligible workers with a federal entitlement to unpaid leave for a limited set of family caregiving needs, federal law does not require private-sector employers to provide 'paid leave' of any kind. [...] This report provides an overview of PFML in the United States, summarizes state-level family and medical leave insurance program provisions, reviews PFML policies in other advanced-economy countries, and describes recent federal legislative action to increase access to paid family and medical leave."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Donovan, Sarah A.
2022-06-13
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Audit of the Department of Defense's Implementation of Predictive Maintenance Strategies to Support Weapon System Sustainment
From the Objective: "The objective of this audit was to determine whether the DoD tracked, monitored, and shared lessons learned regarding impacts of predictive maintenance on weapon system sustainment. Our objective was also to determine whether select predictive maintenance strategies achieved cost and availability goals. However, during the planning phase, we identified that the Services had not fully implemented predictive maintenance strategies. Therefore, we amended our objective to determine the extent that the DoD had implemented predictive maintenance in accordance with guidance."
United States. Department of Defense. Office of the Inspector General
2022-06-13
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National Volcano Early Warning System [Updated June 13, 2022]
From the Document: "In 2019, Congress authorized a National Volcano Early Warning and Monitoring System (NVEWS; Section 5001 of P.L. 116-9; 43 U.S.C. 31k). The law directs the Secretary of the Interior to establish NVEWS to monitor volcanoes, warn U.S. citizens of volcanic activity, and protect citizens from 'undue and avoidable harm' resulting from volcanic activity. In FY2022, Congress provided funds to begin implementation of NVEWS. Many in Congress are interested in a volcano early warning and monitoring system because the nation faces threats from many active volcanoes. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS, a bureau within the Department of the Interior) published an assessment in 2018 of the volcanic threat and indicated that better monitoring is necessary for effective warnings. The USGS volcanic threat assessment assigned five threat levels (very high, high, moderate, low, and very low) to 161 volcanoes in 14 states and U.S. territories[.]"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rowan, Linda R.
2022-06-13
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U.S.-Philippine Relations and Ferdinand Marcos Jr.'s Election [June 13, 2022]
From the Document: "Ferdinand 'Bongbong' Marcos Jr. won the Philippine presidential election on May 9, 2022. Marcos Jr., the son of former Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos [hyperlink], won more than 31 million or 58% of the 55 million votes cast. [...] U.S.-Philippine people-people ties are extensive, and the two nations have long shared a wide range of strategic and economic interests. As a U.S. ally and key partner for U.S. efforts in maritime security and counterterrorism in Southeast Asia, the Philippines plays an important role in the U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy [hyperlink]. Under the 1951 Mutual Defense Treaty [hyperlink], the United States and the Philippines, a former U.S. colony, committed to help defend each other against external armed attack. The Philippines is the largest recipient of U.S. military assistance and Development Assistance account funding in the East Asia-Pacific region. The U.S.-Philippines Congressional Friendship Caucus [hyperlink] was launched in 2021 in honor of the 75th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the two countries. In May 2022, the Philippines became one of the initial members of the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework [hyperlink] launched by the Biden Administration."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dolven, Ben; Lum, Thomas G. (Thomas Gong), 1961-
2022-06-13
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Navy Ship Names: Background for Congress [Updated June 13, 2022]
From the Summary: "Names for Navy ships traditionally have been chosen and announced by the Secretary of the Navy, under the direction of the President and in accordance with rules prescribed by Congress. Rules for giving certain types of names to certain types of Navy ships have evolved over time. There have been exceptions to the Navy's ship-naming rules, particularly for the purpose of naming a ship for a person when the rule for that type of ship would have called for it to be named for something else. Some observers have perceived a breakdown in, or corruption of, the rules for naming Navy ships. Section 370 of the FY2021 NDAA [National Defense Authorization Act] (H.R. 6395/P.L. [Public Law] 116-283 of January 1, 2021) established a commission regarding the removal and renaming of certain assets of the Department of Defense (including ships) that commemorate the Confederate States of America or any person who served voluntarily with the Confederate States of America."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-06-13
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H. Rept: 117-360: Small State and Rural Rescue Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 7211, June 13, 2022
From the Document: "The purpose of H.R. 7211 is to amend the 'Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act' and review a final rule of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). [...] 'The Rural Disaster Assistance Fairness Act of 2005' [...] created the Small State and Rural Advocate position to work on behalf of states with small populations. H.R. 7211 amends the 'Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act', P.L. [public law] 93-288, as amended) to expand and codify the responsibilities of FEMA's Small State and Rural Advocate (SSRA) when helping state and local officials demonstrate localized impact and apply for federal disaster aid. The new responsibilities direct the SSRA to assist states with the collection and presentation of material in their disaster or emergency declaration requests. The bill also directs the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to conduct a review of the factors FEMA considers when evaluating a governor's request for individual assistance in the aftermath of a disaster."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-06-13
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H. Rept. 117-363, Part 1: Post-Disaster Assistance Online Accountability Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 2020, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, June 13, 2022
From the Purpose of Legislation: "The purpose of H.R. 2020 is to provide for an online repository for the reporting of certain Federal disaster assistance across federal agencies."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-06-13
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Key Insights: Identity Fraud Reduction and Redress in Pandemic Response Programs
From the Document: "This Insights Report is based on information gathered by the Pandemic Response Accountability Committee's (PRAC) Identity Fraud Reduction and Redress (IFRR) Working Group and other relevant partners. The report outlines challenges related to addressing identity fraud and highlights actions government agencies can take to both reduce identity fraud and improve victim redress programs."
Pandemic Response Accountability Committee
2022-06-13
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PLA Air Force: Bomber Force Training
From the Document: "This paper provides information about bomber pilot training with a focus on daily training and over-water training in the Western Pacific and South China Sea, as well as participation in the Golden Dart competition in China and the Aviadarts component of the International Army Games (IAG [...]), which are co-organized by China, Russia, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Armenia, and Iran."
China Aerospace Studies Institute (U.S.)
Allen, Kenneth W.
2022-06-13?
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H. Rept. 117-364, Part 1: Restoring Hope for Mental Health and Well-Being Act of 2022, Report to Accompany H.R. 7666, June 13, 2022
From the Purpose and Summary: "H.R. 7666, the 'Restoring Hope for Mental Health and Well-Being Act of 2022,' amends the Public Health Service Act to reauthorize and establish certain mental health and substance use disorder programs at the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) through fiscal year 2027, for the purposes of improving Americans' mental health and addressing substance use disorders. H.R. 7666 includes provisions to support crisis care and other mental health services for a range of populations, as well as substance use disorder prevention, treatment, and recovery support services. The legislation provides increased support for youth suicide prevention, maternal mental health, and jail diversion programs. Further, the bill includes provisions to assist in addiction and overdose prevention and treatment, including expanded access to medication-assisted treatment and provider training. H.R. 7666 also facilitates further integration of mental health and primary care services, bolsters the mental health care workforce, applies mental health parity requirements to self-funded, non-governmental plans, and supports enforcement of mental health parity requirements."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-06-13
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Command Investigation into the 6 May 2021 and 20 November 2021 Incidents at Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility
From the Command Investigation into the 6 May 2021 and 20 November 2021 Incidents at Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility by Admiral William K. Lescher, Vice Chief of Naval Operations: "I reviewed the subject investigation (Cavanaugh report) as supplemented by Enclosure (l) along with the first endorsement and related comments. The contamination of drinking water from the Red Hill Shaft was the result of the Navy's ineffective immediate responses to the 6 May and 20 November 202 l fuel releases at the Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility (Red Hill), and failure to resolve with urgency deficiencies in system design and construction, system knowledge, and incident response training. These deficiencies endured due to seams in accountability and a failure to learn from prior incidents that falls unacceptably short of Navy standards for leadership, ownership, and the safeguarding of our communities. [...] This investigation characterizes the primary and proximate factors that caused the 2021 events, providing the foundation for a comprehensive approach to safeguarding the environment and executing the Secretary of Defense's decision to defuel Red Hill."
United States. Department of the Navy
2022-06-13
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Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol: 06/13/22 Select Committee Hearing [video]
This is the June 13, 2022 hearing on "Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol." The duration of the video is two hours, eight minutes, and five seconds.
United States. Congress. House. Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol
2022-06-13
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America COMPETES Act Amendments to the Lacey Act [June 10, 2022]
From the Document: "Section 71102 of the America COMPETES [America Creating Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology, Education, and Science Act of 2007] Act, H.R. 4521 (passed the House), would amend the injurious species provisions of the Lacey Act (18 U.S.C. §42). [...] In 2017, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit held in 'U.S. Association of Reptile Keepers v. Zinke' [hyperlink] that the statute did not prohibit interstate shipment of injurious species--that is, shipment between states within the 49 continental United States. The statute identifies certain species as injurious and authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to identify other species as injurious [hyperlink] to human beings; the interests of agriculture, horticulture, forestry; or wildlife or the wildlife resources of the United States. The Secretary may list as injurious any 'species of wild mammals, wild birds, fish (including mollusks and crustacea), amphibians, reptiles, brown tree snakes, or the offspring or eggs of any of the foregoing.' [...] Section 71102 of H.R. 4521 [hyperlink], as passed by the House, would amend the injurious species section of the Lacey Act. First, it would prohibit 'any interstate transport within the United States.' This provision could be interpreted to prohibit transport across state lines or transport in interstate commerce activity that does not necessarily cross state lines. Second, it would allow the Secretary to issue an emergency designation of any species of wild mammal, wild bird, fish, amphibian, or reptile as injurious and prohibit its import for up to three years."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Ward, Erin H.; Sheikh, Pervaze A.
2022-06-10
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Arms Sales: Congressional Review Process [June 10, 2022]
From the Summary: "This report reviews the process and procedures that apply to congressional consideration of foreign arms sales proposed by the President. This includes consideration of proposals to sell major defense equipment, defense articles and services, or the retransfer to third-party states of such items. Under the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), the President must formally notify Congress 30 calendar days before the Administration can take the final steps to conclude a government-to-government foreign military sale of major defense equipment valued at $14 million or more, defense articles or services valued at $50 million or more, or design and construction services valued at $200 million or more. In the case of such sales to NATO member states, NATO, Japan, Australia, South Korea, Israel, or New Zealand, the President must formally notify Congress 15 calendar days before the Administration can proceed with the transaction. However, the prior notice threshold values are higher for sales to these destinations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kerr, Paul K.
2022-06-10
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NATO: Finland and Sweden Seek Membership [June 10, 2022]
From the Document: "On May 18, 2022, Finland and Sweden applied [hyperlink] to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO[...]). Prompted by growing security concerns about Russia and its 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Finland's [hyperlink] and Sweden's decisions [hyperlink] mark a historic shift [hyperlink] for these traditionally militarily nonaligned countries. The Biden Administration [hyperlink] and many Members of Congress [hyperlink] have responded positively to the prospect of Finland and Sweden joining NATO, arguing that the addition of these two mature democracies [hyperlink] with advanced militaries [hyperlink] will enhance security [hyperlink] in the Baltic Sea region and the broader EuroAtlantic area. NATO enlargement must be approved by all 30 current NATO members; U.S. approval requires Senate advice and consent."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin; Belkin, Paul; Bowen, Andrew S.
2022-06-10
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School Safety and Target Hardening [June 10, 2022]
From the Document: "The May 2022 deaths of 19 students and 2 teachers in a mass shooting at Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, TX, has led some Members of Congress to discuss a range of policy options to address gun violence in schools, several of which have been considered after previous mass shootings in schools. One option that has again gained the attention of policymakers is 'target hardening' of schools, which generally involves attempts to fortify schools against gun violence through their physical design and additional security measures."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
James, Nathan
2022-06-10
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Nordic Countries and U.S. Relations [Updated June 10, 2022]
From the Document: "The five Nordic countries--Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden--share deep historical, linguistic, and cultural ties and many political and economic similarities. They are all stable democracies with parliamentary systems of government and prosperous market economies with relatively high standards of living. With a total population of roughly 27 million people, the Nordics collectively form the world's 12th -largest economy. They have extensive social welfare systems and relatively high tax rates but are considered to be innovative, business-friendly countries. The Nordics generally rank high on global competitiveness indexes. Foreign trade plays a key role in their economies. They also enjoy substantial natural resources. Norway in particular benefits from vast North Sea oil and natural gas deposits."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2022-06-10
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WTO: 12th Ministerial, COVID-19, and Ongoing Issues [Updated June 10, 2022]
From the Overview: "Due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the World Trade Organization (WTO) postponed its 12th Ministerial Conference (MC12) multiple times from June 2020 to June 2022. The biennial meeting, which usually involves active U.S. participation, has been widely anticipated as an action-forcing event for the WTO amid serious challenges facing the global trading system. Some members hope key results for ongoing negotiations could help bolster the WTO's relevance. In addition, a dispute settlement crisis continues, with the WTO's Appellate Body ceasing to operate in 2019, and no consensus on solutions. Broader reforms of the institution also remain under discussion, including some U.S. proposals. While MC12 and other meetings had been suspended during part of 2021, members continued some WTO operations virtually and resumed some in-person. WTO Director-General (DG) Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, newly appointed in February 2021, has faced the challenge of positioning the organization to advance multilateral cooperation in the wake of the pandemic and the war in Ukraine. As MC12 approaches, she has urged members to bridge differences and deliver results, while laying the groundwork for 'what we need to do for life after MC12 and moving towards MC13.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.; Fefer, Rachel F.; Fergusson, Ian F.
2022-06-10
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Ukraine and International Financial Institutions [Updated June 10, 2022]
From the Document: "Russia's war against Ukraine has devastated the Ukrainian economy and is having widespread repercussions in Europe and around the world. While the economic impact is largest in Ukraine, neighboring countries are suffering from trade disruptions; higher food, energy, and commodity prices; and an influx of refugees. The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and other international financial institutions (IFIs) are providing emergency assistance to Ukraine and neighboring countries and are developing short- and medium-term assistance strategies. The United States government is supporting these efforts through U.S. leadership at the IFIs and through additional bilateral contributions. On April 28, the Biden Administration requested new FY2022 funding for IFIs as part of an emergency supplemental budget request for Ukraine, which was incorporated in H.R. 7691, which was signed into law on May 21."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Weiss, Martin A.
2022-06-10
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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, June 10, 2022
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Characteristics of Adults Aged ≥18 Years Evaluated for Substance Use and Treatment Planning -- United States, 2019"; "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Vaccination Coverage, by Race and Ethnicity -- National Immunization Survey Adult COVID Module, United States, December 2020-November 2021"; "Monkeypox Outbreak -- Nine States, May 2022"; "Ventilation Improvement Strategies Among K [kindergarten]-12 Public Schools -- The National School COVID-19 Prevention Study, United States, February 14-March 27, 2022"; "Notes from the Field: Initial Outbreak Response Activity Following Wild Poliovirus Type 1 Detection -- Malawi, February 2022"; and "QuickStats: Percentage of Adults Aged ≥18 Years with Diagnosed Heart Disease, by Urbanization Level and Age Group -- National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2020." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-06-10
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How Are Cities Planning for Heat? Analysis of United States Municipal Plans
From the Abstract: "Heat has become a central concern for cities everywhere, but heat governance has historically lagged behind other climate change hazards. This study examines 175 municipal plans from the 50 most populous cities in the United States to understand which aspects of urban heat are included or not in city plans and what factors explain inclusion. We find that a majority of plans mention heat, but few include strategies to address it and even fewer cite sources of information. The term 'extreme heat event' (EHE) is significantly more likely to be paired with institutional actions as a part of hazard planning, while 'urban heat island' (UHI) is more likely to be paired with green and grey infrastructure interventions as a part of general planning. Disparity and thermal comfort framings are not significantly related to any solutions and are used least. Plan type, followed by environmental networks (e.g. C40, Urban Sustainability Directors Network, Rockefeller 100 Resilient Cities), explain variation in plan content; social and environmental context do not. Findings point to the emergence of two independent heat governance systems, EHE and UHI, and several gaps in heat planning: integration, specificity, solutions, disparity, economy, and thermal comfort."
Institute of Physics Publishing
Turner, V. Kelly; French, Emma Mehlig; Dialesandro, John . . .
2022-06-10
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Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: Fy2023 [June 10, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The 117th Congress continues its interest in U.S. research and development (R&D) and in evaluating funding for federal R&D activities. The federal government has played an important role in supporting R&D efforts that have led to scientific breakthroughs and new technologies, from jet aircraft and the internet to communications satellites and defenses against disease. In recent years, federal budget caps have driven executive and legislative branch decisions about the prioritization of R&D, both in the context of the entire federal budget and among competing needs within the federal R&D portfolio. [...] This report begins with a discussion of the overall level of R&D in President Biden's FY2023 budget request, followed by analyses of R&D funding in the request from a variety of perspectives and for selected multiagency R&D initiatives. The remainder of the report discusses and analyzes the R&D budget requests of selected federal departments and agencies that, collectively, account for approximately 99% of total federal R&D funding."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Croft, Genevieve K.; Harris, Laurie A.; Lipiec, Eva . . .
2022-06-10
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 2923, Fishery Resource Disasters Improvement Act
From the Document: "S. 2923 would authorize the appropriation of $377 million over the 2021-2026 period for the Fisheries Disaster Assistance program administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The Congress provided $300 million for that program in 2021, which is the most recent appropriation for the program. Under current law, NOAA may provide financial assistance to commercial fisheries that experience economic hardship because of natural or manmade disasters. S. 2923 would explicitly define terms that are used to determine if a fishery is eligible for assistance. The bill also would require NOAA to adhere to a faster application review process and to fulfill additional reporting requirements. Using information from NOAA, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] expects that implementing S. 2923 would not substantially change the way the program is administered under current law. The bill does not authorize specific amounts for any year in the period; for this estimate, we have shown the entire amount in fiscal year 2022. Based on historical spending patterns, CBO estimates that NOAA would spend $342 million over the 2022-2027 period and $35 million after 2027 to assist fisheries, assuming appropriation of the authorized amount."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-06-09
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 7777, Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity Training Act
From the Document: "H.R. 7777 would require the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) to offer voluntary cybersecurity training to critical infrastructure operators. Under the bill, CISA would teach attendees to identify and mitigate threats to information systems that are used in the automated control of critical infrastructure processes (such as power generation and water treatment). In addition, the bill would require CISA to report to the Congress on the effectiveness of its efforts. CISA already provides cybersecurity training courses for critical infrastructure operators; thus, the bill would codify those responsibilities and would not impose any new operating requirements on the agency. CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing H.R. 7777 would cost less than $500,000 over the 2022-2027 period to prepare and deliver the required reports; such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-06-09
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 5129, Community Services Block Grant Modernization Act of 2022
From the Document: "H.R. 5129 would reauthorize and amend the Community Services Block Grant Act. Although the authorization of appropriations for the programs in that act expired at the end of 2003, the Congress has continued to appropriate funds for them, including $787 million in 2022. The act would authorize the appropriation of $1 billion for each year from 2023 through 2027 and the appropriation of whatever amounts are necessary for each year from 2028 through 2032 for the Community Services Block Grant (CSBG). In addition, H.R. 5129 would authorize the appropriation of whatever amounts are necessary for each year from 2023 through 2032 for discretionary community programs, including community economic development, rural community development activities, and broadband navigator projects. For this estimate, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] assumes that H.R. 5129 will be enacted before the start of fiscal year 2023 and that the authorized and estimated amounts will be appropriated in each year. Using information from the Department of Health and Human Services, CBO estimates that the department would need about $46 million in 2023 for the discretionary community programs. For years after 2027 for CSBG and after 2023 for the community programs, CBO estimates the authorization amounts by increasing the 2027 and 2023 amounts, respectively, consistent with the inflation rates that underlie CBO's May 2022 baseline. Estimated outlays are based on historical spending patterns for existing or similar programs. On that basis, CBO estimates that implementing the legislation would cost $10 billion over the 2022-2032 period."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-06-09
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DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy FY2022 Appropriations [Updated June 9, 2022]
From the Document: "The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) is responsible for enabling renewable energy and end-use energy efficiency technology development and implementation. Other activities include participation in intergovernmental programs, establishing minimum energy conservation standards for appliances and equipment, and providing technical support. EERE collaborates with industry, academia, national laboratories, and others to conduct and support research, development, demonstration, and deployment activities. EERE also manages programs that support state and local governments, tribes, and school leaders. Further, EERE oversees and supports the research and infrastructure of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)--the only U.S. national laboratory solely dedicated to researching and developing renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Diaz, Melissa N.
2022-06-09
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Loan Limits for Government-Backed Mortgages [Updated June 9, 2022]
From the Summary: "The federal government supports homeownership in different ways. One of the main ways is through programs or support from quasi-government entities that promise lenders or investors that if a homeowner defaults on a covered mortgage, the lender or investor will still receive some--or all--of the amount it was owed. These types of guarantees can support homeownership by making private lenders more willing to offer certain types of mortgages. Additionally, they can increase the number of private investors who are willing to invest in mortgages, thereby increasing the amount of capital available for mortgage lending. The details of the programs differ, but most have limits on the size of mortgages that are eligible. This report contains brief program descriptions and discusses the maximum mortgage amounts for each."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sacks-Jones, Katharine; Perl, Libby; Scott, Andrew P.
2022-06-09
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Interstate Natural Gas Pipeline Siting: FERC Policy and Issues for Congress [Updated June 9, 2022]
From the Summary: "Growth in U.S. natural gas production has driven the development of new pipelines from producing regions to consuming markets. Over 300,000 miles of transmission pipeline already transport natural gas across the country. However, if domestic natural gas trends continue, the need for new pipelines could still be substantial. As a result of military conflict in Europe, demand for U.S. liquefied natural gas exports is growing as well, which is driving associated natural gas infrastructure development. This new infrastructure could amount to several thousand miles of new interstate pipeline and on the order of $40 billion in capital investment. Under the Natural Gas Act (NGA), companies seeking to build interstate natural gas pipelines need certificates of public convenience and necessity from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). The commission's regulatory process for certificate applications consists of pre-filing, certificate application, application review (including environmental review), authorization, and post-certificate proceedings. Several aspects of FERC's review practices have been the subject of FERC dissent, debate in Congress, or litigation. Key challenges to FERC certification involve environmental review, evaluating project need, review timing, relations with other agencies, changes in industry structure, export issues, environmental justice, and public participation. The Bush, Obama, Trump, and Biden Administrations issued executive orders intended to change federal permitting of infrastructure, specifically including energy infrastructure. Exactly how these orders may have affected natural gas pipeline siting is not clear."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Parfomak, Paul W.
2022-06-09
