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Report on the Troubled Asset Relief Program--May 2022
From the Document: "In October 2008, the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (division A of Public Law 110-343) established the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) to enable the Department of the Treasury to promote stability in financial markets through the purchase and guarantee of 'troubled assets.' Section 202 of that legislation, as amended, requires annual reports from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) on the costs of the program. The law also requires the Congressional Budget Office to submit its own report within 45 days of the issuance of OMB's report each year. CBO's assessment must discuss three elements: [1] The costs of purchases and guarantees of troubled assets, [2] Information CBO collects and the valuation methods it uses to calculate those costs, and [3] The program's effects on the federal budget deficit and debt."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-05
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COVID-19: FDA Took Steps to Help Make Tests Available, Policy for Future Public Health Emergencies Needed, Report to Congressional Addressees
From the Highlights: "Diagnostic testing for COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] is critical to tracking the virus, informing treatment, and suppressing transmission. However, because COVID-19 is caused by a novel virus, no test existed at the beginning of the pandemic. Typically, medical devices, such as diagnostic tests, must be approved or cleared by FDA [Food and Drug Administration] before they can be offered. However, FDA's EUA [emergency use authorization] authority requires a lower level of evidence than the effectiveness standard normally required for FDA product approval; therefore, it can help tests become available in a shorter amount of time. Test developers submit EUA requests to FDA that include data on a test's performance, and FDA reviews the data to determine whether to grant an EUA. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to review FDA's oversight of tests for COVID-19. This report examines, among other things, 1) the actions FDA took to help make COVID-19 tests available for use, 2) the number of tests FDA authorized and those for which it exercised enforcement discretion, and 3) FDA's monitoring of these tests after they were available for use. GAO reviewed agency documentation, and interviewed FDA and associations that represent test developers. [...] GAO recommends that FDA develop a policy for the use of enforcement discretion regarding unauthorized tests in future public health emergencies. This policy should include the conditions under which FDA would begin and end the use of such discretion. The Department of Health and Human Services concurred with our recommendation."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-05
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Audit of the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services Anti-Heroin Task Force Program
From the Executive Summary: "The objectives of this audit were to: (1) assess the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office) administration and oversight of the Anti-Heroin Task Force (AHTF) Program, (2) determine the extent to which the AHTF Program has been successful in reducing the use of heroin and other opioids in participating jurisdictions, and (3) review coordination efforts between the COPS Office and other Department of Justice (DOJ) entities to combat the heroin and opioid crisis. [...] While the COPS Office has an array of memoranda, manuals, and program-specific award guides to help direct its work, it does not have a written standard operating procedure (SOP) that details divisional policies and procedures for administering AHTF Program awards. Prior to fiscal year (FY) 2020, AHTF Program performance measures did not align with the program's authorizing legislation or goals, and AHTF progress reports did not capture information about critical AHTF Program activities. Lastly, the COPS Office needs to improve its collaboration with other DOJ components to enhance overall DOJ anti-drug program effectiveness. [...] Our report contains four recommendations to assist the COPS Office in improving its administration and oversight of AHTF Program awards."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of the Inspector General
2022-05
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COVID-19: IRS Implemented Tax Relief for Employers Quickly, but Could Strengthen Its Compliance Efforts, Report to Congressional Committees
From the Highlights: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic resulted in significant challenges to the U.S. economy, leading to business closures. The employment tax relief measures Congress passed to help businesses affected by the pandemic were estimated to result in about $237.8 billion in foregone revenue for fiscal years 2021-2031. The CARES [Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security] Act includes a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to report on the federal government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This report describes IRS [Internal Revenue Service]'s efforts in implementing the employment tax provisions. The report also evaluates IRS's plans and actions to identify compliance risks for the provisions."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-05
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Communicating Public Health Guidance to Cases and Contacts: Recommendations for COVID-19 Case Investigators and Contact Tracers
From the Introduction: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has devastated communities both in the United States and abroad. The fear, uncertainty, and trauma caused by the pandemic also affect how individuals interpret public health messages. It is important for case investigators and contact tracers to understand how this stress affects a person's ability to understand public health messages, and to tailor their communications accordingly. This brief outlines actions that case investigators and contact tracers may take to communicate effectively."
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (U.S.)
2022-05
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Tailoring Messages for Cross-Cultural Communication: Recommendations for COVID-19 Case Investigators and Contact Tracers
From the Introduction: "Case investigators and contact tracers must understand and adapt to the culture of people with COVID 19 [coronavirus disease 2019] and their close contacts to conduct effective interviews and follow-up. 'Culture' refers to the learned and shared behavior of a community of people who interact with one another. A person's culture may be influenced by a several factors, including those listed in the image below. Culture helps shape a person's values, relationships, and understanding of the world around them. For example, some cultures may have different attitudes or beliefs about COVID-19 transmission, vaccination or treatment Culturp may affect a person's willingness to identify close contacts or provide a description of those contacts. It may also affect how person understands and communicates their symptoms, or influence their beliefs about authority figures, healthcare professionals, and public health."
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (U.S.)
2022-05
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Tribal Funding: Actions Needed to Improve Information on Federal Funds That Benefit Native Americans, Report to the Committee on Indian Affairs, U.S. Senate
From the Highlights: "Federal law requires federal agencies to provide a variety of services to tribes and their members. GAO [Government Accountability Office] refers to the need for these services--as defined by tribes, tribal members, and other tribal organizations that administer federal programs or grants for tribes and their members--collectively as tribal needs. In 2018, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights reported that the federal government does not keep complete records of federal funding for programs serving tribes. OMB [Office of Management and Budget] publishes a crosscut on federal funding for programs that benefit Native Americans, but tribal stakeholders have expressed concerns about its transparency. This report examines (1) information the crosscut provides and reported challenges with using it and (2) the extent to which federal agencies obtain tribal input and reflect tribal needs during budget formulation."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-05
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Defense Cybersecurity: Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information Systems, Report to Congressional Committees
From the Highlights: "DOD computer systems contain vast amounts of sensitive data, including CUI [controlled unclassified information] that can be vulnerable to cyber incidents. In 2015, a phishing attack on the Joint Chiefs of Staff unclassified email servers resulted in an 11-day shutdown while cyber experts rebuilt the network. This affected the work of roughly 4,000 military and civilian personnel. In response to Section 1742 of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, in June 2021 DOD submitted a report to the Congress on cybersecurity of CUI. The report discussed the extent to which DOD had implemented selected cybersecurity requirements across the department. The act included a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to review DOD's report, and GAO has continued to monitor the department's subsequent progress. This report describes 1) the status of DOD components' implementation of selected CUI cybersecurity requirements; and 2) actions taken by DOD CIO [Chief Information Officer] to address the security of CUI systems."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-05
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Cybersecurity Supply Chain Risk Management Practices for Systems and Organizations
From the Abstract: "Organizations are concerned about the risks associated with products and services that may potentially contain malicious functionality, are counterfeit, or are vulnerable due to poor manufacturing and development practices within the supply chain. These risks are associated with an enterprise's decreased visibility into and understanding of how the technology they acquire is developed, integrated, and deployed or the processes, procedures, standards, and practices used to ensure the security, resilience, reliability, safety, integrity, and quality of the products and services. This publication provides guidance to organizations on identifying, assessing, and mitigating cybersecurity risks throughout the supply chain at all levels of their organizations. The publication integrates cybersecurity supply chain risk management (C-SCRM) into risk management activities by applying a multilevel, C-SCRM-specific approach, including guidance on the development of C-SCRM strategy implementation plans, C-SCRM policies, C-SCRM plans, and risk assessments for products and services."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Boyens, Jon; Smith, Angela; Bartol, Nadya . . .
2022-05
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Nuclear Security Enterprise: NNSA Could Enhance Its Evaluation of Manufacturingrelated R&D Performance, Report to the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives
From the Highlights: "NNSA [National Nuclear Security Administration] is in the midst of a major effort to modernize its nuclear weapons and supporting infrastructure. As part of this effort, NNSA and its sites in the nuclear security enterprise support a variety of R&D [research and development] projects. These projects explore new manufacturing methods or alternatives to manufacturing processes that may be inefficient, unsafe, or obsolete. The House report accompanying the Fiscal Year 2021 National Defense Authorization Act included a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to review NNSA's manufacturing-related R&D programs. This report (1) describes the manufacturing-related R&D projects underway at NNSA sites and (2) assesses the extent to which NNSA's management of its manufacturingrelated R&D projects follow leading practices."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-05
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Fund for Global Health Security and Pandemic Preparedness
From the Background: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] crisis has served as a painful demonstration that no country is fully prepared for a pandemic and that the existing global health architecture remains ill-equipped to finance pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response (PPR). The rationale for preventing and containing pandemics is self-evident: the price of preparedness is a fraction of the cost of responding to catastrophic outbreaks, both in terms of human and economic well-being. In the aftermath of the 2003 SARS [Severe acute respiratory syndrome] outbreak, 2009 H1N1 [influenza A virus subtype] pandemic, and the 2014-2016 West Africa Ebola outbreak, experts called for scaling up sustainable financing to ensure the world was better prepared to face that next global health threat. But even amid efforts to better understand and measure preparedness gaps, little action was taken to mobilize financing and incentivize investments in strengthening detection, prevention, and response capabilities. As global health threats evolve, countries' capacity to prepare for and respond to disease outbreaks is increasingly a global imperative. Now is the time to take concrete steps toward establishing sustained financing for pandemic PPR to help bring an end to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, combat future health security threats, and break the costly cycle of neglect."
Center for Global Development
Glassman, Amanda, 1970-; Smitham, Eleni; Collinson, Erin
2022-05
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Recidivism and Federal Bureau of Prisons Programs: Drug Program Participants Released in 2010
From the Introduction: "This report is the fifth in a series continuing the United States Sentencing Commission's study of the recidivism of federal offenders released in 2010. In this report, the Commission provides an analysis of data on the recidivism of federal offenders who participated in Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) drug abuse treatment while incarcerated. This report combines data regularly collected by the Commission, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) criminal history records, and data on program completion and participation provided by the BOP. The Commission routinely studies recidivism among federal offenders as part of its duty to collect, analyze, and report sentencing data. In 2016, it began publishing a series of reports on the recidivism of federal offenders released in 2005. Since 2021, the Commission has published four reports on the recidivism of federal offenders released in 2010."
United States Sentencing Commission
2022-05
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Active Shooter Incidents in the United States in 2021
From the Introduction: "The FBI has designated 61 shootings in 2021 as active shooter incidents. The FBI defines an active shooter as one or more individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area. Implicit in this definition is the shooter's use of a firearm. The 'active' aspect of the definition inherently implies the ongoing nature of an incident, and thus the potential for the response to affect the outcome. The FBI works proactively to identify incidents that meet the scope of this study, using internal FBI holdings and repositories, official law enforcement reports (when obtainable), as well as open-source data. However, there is no mandated database collection or central intake point for reporting active shooter incidents, which exists for other crimes. The active shooter incident research in this report is valid as of March 25, 2022. If additional incidents meeting FBI criteria are identified after the publication of this document, every effort will be made to factor those incidents into future reporting."
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
2022-05
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Science & Tech Spotlight: Alternative Data Storage Technologies
From the Document: "Alternative data storage technologies--such as synthetic DNA and etched glass--are in development to meet growing demand. Current data storage media (e.g., magnetic tapes, DVDs [Digital Versatile Disc], and hard drives) are likely insufficient to meet the emerging global data storage needs, which are currently estimated to be around 97 trillion gigabytes. Demand is expected to double by 2025. The plastic and magnetic materials in current storage degrade over time and the technologies become obsolete by newer technology, requiring replacement as often as every 3 years. In addition, researchers estimate that by 2040, 2.4 billion kilograms of wafer-grade silicon--a high-purity component of computer chips and storage devices--would be needed to store the world's data. Yet the projected supply is estimated to be only 1 percent of demand. Furthermore, current data storage systems require large, energy-intensive facilities to operate and slow degradation of the storage media. Data centers have a significant environmental impact--reportedly consuming about 2 percent of the world's electricity as of January 2020 and potentially reaching 8 percent by 2030."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-05
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Impact of COVID-19 on the Rural Health Care Landscape: Challenges and Opportunities
From the Executive Summary: "Before the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic began, hospital closures were increasing in rural communities across the nation: 116 rural hospitals closed between 2010 and 2019. Over the past two years, federal relief has helped stabilize facilities, and the pace of closures slowed. However, this assistance was temporary, and rural hospitals continue to struggle financially and to recruit and retain nurses and other health care employees. Against this backdrop, the Bipartisan Policy Center (BPC) conducted a series of interviews over the last year with rural hospital leaders from eight states-- Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming--as well as with health policy experts from federal and state government, national organizations, provider organizations, and academia. The goal was to gain on-the-ground insights into today's rural health care landscape, where the population is older, sicker, and less likely to be insured or seek preventive services than in urban areas."
Bipartisan Policy Center
2022-05
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Public Health's Use of Digital Tools During COVID-19
From the Document: "This brief describes decision-making amongst health agency leaders and their informatics staff as they selected and implemented digital resources to support COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic response. We also describe 'ASTHO's [Association of State and Territorial Health Officials] COVID-19 Technology & Digital Tools Inventory' as a supplement health agency leaders used in decision-making."
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (U.S.)
2022-05
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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, April 29, 2022
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy and Mortality at Delivery Hospitalization -- United States, 2017-2019"; "Public Health Actions to Control Measles Among Afghan Evacuees During Operation Allies Welcome -- United States, September-November 2021"; "Provisional Mortality Data -- United States, 2021"; "Provisional COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Age-Adjusted Death Rates, by Race and Ethnicity -- United States, 2020-2021"; "Seroprevalence of Infection-Induced SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] Antibodies -- United States, September 2021-February 2022"; "Notes from the Field: Response to Measles Among Persons Evacuated from Afghanistan -- Joint Base McGuire-DixLakehurst, New Jersey, August-October 2021"; and "QuickStats: Percentage of Currently Employed Adults Aged ≥18 Years Who Had Paid Sick Leave Benefits at Last Week's Job or Business, by Region -- National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2019 and 2020." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-04-29
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MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, April 29, 2022: Acute Hepatitis and Adenovirus Infection Among Children -- Alabama, October 2021-February 2022
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This Early Release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "Acute Hepatitis and Adenovirus Infection Among Children -- Alabama, October 2021-February 2022." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from MMWR can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-04-29
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 7338, Russia Cryptocurrency Transparency Act
From the Document: "H.R. 7338 would require the Department of State to appoint a Director of Digital Currency Security in its Office of Economic Sanctions Policy and Implementation. The director would review and analyze how digital currencies affect the U.S. sanctions regime and coordinate U.S. sanctions policy with the Department of the Treasury. In addition, the bill would require the Department of State to report to the Congress on its use of cryptocurrency to reward individuals who provide information about crimes or terrorist acts. It also would be required to recommend effective ways to provide economic support and humanitarian assistance to Ukraine, including through cryptocurrencies and technology incorporating blockchains. Finally, the department would be required to describe how digital currencies could affect sanctions related to Russia and its invasion of Ukraine."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-04-29
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Scientific Integrity: HHS Agencies Need to Develop Procedures and Train Staff on Reporting and Addressing Political Interference, Statement of Gene L. Dodaro, Comptroller General of the United States, Testimony Before the Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis, Committee on Oversight and Reform, House of Representatives
From the Document: "I am pleased to be here today to discuss our April 2022 report on scientific integrity procedures and training at selected Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) agencies. To maintain public trust and credibility, safeguarding our nation's public health agencies' scientific decision-making from political interference is critically important. [...] My comments today will summarize the key findings from this report.5 Specifically, I will discuss: 1. the procedures in place at the selected agencies to address allegations of political interference in scientific decision-making and the extent to which agencies received such allegations and 2. training provided by the selected agencies on scientific integrity policies and procedures, including those related to potential political interference."
United States. Government Accountability Office
Dodaro, Gene L.
2022-04-29
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 7312, a Bill to Prohibit the Use of Federal Funds to Support or Facilitate the Participation of the Russian Federation in the Group of Seven, and for Other Purposes
From the Document: "H.R. 7312 would prohibit the use of federal funds to support or facilitate the participation of Russia in the Group of Seven (G7) or to reconstitute the Group of Eight (G8). The G7 comprises seven of the world's largest economies; the G8 included Russia but was disbanded in 2014, after Russia was suspended for annexing Crimea."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-04-29
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 7081, Ukraine Comprehensive Debt Payment Relief Act of 2022
From the Document: "H.R. 7081 would require the Department of the Treasury to advocate for debt relief, concessional financial assistance, and humanitarian assistance for Ukraine at international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. It also would require Treasury to provide the Congress with a report about its actions. The United States has already provided significant amounts of assistance to Ukraine. Although it is possible that the department or other federal agencies would provide bilateral debt relief, concessional financing, or additional humanitarian assistance under the bill, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] has no basis for estimating such additional amounts."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-04-29
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FY2023 Budget Request for the Military Health System [April 29, 2022]
From the Document: "On March 28, 2022, President Biden submitted his Fiscal Year (FY) 2023 budget request to Congress. Discretionary funding in the Department of Defense (DOD) budget request totals $773.0 billion, including $55.8 billion (7.2%) to fund the Military Health System (MHS), which delivers certain health entitlements under Chapter 55 of Title 10, 'United States Code', to military personnel, retirees, and their families. The MHS provides health care to 9.6 million beneficiaries in DOD hospitals and clinics--known as 'military treatment facilities' (MTFs)--and through civilian health care providers participating in TRICARE, a DOD-administered health insurance-like program. Congress traditionally appropriates discretionary funding for the MHS in several accounts within the annual defense appropriations bill. These accounts include Operation and Maintenance (O&M), Military Personnel (MILPERS), and Military Construction (MILCON). DOD refers to these portions of the budget as the 'unified medical budget' (UMB). The request does not include a proposal to modify statutory TRICARE cost-sharing requirements for beneficiaries."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mendez, Bryce H. P.
2022-04-29
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Latin America and the Caribbean: U.S. Policy Overview [Updated April 29, 2022]
From the Document: "The United States and neighboring Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) maintain strong linkages based on geographic proximity and diverse U.S. interests, including economic, political, and security concerns. The United States is a major trading partner and source of foreign investment for many of the 33 countries in LAC, with freetrade agreements enhancing economic linkages with 11 countries. The region is a large source of U.S. immigration, both authorized and irregular; major factors driving migration include proximity, economic and security conditions, natural disasters, and familial ties. Curbing the flow of illicit drugs has been a long-standing component of relations, involving close cooperation with Mexico, Colombia, Central America, and the Caribbean. U.S. Administrations have long supported democracy and human rights in the region, with a current focus on Cuba, Nicaragua, and Venezuela, as well as on democratic backsliding and corruption in other countries."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.
2022-04-29
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 594, Anti-Spoofing Penalties Modernization Act of 2021
From the Document: "S. 594 would increase the maximum civil and criminal monetary penalties for spoofing, or deliberately transmitting false caller identification information to defraud, harm, or wrongfully obtain anything of value from the recipient. Using information from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that enacting S. 594 would increase collections of civil forfeiture penalties--which are treated as revenues--by an insignificant amount over the 2022-2031 period. The FCC does not typically seek the maximum penalty allowed under current law and though the commission has assessed millions of dollars in forfeiture penalties over the past five years, it has only collected about $25,000. CBO estimates that the FCC would incur no additional costs to implement the bill because we do not expect the number of cases pursued by the FCC to change."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-04-29
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 451, Composite Standards Act of 2021
From the Document: "S. 451 would require the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to implement recommendations from a report on the use of fiber reinforced composite materials in infrastructure projects. The report recommends that NIST test the composites' durability and develop industry standards for their use in infrastructure projects; establish a clearinghouse for information on their design, manufacture, and use; and disseminate educational and training information to academia and private industry. [...] In total, and assuming appropriation of the estimated amounts, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing S. 451 would cost $50 million over the 2022-2026 period."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-04-29
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3591, United States-Ecuador Partnership Act of 2022
From the Document: "S. 3591 would authorize the Administration to transfer up to two U.S. Coast Guard cutters to Ecuador. Section 9 would require the Administration to assess Ecuador's capacity to maintain cutters that the Coast Guard no longer requires and would authorize the transfer of up to two boats to Ecuador. Excess items are often sold at a discount or provided at no cost to the recipient. [...] CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that satisfying that requirement would cost less than $500,000 over the 2022-2026 period. Such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-04-29
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U.S. Citizenship Through Military Service and Options for Military Relatives [April 29, 2022]
From the Overview: "Obtaining U.S. citizenship provides certain benefits to immigrants, including the right to vote, security from deportation, and eligibility for a U.S. passport. Congress has provided opportunities for citizenship through qualifying military service since the Civil War. The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) specifies provisions for expedited naturalization through military service during peacetime and periods of military hostilities. It also provides certain considerations for servicemembers' spouses, children, and parents. In recent years, some Members of Congress have expressed concern regarding the deportation of noncitizen U.S. veterans who were honorably discharged from the U.S. military, did not apply for naturalization, were charged with deportable offenses, and were removed to their countries of origin. Recently, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has announced certain initiatives addressing such concerns."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Straut-Eppsteiner, Holly; Kapp, Lawrence
2022-04-29
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U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine [Updated April 29, 2022]
From the Document: "The United States has been a leading provider of security assistance to Ukraine, both before and after Russia renewed its invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022. From 2014, when Russia first invaded Ukraine, through April 25, 2022, the United States has provided more than $6.4 billion in security assistance 'to help Ukraine preserve its territorial integrity, secure its borders, and improve interoperability with NATO.' Since the start of the 2022 war, the Biden Administration has committed a total of more than $3.7 billion in security assistance to 'provide Ukraine the equipment it needs to defend itself.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arabia, Christina; Bowen, Andrew S.; Welt, Cory
2022-04-29
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Coast Guard Polar Security Cutter (Polar Icebreaker) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated April 29, 2022]
From the Summary: "The Coast Guard Polar Security Cutter (PSC) program is a program to acquire three new PSCs (i.e., heavy polar icebreakers), to be followed years from now by the acquisition of up to three new Arctic Security Cutters (ASCs) (i.e., medium polar icebreakers). The procurement of the first two PSCs is fully funded; the Coast Guard says the first PSC is to be delivered to the Coast Guard in the spring of 2025. The Coast Guard's proposed FY2023 budget requests $167.2 million in continued procurement funding for the PSC program, which would be used for, among other things, program management and production activities associated with the PSC program's Detail Design and Construction (DD&C) contract, long leadtime materials (LLTM) for the third PSC, and government-furnished equipment (GFE), logistics, and cyber-security planning costs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-04-29
