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Considerations in the Investigation of Cases and Clusters of COVID-19 [22 October 2020]

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From the Document: "This document is an update to the interim guidance document entitled 'Considerations in the investigation of cases and clusters of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]'. This version has been updated to incorporate additional information on the implementation of contact tracing, including revisions to Figure 1, which provides examples of contact tracing flows in communities and health care settings. It also includes updated criteria for release from isolation. The update is based on recent evidence on controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2], the virus that causes COVID-19, and scientific knowledge about the virus. The World Health Organization (WHO) will continue to update these recommendations as new information becomes available. This document offers guidance to local, regional, or national health authorities for rapid investigation of suspected COVID-19 cases and clusters. It should not be considered a comprehensive guide to outbreak investigation but rather is intended to provide an overview of the key components of an investigation into cases or clusters of COVID-19."

World Health Organization

2020-10-22
Reopening in the Shadow of COVID-19: Beginning the First Full Coronavirus School Year

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From the Executive Summary: "The onset of the coronavirus pandemic in March 2020 closed every public school in the nation and forced districts to retool their operations to provide remote instruction on an emergency footing. AEI [American Enterprise Institute]'s COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Educational Response Longitudinal Survey (C-ERLS) captured six waves of data throughout the spring to track that transformation. The series of C-ERLS reports has described how the nation's public schools responded, revealed how those responses differed across schools and districts, and provided important context for understanding the potential educational losses during the pandemic. This report focuses on the new school year using the seventh wave of C-ERLS data, gathered from the same sample of school districts, to describe again how public schools have changed operations to reopen this fall during the continuing pandemic. This report discusses two main sets of findings. The first focuses on how school districts across the nation reopened in fall 2020. I examine which of five modes of instruction, ranging from fully in person to fully remote, districts provided on the first day of school. [...] In the second section, I describe each model of instruction in greater detail by examining their operations and instructional approaches."

American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research

Malkus, Nat

2020-10
YouTube Enabling (Maybe Validating) Shadowy Sellers of Medical Masks and Bogus Vaccines

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From the Introduction: "Sellers hawking medical masks and bogus coronavirus cures are doing brisk business on YouTube, researchers for the Digital Citizens Alliance (DCA) and the Coalition for a Safer Web (CSW) found after an 18-day investigation from March 6-24. While law enforcement has called for a crackdown on those profiteering from the coronavirus crisis, the social media platforms have either been unable or unwilling to stop potentially dangerous activities. Additionally, researchers found the most concerning videos pushing coronavirus-related products were accompanied by links to a Center for Disease Control (CDC) website, which could create confusion for users trying to distinguish between legitimate sources of information and the shadowy figures that DCA's and CSW's investigators identified."

Digital Citizens Alliance; Coalition for a Safer Web

2020-04
Incidents of Coronavirus-Related Discrimination (March 19 - April 15, 2020)

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From the Document: "This report reviews 1,497 reports of coronavirus discrimination submitted on the CAA [Chinese for Affirmative Action]/A3PCON [Asian Pacific Policy and Planning Council] STOP AAPI [Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders] HATE website from March 19 - April 15, 2020. The following patterns emerged over the course of one month: [1] STOP AAPI HATE received 1,497 reports in its first four weeks. [2] Incidents from California and New York constituted over 58% of all reports. [3] Civil rights violations involving workplace discrimination and being barred from businesses and transportation or refused service made up almost ten percent of all incident reports. [4] Forty-four percent of incidents took place at private businesses. [5] AAPI women were harassed 2.3 times more than AAPI men. [6] Nine percent of respondents were AAPI seniors (over the age of 60). [7] Reports came from 45 states across the nation and Washington DC. [8] Even as shelter-in-place policies were implemented across much of the country and AAPIs interacted less with others, the rate of acts of racism remains alarming."

Stop AAPI Hate; Chinese for Affirmative Action (Organization); Asian Pacific Policy and Planning Council

Jeung, Russell, 1962-; Nham, Kai

2020-04-23
COVID-19 Relief Assistance to Small Businesses: Issues and Policy Options [Updated February 23, 2021]

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From the Summary: "The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several types of programs to support small businesses, including direct disaster loan programs for businesses, homeowners, and renters; loan guaranty and venture capital programs; management and technical assistance training programs; and contracting programs. Congressional interest in these programs has always been high, primarily because small businesses are viewed as a means to stimulate economic activity and create jobs, but it has become especially acute in the wake of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic's widespread adverse economic impact on the national economy. This report provides a brief description of the SBA's programs and examines congressional action to assist small businesses during and immediately following the Great Recession (2007- 2009) and during the COVID-19 pandemic."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Dilger, Robert Jay, 1954-; Lindsay, Bruce R.; Lowry, Sean

2021-02-23
Stop AAPI Hate Youth Report

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From the Document: "After eighteen weeks (3.19.20-7.22.20), Stop AAPI [Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders] Hate has received 341 reports of anti-Asian discrimination involving youth nationally. These cases make up 16% of all self-reported hate incidents to Stop AAPI Hate (N= 2,499) during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. [...] AAPI high school students are the racial group most likely to be bullied in California, especially because of their limited English proficiency, immigrant status, culture and religion. The COVID-19 pandemic and inflammatory political rhetoric have led to even greater verbal harassment of AAPI students both at school, in public places and online. [1] In over half of the incidents (56%), perpetrators employed anti-Chinese language. This pattern demonstrates the racial animosity stoked by political rhetoric. [2] In almost half of the cases (48%), multiple perpetrators attacked AAPI youth. This pattern of group bullying heightens the intimidation and trauma caused by the bullying. [3] Adults were present 48% of the time, yet only in 10% of the cases did a bystander intervene. Either these adults were the perpetrators or complicit in allowing hate incidents to occur. [4] In six out of ten cases, adults harassed AAPI youth. Conversely, 41% of the incidents involved youth-on-youth bullying."

Stop AAPI Hate; Chinese for Affirmative Action (Organization); Asian Pacific Policy and Planning Council . . .

Jeung, Russell, 1962-; Horse, Aggie Yellow; Lau, Anna . . .

2020-09-17?
One in Six Adults in California Immigrant Families Reported Avoiding Public Benefits in 2019

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From the Document: "California has moved proactively to support immigrant families in response to restrictive federal immigration and safety net policies, but policies like the new 'public charge' rule still pose risks, especially in the context of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. The new rule significantly expands the criteria for determining whether applicants for permanent residency, or green cards, may be denied based on past or potential use of government benefit programs. Even before the rule took effect in February 2020, widespread chilling effects were evident. Nationwide, many immigrant families-- including those who would not be subject to the rule--avoided enrolling in public benefit programs for fear of immigration consequences (Bernstein et al. 2019; Bernstein, McTarnaghan, and Gonzalez 2019; Straut-Eppsteiner 2020; Tolbert, Artiga, and Pham 2019). This phenomenon has become even more alarming during the COVID-19 pandemic, in which many immigrant families are vulnerable to acute medical and economic hardship. Families may avoid medical care and public supports for fear of being deemed a public charge, despite formal clarification by the federal government that COVID-19 testing and treatment will not be considered."

Urban Institute

Bernstein, Hamutal; Gonzalez, Dulce; McTarnaghan, Sara . . .

2020-05
Confronting COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Nonelderly Adults: Findings from the December 2020 Well-Being and Basic Needs Survey

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From the Document: "As of mid-February 2021, more than 40 million US adults, over 12 percent of the total US population, have received at least one dose of a COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] vaccine, and vaccine sites are administering more than 1.5 million doses (both first and second) daily. Health officials estimate the US will achieve herd immunity when 70 to 90 percent of the population has been vaccinated or previously infected, after which virus transmission will slow significantly. Early data show disparities in vaccination rates, with people of color receiving disproportionately fewer vaccine doses and facing greater barriers navigating the complicated systems for scheduling vaccine appointments and traveling to vaccination sites (Ndugga et al. 2021). Eliminating disparities and reaching herd immunity will require addressing challenges in both vaccine supply (i.e., the limited number of doses and inequitable access to them) and demand (i.e., vaccine hesitancy)."

Urban Institute; Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

Karpman, Michael; Kenney, Genevieve M.; Zuckerman, Stephen . . .

2021-02
Delayed and Forgone Health Care for Nonelderly Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from the September 11-28 Coronavirus Tracking Survey

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From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has disrupted health care in an unprecedented way, leading some patients to postpone or forgo care (Czeisler et al. 2020). Visits to primary care physicians, emergency rooms, and other health care providers fell as providers scaled back their operations and patients curbed their health care use because of the pandemic (Garcia et al. 2020; Hartnett et al. 2020; Jiang et al. 2020; Mast and Munoz del Rio 2020; Mehrotra et al. 2020; Santoli et al. 2020). Most health care providers have new safety protocols in place and have seen visits rebound since the start of the pandemic (Mehrotra et al. 2020). However, significant numbers of patients continue avoiding care because they fear exposure to the novel coronavirus (Morning Consult and American College of Emergency Physicians 2020), and reduced patient volumes are leading some physicians to close their practices for financial reasons."

Urban Institute; Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

Gonzalez, Dulce; Karpman, Michael; Kenney, Genevieve M. . . .

2021-02
Immigrant Families Continued Avoiding the Safety Net During the COVID-19 Crisis

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From the Document: "In its first days in office, the Biden administration has already moved to reverse many of the Trump administration's immigration policies that created a climate of fear and insecurity for many immigrant families. The prior administration's changes to the 'public charge' rule intensified immigrant families' reluctance to participate in public benefit programs and supports that address basic health, nutrition, and housing needs. According to new data from the Urban Institute's December 2020 Well-Being and Basic Needs Survey (WBNS), immigrant families continued avoiding noncash public programs and other supports in 2020 because of concerns about immigration status."

Urban Institute

Bernstein, Hamutal; Karpman, Michael; Gonzalez, Dulce . . .

2021-02
Delayed and Forgone Health Care for Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic

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From the Document: "Since the pandemic began, health care providers and consumers have sought to minimize COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] transmission by limiting in-person visits. Consequently, many children are missing out on or having their health care delayed. Drawing on the Urban Institute's September 2020 Coronavirus Tracking Survey, we examine delayed and forgone health care for children during the pandemic because of parents' concerns about exposure to the coronavirus or limits on providers' services due to the coronavirus outbreak. We also show parent-reported impacts of delayed or forgone care for children on children's health, schooling, and other daily activities."

Urban Institute; Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

Gonzalez, Dulce; Karpman, Michael; Kenney, Genevieve M. . . .

2021-02
COVIDcast: Olivia Troye Inside the White House Coronavirus Task Force [audio]

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From the Webpage Description: "In the latest episode of COVIDcast, Lowy Institute Research Fellow Lydia Khalil sat down with Olivia Troye, a former White House Coronavirus Task Force member and Homeland Security Advisor to Vice President Mike Pence to discuss the Trump administration's response to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. Troye is the most recent Trump administration official to resign her position and come out publicly criticising the President's handling of the pandemic."

Lowy Institute for International Policy

Khalil, Lydia; Troye, Olivia

2020-10-20
Amid Confusion Over the Public Charge Rule, Immigrant Families Continued Avoiding Public Benefits in 2019

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From the Document: "The current administration's new 'public charge' rule took effect in February 2020, significantly expanding the criteria for determining whether applicants for permanent residency, or green cards, may be denied based on past or potential use of government benefit programs. Even before the rule took effect, evidence shows the proposed rule produced widespread chilling effects nationally, meaning eligible immigrant families-- including those who would not be subject to the rule--avoided enrolling in public benefit programs for fear of immigration consequences (Bernstein et al. 2019; Bernstein, McTarnaghan, and Gonzalez 2019; Straut-Eppsteiner 2020; Tolbert, Artiga, and Pham 2019). This phenomenon has become even more alarming during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, in which many immigrant families are vulnerable to acute medical and economic hardship. Families may avoid medical care and public supports for fear of being deemed a public charge, despite formal clarification by the federal government that COVID-19 testing and treatment will not be considered."

Urban Institute

Bernstein, Hamutal; Gonzalez, Dulce; Karpman, Michael . . .

2020-05
COVID-19 Pandemic is Straining Families' Abilities to Afford Basic Needs

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From the Document: "As it confronts the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, the US faces what could be its worst economic crisis since the Great Depression. The social distancing measures needed to slow transmission of the novel coronavirus have already taken a staggering economic toll, with over 26 million unemployment insurance claims filed between March 15 and April 18. To combat the crisis, federal policymakers have passed four major relief bills to date, including the $2 trillion CARES [Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security] Act, which includes enhanced benefits and expanded eligibility for unemployment insurance, forgivable small-business loans, economic relief payments sent directly to most US households, aid to state and local governments, and increased funding for housing assistance and other safety net programs. A successful government response to the economic consequences of the pandemic is critical for sustaining families' health and well-being and allowing families to remain housed as major sectors of the economy remain closed."

Urban Institute

Karpman, Michael; Zuckerman, Stephen; Gonzalez, Dulce . . .

2020-04
Adults in Families Losing Jobs During the Pandemic Also Lost Employer-sponsored Health Insurance

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From the Document: "The recession caused by the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic is expected to lead to losses of employer-sponsored health insurance coverage (ESI) and a rise in uninsurance (Banthin et al. 2020; Garfield et al. 2020; Garrett and Gangopadhyaya 2020). These coverage losses would test the health care safety net established by the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Further, the strength of this safety net varies across states: adults who lose ESI in the 15 states that have not expanded Medicaid under the ACA face greater challenges finding replacement coverage (Garfield et al. 2020)."

Urban Institute

Karpman, Michael; Zuckerman, Stephen; Peterson, Graeme

2020-07
Hispanic Adults in Families with Noncitizens Disproportionately Feel the Economic Fallout from COVID-19

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From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic threatens to upend the well-being of many Hispanic adults and their families. Already, the pandemic is affecting Hispanic adults' family financial security to a greater extent than other racial/ethnic groups. As of late March/early April 2020, nearly 6 in 10 nonelderly Hispanic adults were in families where someone lost a job, work hours, or work-related income because of the coronavirus outbreak, and close to 5 in 10 experienced some material hardship in the past 30 days (Karpman et al. 2020). Underlying these disparities for Hispanic adults is their disproportionate representation in industries most likely affected by the pandemic and their lower likelihood of having jobs that can be performed from home (Berube and Bateman 2020)."

Urban Institute

Gonzalez, Dulce; Karpman, Michael; Kenney, Genevieve M. . . .

2020-05
Maternity Care Financing: Challenges and Opportunities Highlighted by the COVID-19 Pandemic

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From the Document: "Maternal mortality and serious morbidity rates are considerably higher in the United States than in other wealthy nations, and women of color are bearing the brunt of this crisis. Black and indigenous women are two to three times more likely to experience poor maternal and infant outcomes than white women in the United States. Even before the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, structural racism--including in how maternity care is delivered and financed-- has driven maternal health disparities. In this brief, we identify emerging challenges and key priorities for financing maternity care and other services for pregnant and postpartum women in ways that promote health equity."

Urban Institute; Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

Allen, Eva H.; Benatar, Sarah

2020-10
Maternal Telehealth Has Expanded Dramatically During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Equity Concerns and Promising Approaches

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From the Document: "The maternal mortality crisis in the United States is particularly acute for women of color. Black and indigenous women are two to three times more likely to experience worse maternal health outcomes than white women. Increasingly, structural racism has been recognized as a key driver of maternal health disparities and inequities. This structural racism extends to systems and organizations that provide perinatal care and wraparound health and social services for pregnant and postpartum women with low incomes, many of whom are at highest risk of poor maternal health outcomes. In response to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, health systems, including perinatal service and support providers, have been forced to rely on telehealth, or the remote provision of care through telecommunications technology, to reach their clients. This has resulted in remarkable ingenuity, rapid reimbursement changes, and important experiences that can inform the role of telehealth in maternity and postpartum care going forward. At the same time, it has raised critical questions regarding how to ensure equitable access and the provision of high-quality 'virtual' care. Part of a larger 'series' [hyperlink] on the pandemic and maternal health equity, this analysis explores what promising maternal care telehealth practices have emerged during the pandemic, what access and equity concerns surrounding maternal health have arisen in light of increased reliance on telehealth, and what lessons can be applied to a postpandemic future."

Urban Institute

Hill, Ian; Burroughs, Emily

2020-10
Uneven Recovery Leaves Many Hispanic, Black, and Low-Income Adults Struggling: One in Four Adults Say Their Families Are Worse Off Six Months into the Pandemic

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From the Document: "The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act and other legislation provided substantial assistance to households hit hard by the pandemic-induced recession, but much of this assistance was temporary. For the past few months, Congress and the Trump administration have failed to come to an agreement that would provide additional help to families who continue to struggle. Despite some improvement in the labor market since April, recent data reveal slowing job growth and a growing number of workers facing permanent job loss, signaling an immediate need for more federal stimulus. But focusing on aggregate employment statistics alone offers only a partial glimpse into the economic recovery. These data do not directly address how families' economic well-being has changed over the course of the pandemic. In this brief, we assess how adults and their families were faring in September relative to the beginning of March, before the pandemic caused a sharp economic recession. We use data from the second wave of the Urban Institute's Coronavirus Tracking Survey, a nationally representative survey of nonelderly adults conducted September 11-28, 2020, to examine how family employment and financial situations have changed six months into the pandemic and how these changes have differed by race/ethnicity and prepandemic family income. We also explore the financial strategies families are using to cope with job loss and how much support families experiencing job loss are receiving from public and private safety-net programs."

Urban Institute

Karpman, Michael; Zuckerman, Stephen; Kenney, Genevieve M.

2020-10
Report 34: COVID-19 Infection Fatality Ratio: Estimates from Seroprevalence

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From the Summary: "The infection fatality ratio (IFR) is a key statistic for estimating the burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and has been continuously debated throughout the current pandemic. Previous estimates have relied on data early in the epidemic, or have not fully accounted for uncertainty in serological test characteristics and delays from onset of infection to seroconversion, death, and antibody waning. After screening 175 studies, we identified 10 representative antibody surveys to obtain updated estimates of the IFR using a modelling framework that addresses the limitations listed above. We inferred serological test specificity from regional variation within serosurveys, which is critical for correctly estimating the cumulative proportion infected when seroprevalence is still low. We find that age-specific IFRs follow an approximately log-linear pattern, with the risk of death doubling approximately every eight years of age. Using these age-specific estimates, we estimate the overall IFR in a typical low-income country, with a population structure skewed towards younger individuals, to be 0.23% (0.14-0.42 95% prediction interval range). In contrast, in a typical high income country, with a greater concentration of elderly individuals, we estimate the overall IFR to be 1.15% (0.78-1.79 95% prediction interval range). [...] Unbiased estimates of the IFR continue to be critical to policymakers to inform key response decisions. It will be important to continue to monitor the IFR as new treatments are introduced."

Imperial College London

Brazeau, Nicholas F.; Verity, Robert; Jenks, Sara . . .

2020-10-29
Urgent Action Needed to Address Children's Unmet Health Care Needs During the Pandemic

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From the Document: "Discussions about unmet health care needs during the pandemic often focus on testing or treatment for COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] itself. But as shortages of testing and hospital capacity have been subsiding, it has become increasingly clear that the pandemic has had dramatic spillover effects on receipt of other health care services. [...] People may delay or forgo care during the pandemic for many reasons. Some reasons are structural; many physicians and clinics closed their offices or restricted in-person visits, particularly in the early months of the crisis (Corallo and Tolbert 2020). But other reasons may include job and associated health insurance losses, transportation and child care challenges, and fears of contracting or transmitting the virus. [...] Because children have generally had both lower infection rates and less severe COVID-19 cases than adults and tend to be healthy overall, their health needs have received less attention during the pandemic. But, growing evidence shows children contracting and transmitting the virus, as well as missing essential preventive care and other diagnostic and therapeutic services unrelated to the coronavirus during the pandemic."

Urban Institute

McMorrow, Stacey; Gonzalez, Dulce; Alvarez Caraveo, Clara . . .

2020-10
Investigation into the Insurability of Pandemic Risk

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From the Executive Summary: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] and the draconian shutdown measures adopted by many governments to contain it have plunged the global economy into the deepest recession since the Second World War. For the global insurance industry, too, the pandemic is a severe loss event. Despite this massive strain, initially exacerbated by a steep decline in capital markets, insurers worldwide promptly paid legitimate claims in all areas where pandemic risk was intended to be covered; for example, under life, health and event cancellation policies. In addition, also during the lockdowns, insurers have continued to pay claims and benefits unrelated to the pandemic; for example, in motor, liability and annuities insurance. [...] The extent of correlation and aggregation of pandemic losses for businesses across the globe has put the insurability of pandemic risk in the spotlight. It touches upon the pivotal question of whether pandemics are a type of risk for which the insurance industry can play any kind of role or if this is the type of risk where traditional insurance products are not the solution."

International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics

Schanz, Kai-Uwe; Eling, Martin; Schmeiser, Hato . . .

2020-10
What Have We Learnt? Overview of Findings from a Survey of Ministries of Education on National Responses to COVID-19

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From the Executive Summary: "As part of the coordinated global education response to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 20219] pandemic, UNESCO [United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization], UNICEF [United Nations Children's Fund] and the World Bank have conducted a Survey on National Education Responses to COVID-19 School Closures. In this joint report, we analyse the results of the first two rounds of data collection administered by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). They cover government responses to school closures from pre-primary to secondary education. The first round of the survey was completed by Ministry of Education officials of 118 countries between May and June 2020, and the second round from 149 countries between July and October 2020. The survey instrument was designed to capture 'de jure' policy responses and perceptions from government officials on their effectiveness, providing a systematic understanding of deployed policies, practices, and intentions to date."

UNESCO; UNICEF; World Bank

2020-10
California's Division of Juvenile Justice Fails to Protect Youth Amid COVID-19

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From the Introduction: "As COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] cases surge worldwide, young people in California's state-run youth correctional system, the Division of Juvenile Justice (DJJ), remain at high risk of contracting the deadly virus. During a first-wave outbreak in June and July of 2020, DJJ was unable to control COVID-19's rapid spread, resulting in the infection of one in twelve youth (CDCR, 2020). By the end of the summer, DJJ had one of the highest coronavirus case counts in the nation, with its Ventura Youth Correctional Facility ('Ventura') ranking sixth among over one thousand youth facilities (Rovner, 2020). COVID-19 spread quickly through DJJ due to its cramped living conditions and slow, inadequate responses to the emergency. The system's failure to curb an initial outbreak serves as a warning. DJJ's second COVID-19 crisis could be catastrophic, endangering youth, staff, and nearby communities. California must heed the lessons of this summer to ensure that youth are kept safe - both from the deadly virus and the devastating effects of isolation."

Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice (San Francisco, Calif.)

Washburn, Maureen; Menart, Renee

2020-11
'Reasonable Encouragement to Our Home Industry': The Republican Party's Response to the Coronavirus

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From the Key Points: "[1] Conservatives and libertarians have criticized congressional Republicans for responding to the coronavirus pandemic with deficit-financed stimulus. [2] While the deficit is no doubt an issue that deserves more attention, Republican responses--particularly the efforts to prop up the business community--are in keeping with the party's long-established ideology. [3] Since its founding, the Republican Party has had a close connection to American business, and, viewed in this light, its response to the coronavirus is consistent with party orthodoxy."

American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research

Cost, Jay

2020-10
COVID-19: HHS Should Clarify Agency Roles for Emergency Return of U.S. Citizens During a Pandemic, Report to Congressional Addressees

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From the Highlights: "HHS [Department of Health and Human Services] provides temporary assistance to U.S. citizens repatriated by the Department of State (State) from a foreign country because of destitution, illness, threat of war, or similar crises through the U.S. Repatriation Program. In January and February 2020, HHS assisted State in repatriating individuals from Wuhan, China, and the Diamond Princess cruise ship in Yokohama, Japan, to the U.S. HHS quarantined repatriates at five Department of Defense (DOD) installations to ensure they did not infect others with COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to examine HHS's COVID-19 repatriation efforts to ensure the health and safety of those involved in the response. This report examines HHS's coordination and management of its COVID-19 repatriation response."

United States. Government Accountability Office

2021-04
IPBES Workshop on Biodiversity and Pandemics: Workshop Report

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From the Preamble: "The IPBES [Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services] Bureau and Multidisciplinary Expert Panel, in the context of the extraordinary situation caused by the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, and considering the role that IPBES can play in strengthening the knowledge base on biodiversity, decided that IPBES would organize a 'Platform workshop' on biodiversity and pandemics, in accordance with the procedures for the preparation of IPBES deliverables, in particular decision IPBES-3/3, annex I, section 6.1. on the organization of Platform workshops. This workshop, held virtually on 27-31 July 2020, provided an opportunity to review the scientific evidence on the origin, emergence and impact of COVID-19 and other pandemics, as well as on options for controlling and preventing pandemics, with the goal to provide immediate information, as well as enhance the information IPBES can provide to its users and stakeholders in its ongoing and future assessments. [...] The workshop brought together 22 experts from all regions of the world, to discuss 1) how pandemics emerge from the microbial diversity found in nature; 2) the role of land-use change and climate change in driving pandemics; 3) the role of wildlife trade in driving pandemics; 4) learning from nature to better control pandemics; and 5) preventing pandemics based on a 'One Health' approach."

Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

2020
How Are Youth Employment Programs Adapting to COVID-19?

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From the Document: "In this Knowledge Brief, we highlight different ways in which youth employment projects in S4YE's [Solutions for Youth Employment] community of practice, the Impact Portfolio [hyperlink], are adapting their strategies and delivery models in response to COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. Based on recent and ongoing discussions with our partners, we see six main trends that programs are using to maintain operational and programmatic continuity. These include scaling of virtual operations, crowdsourcing ideas from youth, accelerating remote learning, encouraging youth voice, increased support for micro, small and medium enterprises, and leveraging new growth opportunities. Overall, we see a deepening and widening of the ways our partners are using digital technology to be effective and to reach more youth in these challenging times."

World Bank Group; Solutions for Youth Employment

Singh, Sunamika; Joseph, Kavell

2020-10
COVID-19 Geospatial Vulnerability Indices and the GeoLAC Repository for Geospatial Data

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From the Document: "'The GeoLAC [Geothermal Congress for Latin America & the Caribbean] repository contains three maps of the LAC [Latin America & the Caribbean] region that aim to inform policy (governments and the World Bank) around the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] crisis.' These maps present three new vulnerability indeces that tackle the following topics: (1) Expected employment losses in local labor markets; (2) Structural socioeconomic vulnerabilities at subnational levels to various forms of shocks (economic, health, etc.); and (3) Socioeconomic vulnerabilities at subnational levels specific to the COVID-19 crisis."

World Bank Group

Canavire, Gustavo; Romero, Javier; Castro, Diana Marcela Sanchez

2020-07
Big Data and Analytics for Infectious Disease Research, Operations, and Policy: Proceedings of a Workshop

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From the website: "With the amount of data in the world exploding, big data could generate significant value in the field of infectious disease. The increased use of social media provides an opportunity to improve public health surveillance systems and to develop predictive models. Advances in machine learning and crowdsourcing may also offer the possibility to gather information about disease dynamics, such as contact patterns and the impact of the social environment. New, rapid, point-of-care diagnostics may make it possible to capture not only diagnostic information but also other potentially epidemiologically relevant information in real time. With a wide range of data available for analysis, decision-making and policy-making processes could be improved. While there are many opportunities for big data to be used for infectious disease research, operations, and policy, many challenges remain before it is possible to capture the full potential of big data. In order to explore some of the opportunities and issues associated with the scientific, policy, and operational aspects of big data in relation to microbial threats and public health, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop in May 2016. Participants discussed a range of topics including preventing, detecting, and responding to infectious disease threats using big data and related analytics; varieties of data (including demographic, geospatial, behavioral, syndromic, and laboratory) and their broader applications; means to improve their collection, processing, utility, and validation; and approaches that can be learned from other sectors to inform big data strategies for infectious disease research, operations, and policy. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop."

National Academies Press (U.S.)

Alper, Joe; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (U.S.)

2016

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