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Audit of the Implementation of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, Section 3610
From the Executive Summary: "On 27 March 2020, Congress enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act in response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) national emergency. Section 3610 of the CARES Act permits federal agencies, under certain circumstances, to modify terms of existing contracts or agreements, and to reimburse federal contractors' compensation due to COVID 19 [sic] related issues. The CARES Act, Section 3610 provides agencies the discretion to reimburse paid leave to federal contractors confronted with the inability of their employees or subcontractors to perform work at a federal government-approved work site due to facility closures or restrictions when their job duties could not be performed remotely. Reimbursement under the CARES Act, Section 3610 has several limitations related to contractor status, billing rates, hours, and whether the contractor has received other COVID-19 relief. As of 8 June 2021 , the National Security Agency (NSA)/ Central Security Service (CSS)-hereinafter referred to as NSA-reported $917 million in CARES invoices for a total of 81 ,000 CARES hours. The overall objective of this Office of the Inspector General (OIG) audit was to determine whether NSA economically, effectively, and efficiently implemented Section 3610 of the CARES Act."
United States. National Security Agency. Office of Inspector General
2022-05-26
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Viral Extremism: COVID-19, Nontraditional Threats, and US Counterterrorism Policy
From the Document: "This policy brief, developed in collaboration with counterterrorism (CT) experts at CNA, seeks to answer the question of how the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has affected domestic and international violent extremist organizations (VEOs), the US CT community, and the ability of US partners to support CT operations. Importantly, it provides a snapshot of how pandemics and other nontraditional threats can drive a cycle of violence in the future. This brief concludes that nearly every facet of VEO activities--environment, operations, resources, recruitment, and strategy--has benefitted from the chaotic and widespread effects of the pandemic. Conversely, US and partner forces tasked with containing the threat posed by terrorist groups have been affected negatively across these same five areas."
CNA Corporation
Faber, Pamela; McBride, Megan K.; Fusco, Sarah . . .
2021-03
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Psychology of (Dis)information: Case Studies and Implications
From the Abstract: "The absorption and spread of disinformation is a pervasive phenomenon across a wide variety of topics and media. Most disinformation research focuses on the source (who created it?) and the environment in which it exists (what platform/medium transmits the information?). Recognizing that disinformation primarily works in an individual person's mind, this report describes four normal, routine psychological mechanisms that are associated with the absorption and spread of disinformation. We then describe real-world case studies--focusing on activities linked to COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], and to campaigns coordinated by US adversaries including Russia, China, and Iran--to illustrate the way these mechanisms can be manipulated to aid the spread disinformation. The report concludes with multi-pronged recommendations that DOD can use to address the vulnerabilities associated with these psychological mechanisms so as prevent the spread of disinformation and protect both US servicemembers and the country."
CNA Corporation
McBride, Megan K.; Wolters, Heather; Haney, Kaia . . .
2021-10
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Getting Back to Normal: Informing Renormalization of COVID-19 Risk-Minimized Activities for a 100-Bed Jail Housing Unit Using SAFER-C™, an Agent-Based Model
From the Abstract: "During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, US jails have faced challenges in providing safety, security, programming, and care while limiting virus transmission. Data-driven insights can help inform correctional leaders as they seek to transition to more normalized operations. We customized an agent-based model, Simulation Applications for Forecasting Effective Responses in Corrections (SAFER-C™), to simulate the operations, environment, and virus spread within a representative 100-bed housing unit, using de-identified data from District of Columbia Department of Corrections. Simulations indicated that most infections occur via staff-to-staff and inmate-to-inmate interactions, that benefits from higher facility vaccination rates are offset by the lower vaccination rates among intakes, and that resuming high-contact activities (e.g., basketball) may cause outbreaks. Simulation results aligned closely with practitioner experience. The detailed insights gained from this analysis suggest that SAFER-C™ is a valuable tool for correctional decision-makers."
CNA Corporation
Yang, Rebekah; Chakraborty, Reena
2021-09
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Law Enforcement Pandemic Response Field Guide
From the Introduction: "The goal of this project was to serve as an extension of the previous efforts, by providing an in-depth analysis of three 21st Century Policing agencies' COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] responses, culminating in a Law Enforcement Pandemic Response Field Guide (this document), as well as a toolkit to help practitioners identify best practices. The 21st Century Policing agencies are nationally recognized for their commitment to innovation in policing--and for engaging the communities they serve. This field guide describes the lessons learned from three of those agencies regarding their adaptations and responses to the COVID-19 pandemic that are of benefit to the greater policing community. Also included in this field guide and the companion toolkit are examples which other policing agencies have employed which are consistent with 21st Century policing practices."
CNA Corporation
Dockstader, Jessica; Woodmansee, Thomas; Felix, Tammy . . .
2021-11
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Challenge of Coordinating Border Management Assistance Between Europe and the Maghreb
From the Executive Summary: "Europe's border security no longer stops at its frontiers. Dealing with irregular migration and other transnational challenges to border security requires close partnerships with Europe's neighborhood, including the states of the Maghreb: Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. The Maghreb has been a key point of origin and transit for irregular migration to Europe for decades, but rising numbers of departures by Maghrebi nationals to Europe during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, coupled with instability in Libya and the Sahel, have driven home the importance of cooperation to European policymakers. As a result, Europe has committed new resources to build Maghrebi states' capacity to manage their borders and both reduce irregular migration and address the region's cross-border security challenges, such as transnational terrorism and human, arms, and drug smuggling. Managing migration in the Maghreb remains a formidable task due to geographic, structural, and economic factors."
Transatlantic Council on Migration; Migration Policy Institute
Herbert, Matt
2022-03
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Student Loans: A Timeline of Actions Taken in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic [June 21, 2022]
From the Document: "Since the onset of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] national emergency, lawmakers and the U.S. Department of Education (ED) have made available a number of waivers and flexibilities for federal student loan borrowers. For most borrowers, these flexibilities include the suspension of (1) interest accrual, (2) the requirement that borrowers make monthly payments on their loans, and (3) involuntary collections activities, as well as waivers of requirements to qualify for various student loan forgiveness or discharge benefits. While Congress authorized a subset of these flexibilities for a temporary period, ED has extended those flexibilities numerous times since their initial expiration and has effectuated other flexibilities. This In Focus provides an overview of the Higher Education Act (HEA; P.L. 89-329, as amended) Title IV federal student loan programs affected by the COVID-19 pandemic-related flexibilities and a timeline of actions taken by lawmakers or ED authorizing, effectuating, or extending such flexibilities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hegji, Alexandra
2022-06-21
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Indian Health Service COVID-19 Pandemic Vaccine Draft Plan
From the Introduction: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has disproportionately affected American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations across the country, with infection rates over 3.5 times higher than non-Hispanic whites. In addition, AI/AN individuals are over four times more likely to be hospitalized as a result of COVID-19. In addition to many public health measures in place, such as social distancing, mandatory curfews and closures, mask wearing and handwashing, COVID-19 vaccination remains the most promising intervention to further reduce disease, morbidity, and mortality in AI/AN people. The Indian Health Service (IHS) supports the planning and monitoring of the IHS response to COVID-19 including COVID-19 vaccine distribution, allocation, and implementation. For the COVID-19 vaccine to be successful in allocation, distribution, administration, documentation, and monitoring, a system wide planning effort is needed immediately to be ready to implement vaccination activities as soon as an FDA-approved vaccine is available. [...] This IHS COVID-19 Pandemic Vaccine Draft Plan ('draft plan') details how the IHS health care system will prepare for and operationalize a vaccine when it becomes available. This draft plan includes an overview of the IHS Vaccine Task Force and is divided into seven sections. Each section includes key IHS activities, assumptions, and specific actions for the Vaccine Task Force, Areas, and the IHS National Supply Service Center."
United States. Indian Health Service
2020-10
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Principles for Outbreak Investigation: COVID-19 and Future Infectious Diseases, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventeenth Congress, First Session, July 14, 2021
This is the July 14, 2021 hearing on "Principles for Outbreak Investigation: COVID-19 and Future Infectious Diseases," held before the U.S. House Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. From the opening statement of Bill Foster: "For the past year and a half the Science Committee and Congress have been appropriately focused on optimizing our response to the pandemic, and making sure that the full power of our country's scientific apparatus is engaged in that battle. But now that the vaccines are succeeding in easing--in crushing the national caseload of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], it is time to turn some of our attention to how that international catastrophe started, and what can be done to lessen the toll of future outbreaks. We are convening this first hearing to look at the scientific underpinnings of that investigation." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: David Relman, Thomas C. and Joan M. Merigan; Stanley Perlman; Connie Price; and Suzan Murray.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022
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Retirement and Pension Provisions in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) [April 1, 2020]
From the Document: "Congress provides a variety of tax incentives for employers to offer retirement plans and for individuals to save for their retirement. In addition, a number of restrictions exist to ensure that retirement funds are used for retirement purposes. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136) contains several provisions that affect pensions, retirement plans, and Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs). Among other provisions, the CARES Act includes an exemption to the 10% tax penalty for early withdrawals from retirement accounts for individuals affected by COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], one-year relief from Required Minimum Distributions (RMDs) for all retirement plan account holders, and a delayed due date for employer contributions to private-sector defined benefit (DB) pension plans."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Topoleski, John J.; Myers, Elizabeth A. (Analyst in income security)
2020-04-01
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Withdrawals and Loans from Retirement Accounts for COVID-19 Expenses [Updated March 27, 2020]
From the Document: "The economic repercussions of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] could reduce Americans' economic security; in response, individuals may view their retirement accounts as a source of funds to help meet current expenses. They may be able to withdraw from their defined contribution (DC) retirement accounts (such as 401(k) plans, 403(b) plans, and the Thrift Savings Plan (TSP)) or from their traditional or Roth Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs). In addition, DC plans may allow participants to borrow from their accounts."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Topoleski, John J.; Myers, Elizabeth A. (Analyst in income security)
2020-03-27
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Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Guidance for Coronavirus-Related Distributions, Plan Loans, and Required Minimum Distribution (RMD) Rollovers [June 30, 2020]
From the Document: "On June 19, 2020, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) released Notice 2020-50. Among other guidance, the notice outlines additional factors that qualify an individual for the retirement account distribution and loan relief provisions in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116- 136). On June 23, 2020, IRS released Notice 2020-51, which extends the 60-day rollover period to August 31, 2020, for distributions that otherwise would have been required minimum distributions (RMDs) in 2020--had the CARES Act not suspended them."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Myers, Elizabeth A. (Analyst in income security)
2020-06-30
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CARES Act and Required Minimum Distributions (RMDs): Options for Certain Individuals [April 21, 2020]
From the Document: "The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136) includes a provision that suspends Required Minimum Distributions (RMDs) from certain retirement accounts for 2020. Some individuals may have already taken this distribution prior to the enactment of the CARES Act; this Insight discusses an option that might be available to them."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Myers, Elizabeth A. (Analyst in income security)
2020-04-21
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CARES Act: Selected Data on Coronavirus-Related Distribution and Loan Usage in 2020 [July 13, 2021]
From the Introduction: "Section 2202 of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116- 136) waived the 10% penalty for certain early withdrawals from retirement accounts--referred to as coronavirus-related distributions (CRDs)--and modified rules for loans from defined contribution (DC) plans in 2020 to try to assist those who may have faced financial difficulties due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 1 Retirement plans were permitted, but not required, to adopt CRDs and/or the loan provisions. These provisions--which were similar to those enacted following certain previous federally declared major disasters--expired in 2020 and, as of the date of this report, have not been extended by subsequent legislation. Following enactment of the CARES Act, some expressed concern about the use of the provisions and the extent to which usage might negatively affect retirement security. 2 Selected data on employers' adoption and individuals' utilization of the CARES Act's CRD and loan provisions in 2020 seems to indicate modest usage of these provisions. This data might be informative to Congress in understanding retirement account withdrawal and loan behavior during disasters."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Myers, Elizabeth A. (Analyst in income security)
2021-07-13
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COVID-19: Social Insurance and Other Income-Support Options for Those Unable to Work [Updated March 12, 2020]
From the Overview: "There is uncertainty about how the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) may spread in the United States; what measures federal, state, or local governments may take to mitigate the spread; and the possible effect on individual income security from both. This In Focus provides an overview of existing federal and state government social insurance programs or options that may be implemented relatively quickly to provide financial assistance for those unable to work due to COVID-19 from (1) their own illness; (2) exposure leading to quarantine; (3) illness of a close family member or school closures that may require long-term caregiving; or (4) unemployment resulting from business closures."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Haltzel, Laura; Isaacs, Katelin P., 1980-; Morton, William R. . . .
2020-03-12
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COVID-19: Social Insurance and Other Income-Support Options for Those Unable to Work [March 6, 2020]
From the Overview: "There is uncertainty about how the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) may spread in the United States; what measures federal, state, or local governments may take to mitigate the spread; and the possible effect on individual income security from both. This product provides an overview of existing federal and state government social insurance programs or options that may be implemented relatively quickly to provide financial assistance for those unable to work due to COVID-19 from (1) their own illness; (2) exposure leading to quarantine; (3) illness of a close family member or school closures that may require long-term caregiving; or (4) unemployment resulting from business closures."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Haltzel, Laura; Isaacs, Katelin P., 1980-; Morton, William R. . . .
2020-03-06
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COVID-19: Social Insurance and Other Income-Support Options for Those Unable to Work [Updated March 17, 2020]
From the Overview: "There is uncertainty about how the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) may spread in the United States; what measures federal, state, or local governments may take to mitigate the spread; and the possible effect on individual income security from both. This In Focus provides an overview of existing federal and state government social insurance programs or options that may be implemented relatively quickly to provide financial assistance for those unable to work due to COVID-19 from (1) their own illness; (2) exposure leading to quarantine; (3) illness of a close family member or school closures that may require long-term caregiving; or (4) unemployment resulting from business closures."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Haltzel, Laura; Isaacs, Katelin P., 1980-; Morton, William R. . . .
2020-03-17
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Potential Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Income Security of Older Americans [November 24, 2020]
From the Introduction: "The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected many aspects of the U.S. economy. The National Bureau of Economic Research determined that the United States entered a recession in February 2020. The pandemic and related recession are likely to affect income sources, assets, and spending for Americans aged 55 and older, including both older workers approaching retirement and current retirees. [...] This report discusses how the pandemic may affect the income, assets, and non-health-care spending among older workers approaching retirement and current retirees. It also explains potential concerns about the income security of older Americans during and after the pandemic and discusses related issues for Congress to consider, including how legislation might help to improve income security among older workers and current retirees during and after the pandemic."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Li, Zhe; Cooper, Cheryl R.; Davies, Paul S., 1970- . . .
2020-11-24
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Examining North Korea's COVID-19 Data: A Curious Case Study
From the Webpage: "It has been just over a month since North Korea announced its first official confirmed case of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] and began reporting detailed data on the scope and status of the outbreak. Every day, the party newspaper, Rodong Sinmun, provides its readers with data on the number of new and current cases nationwide (using 'fever' as a proxy for confirmed COVID cases, since testing is limited) as well as COVID related deaths. On state television, Ryu Yong Chol, an official with the state emergency epidemic prevention headquarters, appears each morning and evening to walk through provincial data and explain the latest on the epidemic."
38 North
Williams, Martyn
2022-06-23
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COVID-19: Selected Medicare Resources for Beneficiaries and Health Care Providers [March 9, 2021]
From the Document: "The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected Medicare beneficiaries, who are generally considered high risk, and health care providers, who serve Medicare populations. This Insight provides COVID-19-related resources relevant to both of these groups."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Malloy, Michele L.
2021-03-09
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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, June 17, 2022
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Extreme Heat Exposure: Access and Barriers to Cooling Centers -- Maricopa and Yuma Counties, Arizona, 2010-2020"; "Genetic Characterization of Novel Oral Polio Vaccine Type 2 Viruses During Initial Use Phase Under Emergency Use Listing -- Worldwide, March-October 2021"; "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Cases and Hospitalizations Among Medicare Beneficiaries With and Without Disabilities -- United States, January 1, 2020-November 20, 2021"; "Trends in Acute Hepatitis of Unspecified Etiology and Adenovirus Stool Testing Results in Children -- United States, 2017-2022"; "'Notes from the Field': COVID-19-Associated Mortality Risk Among Long-Term Care Facility Residents and Community-Dwelling Adults Aged ≥65 Years - Illinois, December 2020 and January 2022"; "'Notes from the Field': Diagnosis and Investigation of Pneumonic Plague During a Respiratory Disease Pandemic -- Wyoming, 2021"; and "'QuickStats': Percentage Distribution of Heat-Related Deaths, by Age Group -- National Vital Statistics System, United States, 2018-2020." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-06-17
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MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, June 21, 2022: Dispensing of Oral Antiviral Drugs for Treatment of COVID-19 by Zip Code-Level Social Vulnerability -- United States, December 23, 2021-May 21, 2022
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This early release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "Dispensing of Oral Antiviral Drugs for Treatment of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] by Zip Code-Level Social Vulnerability -- United States, December 23, 2021-May 21, 2022." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-06-21
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COVID-19 After Action Report Resources and Examples
From the Document: "This U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) Technical Resources, Assistance Center, and Information Exchange (TRACIE) document includes sample considerations that healthcare entities can utilize when documenting their ongoing After Action Report (AAR) process for COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] (gleaned from various sources). It also provides sample COVID-19 AARs that are currently available to the public."
United States. Technical Resources, Assistance Center and Information Exchange
2021-12-30
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Key Insights: Identity Fraud Reduction and Redress in Pandemic Response Programs
From the Document: "This Insights Report is based on information gathered by the Pandemic Response Accountability Committee's (PRAC) Identity Fraud Reduction and Redress (IFRR) Working Group and other relevant partners. The report outlines challenges related to addressing identity fraud and highlights actions government agencies can take to both reduce identity fraud and improve victim redress programs."
Pandemic Response Accountability Committee
2022-06-13
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H. Rept. 117-371: Brycen Gray and Ben Price COVID-19 Cognitive Research Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 7180, June 15, 2022
From the Purpose of the Bill: "The purpose of the bill is to provide for multidisciplinary research at the National Science Foundation on the disruption of regular cognitive processes associated with COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] infection."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-06-15
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MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, June 21, 2022: Hospitalization and Emergency Department Encounters for COVID-19 After Paxlovid Treatment -- California, December 2021-May 2022
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This early release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "Hospitalization and Emergency Department Encounters for COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] After Paxlovid Treatment -- California, December 2021-May 2022." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-06-21
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US Health Care Workforce Changes During the First and Second Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has disrupted the US health care workforce owing to changes in the use and finances of health care clinician offices and institutions, increased health risks, burnout from increased patient burdens, and child care disruptions. While federal programs have provided financial assistance to hospitals and institutions,1 the net effect of these forces on health care employment levels and wages has not been examined. Understanding trends in employment levels by health care settings and locations is critical for planning and responding to public health crises. [...] We used industry- and county-level data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW, which covers more than 95% of US jobs). We conducted 2 analyses to quantify changes in employment and average wages of employees of 6 key health care organizations (offices of physicians, offices of dentists, home health care services, hospitals, skilled nursing facilities [SNFs], and combined other facilities) during 2020 and the first 6 months of 2021. First, we examined quarterly national trends in health care employment and average wages between March 31, 2020 (2020-Q1), and June 30, 2021 (2021-Q2), relative to 2019 (pre-COVID levels). Second, we examined associations between the 12-month changes in employment levels during 2019 to 2021, COVID-19 burden, and pre-COVID physician-to-population ratio. Multivariable linear regression models were conducted with Stata, version 17.0. The study was granted Not Regulated status by the University of Michigan Medical School Institutional Review Board (HUM00207016)."
JAMA Health Forum
Cantor, Jonathan H.; Whaley, Christopher; Simon, Kosali Ilayperuma . . .
2022-02-25
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Availability and Accessibility of Mental Health Services in New York City
From the Webpage: "Mental health services are critical components of public health infrastructure that provide essential supports to people living with psychiatric disorders. In a typical year, about 20 percent of people will have a psychiatric disorder, and about 5 percent will experience serious psychological distress, indicating a potentially serious mental illness. Nationally, the use of mental health services is low, and the use of care is not equitably distributed. In the United States as a whole and in New York City (NYC), non-Hispanic white individuals are more likely to use mental health services than non-Hispanic black individuals or Hispanic individuals. The challenges of ensuring the availability of mental health services for all groups in NYC are particularly acute, given the size of the population and its diversity in income, culture, ethnicity, and language. Adding to these underlying challenges, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted established patterns of care. To advance policy strategy for addressing gaps in the mental health services system, RAND researchers investigate the availability and accessibility of mental health services in NYC. The RAND team used two complementary approaches to address these issues. First, the team conducted interviews with a broad group of professionals and patients in the mental health system to identify barriers to care and potential strategies for improving access and availability. Second, the team investigated geographic variations in the availability of mental health services by compiling and mapping data on the locations and service characteristics of mental health treatment facilities in NYC."
RAND Corporation
Breslau, Joshua; Barnes-Proby, Dionne; Bhandarkar, Mallika . . .
2022
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COVID-19's Effects on U.S. Immigration and Immigrant Communities, Two Years on
From the Executive Summary: "The first U.S. policy response to the novel coronavirus was to impose restrictions on travel from the initial affected countries. As COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] spread around the world, the U.S. government layered on new immigration-related restrictions on inbound travel, entry at the border, and visa issuance. As new variants of the virus emerged, this trend continued: The U.S. response to the detection of the Omicron variant in late 2021 was to impose new restrictions on immigration and travel from certain southern African nations. In addition to influencing immigration and border policies, the pandemic has had important and disparate impacts on immigrant communities in the United States. The first large community outbreak of the virus occurred in the heavily immigrant neighborhoods of Queens, New York. Immigrant 'essential workers' were hailed as early heroes of the pandemic; as many Americans retreated to their homes, large numbers of workers, immigrants included, had to report to work to keep health care, the food industry, and other vital parts of the economy going. Outbreaks of COVID-19 among immigrant workers in meat processing plants in Spring and Summer 2020 drove home the disproportionate risks of continuing such work during a pandemic."
Migration Policy Institute
Gelatt, Julia; Chishti, Muzaffar
2022-06
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Was Pandemic Fiscal Relief Effective Fiscal Stimulus? Evidence from Aid to State and Local Governments
From the Abstract: "We use an instrumental-variables estimator reliant on variation in congressional representation to analyze the effects of federal aid to state and local governments across all four major pieces of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] response legislation. Through September 2021, we estimate that the federal government allocated $855,000 for each state or local government job-year preserved. Our baseline confidence interval allows us to rule out estimates of less than $433,000. Our estimates of effects on aggregate income and output are centered on zero and imply modest if any spillover effects onto the broader economy. We discuss aspects of the pandemic context, which include the surprising resilience of state and local tax revenues as well as of broader macroeconomic conditions, that may underlie the small employment and stimulative impacts we estimate in comparison with previous research."
American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research
Clemens, Jeffrey; Hoxie, Philip; Veuger, Stan
2022-06
