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Commonwealth of Virginia Emergency Operations Plan: Pandemic Influenza Plan [Volume 6]
"The Commonwealth of Virginia's Pandemic Influenza Plan addresses the Commonwealth's response to and recovery from a pandemic influenza in a comprehensive and coordinated manner to ensure essential services across all sectors of state government can be maintained throughout the event period, which may last as long as 18-24 months. The Virginia Department of Health (VDH) developed an Influenza Pandemic Plan (Health Component) in 2002, which was subsequently updated in 2006 and 2007. The VDH plan defines the health role in response to a pandemic influenza and provides planning guidance for local health departments, as well as healthcare and private-sector partners. The Virginia Department of Emergency Management (VDEM) coordinated the development of this non-health Pandemic Influenza Plan. This plan will be continuously updated and revised as new guidance becomes available."
Virginia. Department of Emergency Management
2009-09
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State and Local Pandemic Influenza Preparedness: Medical Surge
The objectives of this U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General report were to determine how prepared States and localities are for a medical surge in response to an influenza pandemic and to determine the extent to which they have conducted exercises to test their medical surge preparedness for a pandemic influenza event. "If a severe pandemic occurs, it will affect much of the country at the same time, so medical resources-such as hospital beds, medical equipment, and personnel-will likely be scarce. The ability to rapidly respond to an increased demand for medical resources is often referred to as a medical surge. This study focuses on the following five key components of medical surge that are based on guidance from ASPR and CDC: coordination among stakeholders, recruitment and management of medical volunteers, acquisition and management of medical equipment, development of alternate care sites, and identification of guidelines for altering triage, admission, and patient care. This study is based on a purposive sample of 5 States and 10 localities and presents a snapshot of these States' and localities' preparedness for an influenza pandemic as of late summer 2008. The study is based on a review of documentation from ASPR, CDC, and the selected States and localities, as well as structured in-person interviews with key officials in each of the selected States and localities."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of Inspector General
2009-09
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Local Pandemic Influenza Preparedness: Vaccine and Antiviral Drug Distribution and Dispensing
The objectives of this U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General report were to determine the extent to which 10 selected localities addressed vaccine and antiviral drug distribution and dispensing in their pandemic influenza guidance, assess how extensively they had conducted exercises related to these activities, and measure how they had collaborated with community partners to develop and exercise vaccine and antiviral drug distribution in the event of an influenza pandemic.
United States. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of Inspector General
2009-09
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Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response Plan (2009)
"Most of us are familiar with seasonal influenza or the ―flu,�- a viral infection that, despite annual vaccinations, results in approximately 36,000 deaths in the United States and more than 200,000 hospitalizations annually. Intermittently over the centuries, changes in the genetic makeup of influenza virus have resulted in a new strain to which people have never been exposed. These new strains have the potential to cause a pandemic or worldwide outbreak of influenza, with potentially catastrophic consequences. In Illinois alone, a pandemic of even modest severity could result in thousands of deaths and the sickening of millions, even among previously healthy persons. In 2009, a new strain of influenza virus, H1N1, emerged. Currently, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is in final clinical trials on a vaccine for H1N1 influenza. However, if this novel flu virus reemerges in the fall there will be an insufficient amount of vaccine available to immediately vaccinate the entire population. Throughout this document the use of ―influenza pandemic�- could refer to H1N1 (swine) influenza, avian influenza (H5N1), or any new mutated strain."
Illinois. Department of Public Health
2009-08-31
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NC 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Distribution Plan [Version 1.0]
"Vaccination is the primary control measure to prevent influenza. The pharmaceutical industry is actively manufacturing the 2009 H 1 N 1 pandemic vaccine. The purpose of this chapter is to outline the key steps in the process of vaccine acquisition and deli very during an influenza pandemic."
North Carolina. Department of Health and Human Services
2009-08-31
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Pandemic Influenza Planning Guide for Iowa Businesses
"The purpose of this guide is to assist in managing the impact of an influenza pandemic on employees and businesses based on two main strategies: [1] Reducing spread of the virus within business facilities; and [2] Sustaining essential services. This guide provides recommendations for businesses to develop a pandemic plan including the following: [1] Background [2] Planning [3] Communication [4] Public health measures [5] Workplace cleaning [6]Treatment [7] Implementation, Testing and Revision of the Plan."
Iowa. Department of Public Health; Safeguard Iowa Partnership
2009-08-28
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Pandemic Influenza Action Guide for California State University System Campus Presidents
"No one is sure what will happen this fall, but we are preparing for the possibility of a strengthened, mutated virus, which could result in an increase in the number of people infected. The initial outbreak
turned out to be more disruptive than deadly; however the spread of the virus has been world-wide, prompting both the CDC and the WHO [World Health Organization] to declare a Pandemic - raising the Pandemic Phase to 6, its highest level. In this current Pandemic, we may still encounter a large number of sick students, faculty and staff on our campuses. The State of California and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have issued a number of alerts and directives indicating the high probability that a significant number of H1N1 cases will occur. [...] Presidents need to ensure that they are ready to respond to an outbreak on each respective campus with appropriate policies and procedures in place for the safety and security of students, faculty and staff and the continuity of operations (classes, business units, etc.)."
California State University. Office of the Chancellor
2009-08-25
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2009 Louisiana Pandemic Influenza Annex: Planning Guidance for Louisiana Parishes
"The purpose of the Pandemic Flu Annex to the Pelican Parish Crosswalk is to provide general guidance to Parish and Municipal Governments in the preparation of Plans specific to a pandemic flu response. The information contained in this Planning Guide is based upon information contained within Louisiana's Influenza Pandemic Operations Plan (Supplement 7 to the State of Louisiana Emergency Operations Plan) and existing plans developed by the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals."
Louisiana. Governor's Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness
2009-08-19
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Listening Session on At-Risk Individuals in Pandemic Influenza and Other Scenarios: After Action Report
"On August 14, 2009 the Office for At-Risk Individuals, Behavioral Health, and Human Services Coordination (ABC) in the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) held a Listening Session on 'At-Risk Individuals in Pandemic Influenza and Other Scenarios.' The Listening Session was designed and conducted as a 'facilitated discussion' to engage stakeholder participants in a robust open dialogue. The Listening Session brought together a diverse group of more than 35 experts and practitioners representing public health non-governmental organizations, health care providers and federal agencies involved in public health preparedness and planning, emergency response, and at-risk individuals. The group was brought together to engage and promote dialogue about the challenges and solutions needed to effectively address the needs of at-risk individuals during pandemic influenza and other emergencies in five main areas: 1) Locating and identifying at-risk individuals; 2) Unique concerns of at-risk individuals in accessing public health and medical services; 3) Best Practices in public health and medical service delivery for at-risk individuals; 4) Successful program implementation at the state, tribal and local level, and: 5) Gaps and Barriers to accessing public health and medical services for at-risk individuals."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
2009-08-14
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University of South Carolina Pandemic Influenza Plan
"USC's [University of South Carolina] Pandemic Influenza Plan has been developed to address anticipated challenges posed by an influenza pandemic. It may also serve as the basis for containment of other similar outbreaks. This document was prepared utilizing evidenced-based research, guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as
well as criteria found in the Implementation Plan for the National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza (Guidance for Colleges and Universities). Considerable input has also been obtained from the S.C. Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC) as the lead agency for our state in preparing for and responding to the threat of a pandemic. This document outlines strategies to reduce pandemic influenza-related morbidity and mortality, as well as the social disruption that is expected. The plan includes an overview of pandemics, information on pandemic phases and severity, details regarding recognized mitigation strategies, and specifics on the preparedness, response and recovery actions that will be expected across the various divisions of the USC-Columbia campus. The intent of this plan is to provide a framework for the University in stopping, slowing or otherwise limiting the spread of an influenza outbreak among our students, faculty and staff. This plan also intends to help sustain USC's infrastructure during a pandemic, mitigate the impact on the University's mission, and reduce the social/economic disruption that results. The guidance contained in this plan will be revised and/or enhanced as new information becomes available. Such updates will occur in consultation with local, state and federal authorities and with University administration."
University of South Carolina
2009-08-14
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USNORTHCOM Response to Pandemic Influenza
"The threat of future Pandemic Influenza (PI) has serious national security implications for the United States. Because humans have little or no immunity to a new virus, a pandemic can occur with substantially higher sickness and mortality rates than normal influenza. Three human pandemics have occurred in the 20th century, each resulting in illness in approximately 30% of the world population and death in 0.2% to 2% of those infected. Using this historical information and current models of disease transmission, it is projected that a modern pandemic could lead to the deaths of 200,000 to 2 million Americans. […]USNORTHCOM's response in support of civil authorities during a pandemic will not be the same as its response in a geographically limited emergency or disaster. USNORTHCOM's response takes into consideration that a pandemic is an environment, not an event. This environment, which may last up to 18-24 months, will have significant operational consequences.[…]USNORTHCOM's defense support of civil authorities (DSCA) mission, in support of natural disasters and other emergencies and contingencies, will remain in effect. Response to requested support will be within capabilities and may not be to the level currently expected.
United States. Northern Command
2009-08-13
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Utah Pandemic Influenza Hospital and ICU Triage Guidelines
From the Purpose section: "These guidelines were developed by the Utah Hospitals and Health Systems Association (UHA) Triage Guidelines Workgroup. The purpose is to guide the allocation of patient care resources during an influenza pandemic or other public health emergency, when demand for services dramatically exceeds supply. Application of these guidelines will require physician judgment at the point of patient care."
Utah. Department of Health; Utah Hospital Association
2009-08-11
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2009 Influenza Pandemic: An Overview [August 6, 2009]
"This report first provides a synopsis of key events, actions taken, and authorities invoked by [World Health Organization (WHO)], the U.S. federal government, and state and local governments. It then discusses the WHO process to determine the phase of a flu pandemic, and selected actions taken by the Departments of Homeland Security and Health and Human Services, and by state and local authorities. Next, it lists congressional hearings held to date, and provides information about appropriations and funding for pandemic flu activities. Finally, it summarizes U.S. government pandemic flu planning documents and lists sources for additional information about the situation as it unfolds. This report will be continually updated to reflect unfolding events."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lister, Sarah A.; Redhead, C. Stephen
2009-08-06
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Virginia Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Delivery, Distribution and Administration Plan
The Virginia Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Delivery, Distribution and Administration Plan describes the system that will be used to receive, store, distribute, track and administer influenza vaccine during a pandemic.
Virginia. Department of Health
2009-08-04
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Washington Regional Threat and Analysis Center: Daily Open Source Brief, August 3, 2009
This daily open source brief from the Washington Regional Threat and Analysis Center covers topics including an upcoming pandemic flu webcast, gaps in pandemic planning and preparedness in the U.S., vaccines and other protection against H1N1, a plague outbreak in northwest China, DHS calls for ordinary citizens to watch for suspicious activity, Al Qaeda adaptation to drone attacks, and upcoming homeland security related conferences.
Washington Regional Threat and Analysis Center
2009-08-03
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Agricultural Quarantine Inspection Monitoring (AQIM) Handbook
"The AQIM [Agricultural Quarantine Inspection Monitoring] Handbook covers background information about the Government Performance Results Act (GPRA) and its influence to integrate risk analysis and risk management into Agriculture Quarantine Inspection (AQI) program. With that introduction, the Handbook then provides necessary information about statistics, risk analysis, and a sampling process to provide the foundation for implementing AQIM. Next, the Handbook provides guidelines and instruction for setting up designated locations for AQIM. The remainder of the Handbook is divided into pathway sections. Given that AQIM is a different way of conducting business, this Handbook is an attempt to provide officers and managers with background and guidance to implement AQIM activities. As processes improve and are developed, the Handbook will expand in its scope. Along with specific documents written to establish local procedures, such as a standard operating procedure, this Handbook will serve as the information tool for implementing AQIM activities and for training individuals about risk analysis and risk management."
United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
2009-08
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Report of the Interagency Workgroup on Pandemic Influenza and At-Risk Individuals
"This report is an introduction to planning for at-risk individuals during pandemic influenza. Limited explicit information is available to prepare emergency planners, public health agencies, and human services providers for the impact that pandemic influenza will have on the medical, behavioral health, and human services networks that provide needed functional support for at-risk individuals. Using the functional definition of at-risk (special needs) individuals in the National Response Framework (NRF); at-risk individuals may constitute as much as 62% of the U.S. population. Historically, these individuals have not been well integrated into the emergency planning process and their needs and concerns have only recently begun to be more comprehensively addressed in State and local emergency planning. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Interagency Workgroup on At-Risk Individuals and Pandemic Influenza was tasked to make recommendations for integrating the needs and concerns of at-risk individuals into pandemic influenza emergency planning. This report presents these recommendations. It is intended as a resource for service providers and emergency planners. The report serves as an introduction to planning for at-risk individuals during pandemic influenza. It begins with a review of the needs and concerns of at-risk individuals, moves to key concepts and planning assumptions, and provides specific recommendations and resources for integration of at-risk individual needs into Federal, State, and local pandemic influenza response plans."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
2009-08
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ECDC Interim Guidance: Use of Specific Pandemic Influenza Vaccines During the H1N1 2009 Pandemic
"The purpose of this document is to provide background information and guidance on pandemic vaccine use and options for prioritisation strategies that can be employed during any influenza pandemic affecting Europe. However, it especially focuses on the A(H1N1) 2009 pandemic. Like other guidance issued by [the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control] ECDC, and in accordance with its mandate, the document does not attempt to provide recommendations. Rather, it presents options based on the available scientific information and experience both within Europe and without. The document is based on scientific evidence, public health principles and experience, expert opinions and on what is recommended in the various national pandemic preparedness plans in EU countries, by WHO and other national analyses. This document is intimately linked to the ECDC Risk Assessment which, in addition to the European data, also draws on the information becoming available to WHO and other partners, notably in countries that are already affected in North America and in countries in the southern hemisphere currently suffering from the regular winter influenza season and infections caused by the new virus. This document will be updated at intervals as more data and analyses become available. Moreover, for a more precise development of vaccination strategies, the impact in combination with other interventions like the use of non-pharmaceutical public health measures and antiviral medications should also be considered."
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
2009-08
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Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response Planning: Guidelines for Community Corrections
"Influenza pandemics have occurred throughout history. They are caused by viruses that have not
previously infected humans and to which people have little or no immunity. Pandemics happen
when a virus mutates so that it is able to infect humans and spread rapidly and sustainably from
person to person. [...] On June 11, 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) raised its pandemic alert level to
Phase 6, officially declaring the first pandemic of the 21st Century. Beginning in mid-March
2009, when respiratory illness caused by the novel H1N1 influenza virus, the ―'Swine Flu',
occurred in the Mexican State of Veracruz, the outbreak quickly spread to the United States and
the rest of the world. [...] The CDC cautions that the course and impact of this pandemic is uncertain; the novelty of the
H1N1 virus means that most people have no immunity to it, and, although the virus responds to
some antiviral medications, as yet there is no vaccine. Scientists and medical professionals are
watching the progression of the pandemic, conducting research, and attempting to develop an
effective vaccine in time to minimize the impact of succeeding waves of H1N1 outbreaks. The
ultimate toll of this pandemic remains to be seen."
American Probation and Parole Association; United States. Bureau of Justice Assistance
Bancroft, Patricia
2009-08
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Ohio Pandemic Influenza Public Engagement Demonstration Project: Mass Fatality Management, Final Report
"The Ohio Pandemic Influenza Public Engagement Demonstration Project was initiated to support the development of response and recovery plans to manage the consequences of mass fatalities due to an outbreak of pandemic influenza in Ohio. This demonstration project proposed to build the capacity of Ohio's local public health jurisdictions, specifically those within 11 rural counties (five-county area in Southeast Homeland Security Sub-Region 1 [as of August 9, 2009, renamed South Central] and six counties within the Northwest Homeland Security Region), to engage the public in discussion about policy decisions related to management of mass fatalities (MFM) due to pandemic influenza. A public engagement process similar to one used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2005 and 2006 was applied. "
Ohio State University
Pearsol, Joanne
2009-08
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Pandemic Influenza Fact Sheet for the Water Sector
This document provides information regarding pandemic influenza and the water sector. This fact sheet gives answers to questions such as: "What is Pandemic Influenza? Why Should the Water Sector be Concerned About Pandemic Influenza? Will Influenza Spread Through Drinking Water? Will Influenza Spread Through Wastewater? What Can Water and Wastewater Utilities do to Prepare? What is EPA Doing to Help Utilities Prepare? What Other Flu Specific Guidance is Available to Help Utilities Prepare? Will Vaccines be Available? [and]What Other Interventions May be Used?"
United States. Environmental Protection Agency
2009-08
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Stoddard Point of Dispensing (POD) Plan
"This plan for The Town of Stoddard is intended to provide a framework for dealing with a major public health emergency requiring the mass dispensing of medications."
Stoddard (NH.)
2009-07-27
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Guidelines for States Concerning the Management of Communicable Disease Posing a Serious Public Health Risk
From the Preface: "These guidelines are written to assist States in developing an aviation related plan for any communicable disease posing a serious public health risk, such as an influenza virus with human pandemic potential. A preparedness plan for aviation is required since air travel may increase the rate at which a disease spreads, thereby decreasing the time available for preparing interventions. Although it is probably not feasible to halt the spread of some diseases, advance preparation should make it possible to effect a delay and provide more time to prepare. Such preparation is necessary across many different sectors, including that of aviation. Any additional time to enable the production of an effective vaccine is likely to provide the best chance of mitigating the potential effects for a number of diseases that can be prevented by such a prophylactic measure. This information is written primarily for States and more detailed information that is specific to airports and airlines may be found on the websites of the Airports Council International (ACI) and the International Air Transport Association (IATA)."
International Civil Aviation Organization
2009-07-17?
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School Emergency Management Planning: Designating an Office to Manage Communication with Families during a Pandemic Influenza Outbreak
"Higher education institutions should consider designating a single department or office to manage communication with families during a pandemic influenza outbreak. University plans should also include provisions for establishing a call center during a pandemic influenza emergency." This document examines a case study in North Carolina.
Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS)
2009-07-17?
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Are You Ready? Get Ready Event Guide
"Launched in 2006, APHA's [American Public Health Association] Get Ready campaign helps all Americans prepare themselves, their families and their communities for all disasters and hazards, including pandemic flu, infectious disease, natural disasters and other emergencies. Major highlights of the campaign include a national Get Ready Day, held the third Tuesday of each September, and Get Ready: Set Your Clocks, Check Your Stocks, which encourages people to check their emergency stockpiles when they change their clocks for daylight saving time. The campaign includes free resources for the public and health workers, including fact sheets, a blog, a newsletter, a Twitter, podcasts, Q&As and a calendar of events. In 2009, the Get Ready launched its first scholarship for high school students."
American Public Health Association
2009-07-07?
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Isolation and Quarantine (I&Q) Tabletop Exercise (TTX) Action Report / Improvement Plan (AAR/IP)
"Preparedness for public health emergencies involves a cycle of planning, training, exercising, evaluation, and improvement to develop and enhance response capacity and capabilities. Successful exercises, such as those in the New Hampshire Isolation and Quarantine (I&Q) Tabletop Exercise (TTX) provide critical information for this ongoing process; delineation and analyses of exercise results; development of recommendations or follow-up actions; and procedural or program improvements. This After Action Report (AAR) provides key information for continuing New Hampshire's efforts to achieve an enhanced level of public health preparedness and response capabilities for responding to a public health emergency and for activation and implementation of I&Q. This AAR presents and analyzes exercise issues and results, identifies strengths to be maintained and built upon, and identifies potential areas for further consideration or improvement."
New Hampshire. Department of Safety; New Hampshire. Department of Health and Human Services
2009-07
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State of Wyoming Department of Health Pandemic Influenza Response Plan, Version 7.0
"Pandemic influenza is considered to be a relatively high probability event, yet no one knows when the next pandemic will occur and there may be very little warning. Most experts believe that there will be one to six months between the identification of a novel influenza virus and the time widespread outbreaks begin to occur in the United States. Outbreaks are expected to occur simultaneously throughout the country, preventing relocation of human and material resources. The effect of influenza on individual communities will be relatively prolonged, an estimated six to eight weeks. Due to the prolonged nature of a pandemic influenza event, the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined phases to a pandemic in order to facilitate coordinated plans (Table 1). The Wyoming Department of Health (WDH) has developed its own pandemic phases for planning purposes (Table 2)."
Wyoming. Department of Health
2009-07
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FY2009 Spring Supplemental Appropriations for Overseas Contingency Operations [June 15, 2009]
"On June 11, 2009, the House and Senate Appropriations Committees announced a conference agreement on H.R. 2346, a bill providing supplemental appropriations for the remainder of FY2009. Floor votes are expected the week of June 15. On key issues, the agreement includes $5 billion, as in the Senate bill, to support U.S. loans to the International Monetary Fund, does not include a Senate provision allowing the Secretary of Defense to exempt photos of military detainees from release under the Freedom of Information Act; does not include $80 million requested for the Department of Defense and the Department of Justice to facilitate closure of the Guantanamo Bay prison; prohibits the release of Guantanamo detainees in the United States and prohibits transfers of prisoners except to be prosecuted; provides $1.9 billion for pandemic flu preparedness (declared to be a pandemic by the World Health Organization on June 11), and $5.8 billion more, contingent on the President determining it is needed; and adds $1 billion for the 'Cash for Clunkers' program to provide payments to consumers who trade in inefficient vehicles. […] H.R. 2346 provides funds, with some adjustments, that the Administration requested in four supplemental appropriations proposals, including an April 9 request for $83.4 billion in supplemental funding for defense, international affairs, domestic fire fighting, and other purposes; an April 30 request for $1.5 billion for influenza preparedness and response; and a May 12 request for $5 billion to support International Monetary Fund (IMF) borrowing authority."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Daggett, Stephen; Epstein, Susan B.; Tarnoff, Curt . . .
2009-06-15
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Hertford County Pandemic Influenza Response Plan
"The Pandemic Influenza Response Plan for Hertford County (Plan) provides guidance to Public Health - Hertford County (HCPHA) and local partners regarding detection, response and recovery from an influenza pandemic. The Plan describes the unique challenges posed by a pandemic that may necessitate specific leadership decisions, response actions, and communications mechanisms. Specifically, the purpose of the plan is to: 1. Define preparedness activities that should be undertaken before a pandemic occurs that will enhance the effectiveness of response measures. 2. Describe the response, coordination and decision making structure that will incorporate HCPHA, the health care system in Hertford County, other local response agencies, and state and federal agencies during a pandemic. 3. Define roles and responsibilities for HCPHA, local health care partners and local response agencies during all phases of a pandemic. 4. Describe public health interventions in a pandemic response and the timing of such interventions. 5. Serve as a guide for local health care system partners, response agencies and businesses in the development of pandemic influenza response plans. 6. Provide technical support and information on which preparedness and response actions are based."
Hertford County Public Health Authority
2009-06-15
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Hospital Viability During a Pandemic Influenza Outbreak
"In the past 8 years since September 11, many improvements have been made to the National response capabilities; however, the ―all hazards�- approach is still inadequate to respond to a moderate pandemic outbreak. Shortcomings of our fragile healthcare framework combined with the prolonged duration of a pandemic make it difficult to prepare for such a catastrophic disaster. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the factors ensuring hospital viability during a pandemic influenza outbreak. To accomplish this, the study employed a comparative case study methodology utilizing four prominent emergency management events: 1918, Spanish flu (H1N1); 2003, SARS outbreak; 2005, Hurricane Katrina, and the 2009, Swine flu (H1N1) outbreak, for the purpose of finding common measures enabling a hospital to mitigate, prepare, respond, and recover from a pandemic. After reviewing the case study literature, 117 viability measures were identified. Furthermore, the concepts from the literature review coupled with the case study results led to discovery of seven hospital viability measures that will assist in mitigating a moderate pandemic, which are: maintaining a hospital's critical axis, staffing, security, logistics, surge capacity, public affairs, and emergency operations planning. Focusing preparedness efforts in these areas will provide protection from the next pandemic."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Blackwell, Jeffrey K.
2009-06-12
