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Coping with COVID-19 in Slums: Evidence from India
From the Abstract: "One of the most, if not 'the' most, at-risk groups of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] is the urban poor, living in overcrowded conditions with very limited access to public (health) infrastructure. Along these hardships, misinformation about ways to prevent COVID-19 is widespread. In this study, we first evaluate slum dwellers' ability to follow governments' and scientists' advise on mitigation strategies - such as handwashing, social distancing, and the shielding of elderly and vulnerable groups - given the hardships they face on a daily basis. We next study how to debunk fake news and combat misinformation in slums. [...] We find that due to the COVID-19 crisis, slum dwellers lost their livelihoods and experienced reductions in income. In addition, the majority of slum dwellers were not able to comply with lockdown measures, mostly because of the need to search for a job daily. Hygiene measures improve over time, while willingness to vaccinate decreases. The poorest population was hit the hardest, while those with better knowledge about how to prevent COVID-19 were able to protect better. The results from our experiment suggests that doctors' messages debunking fake news about COVID-19 prevention, conditional on high financial incentives to pay attention, counter misinformation, increase the probability of sharing advice and information about how to prevent COVID-19 with others and self-isolation within slums."
International Growth Centre
Armand, Alex; Augsburg, Britta, 1979-; Bancalari, Antonella
2020-11
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COVIDcast: Ben Bland on Indonesian President Joko Widodo, A Man of Contradictions [audio]
From the Audio Description: "In this episode of COVIDcast, Hervé Lemahieu, Director of the Asian Power and Diplomacy Program at the Lowy Institute, sat down with Ben Bland to discuss his new book, Man of Contradictions: Joko Widodo and the Struggle to Remake Indonesia, and how the Indonesian president is faring in troubled times. Ben is the Director of the Southeast Asia Program at the Lowy Institute and a long-time Indonesia watcher." The duration of the audio is 27 minutes and 58 seconds.
Lowy Institute for International Policy
Bland, Ben
2020-09-09
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COVID and the Curb: How Cities Used the Curb and Street Space to Respond to COVID-19 and Policy Ideas to Ensure the Curb Best Serves the Public Good
From the Introduction: "Over the past few years, curbs have increasingly become more than just the space between streets and sidewalks. Curbs are transportation hubs, where people walk and roll; access app-based shared bicycles, scooters, or cars; board buses and taxis; and park their personal vehicles. Curbs are community spaces, too. They might host an annual block party or event where a portion of a street is closed, or might provide space to a curbside cafe or parklet. Unhoused community members, often without other options, use curbs as temporary living spaces. Business owners field deliveries and send out their products at the curb. Residences receive packages from online retailers, either directly to single-family homes and apartments, or indirectly to storage lockers where people can retrieve them later. In 2020, the curb was used for all those purposes and more. COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] accelerated some of the changing uses of and growing demand on the curb already underway, and shined a light on the immense value of the curb and its crucial role in preventing the spread of COVID-19. The curb helped support community health and economies, be it through curbside pickup, curbside dining, e-commerce [electronic commerce] delivery, slow streets, curbside COVID-19 testing, and more. This report is organized in two parts: Part 1: Cities' COVID-19 Curb Response; [...] Part 2: Ideas to guide curbside management policy."
Transportation for America
Hanzlik, Mae
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Second Report on Progress Prepared by the Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response for the WHO Executive Board
From the Document: "This is the second report on progress from the Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response. The report represents over three months of work by the full Panel since it held its first meeting on 17 September 2020. This report has been informed by the review of hundreds of documents, expert consultations across many sectors, case studies, submissions received by the Panel from Member States, academia, civil society, and citizens, and almost 100 interviews with those at the frontlines of pandemic preparedness and response. The work of the Panel, however, is not yet complete and, as detailed in this report, there are a number of critical questions which remain to be examined in depth before conclusions can be drawn and recommendations made. The first progress report was presented to the resumed session of the 73rd World Health Assembly on 5 November 2020. Following this report, the Panel will again report to the 74th World Health Assembly scheduled for May 2021."
Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response
2021-01
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Community Engagement During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond: A Guide for Community-Based Organizations
From the Document: "This guide is meant to assist community-based organizations that are interested in facilitating remote community engagement activities. Although this guide was developed as a response to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, it can also be used by organizations looking to broaden their outreach strategy generally. In this guide, we present a list of tools that can be used for facilitating remote community engagement activities and aim to elevate some best practices for any form of in-person or remote community engagement. This brief consists of the following sections: [1] What Is Community Engagement? [2] Is Now the Right Time for Community Engagement? [3] Tools for Engagement; [3a] Nondigital Tools; [3b] Digital Tools; [4] Best Practices for All Community Engagement; [5] Sample Engagement Methods. In the appendices, we provide a few worksheets to help you plan your community engagement activities and a list of supplemental resources on inclusive community engagement methods."
Urban Institute
Fedorowicz, Martha
2020-09
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Universal Screening for SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection: A Rapid Review
From the Abstract: "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the novel betacoronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARSCoV-2). Most people infected with SARS-CoV-2 have mild disease with unspecific symptoms, but about 5% become critically ill with respiratory failure, septic shock and multiple organ failure. An unknown proportion of infected individuals never experience COVID-19 symptoms although they are infectious, that is, they remain asymptomatic. Those who develop the disease, go through a presymptomatic period during which they are infectious. Universal screening for SARS-CoV-2 infections to detect individuals who are infected before they present clinically, could therefore be an important measure to contain the spread of the disease. We conducted a rapid review to assess (1) the effectiveness of universal screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with no screening and (2) the accuracy of universal screening in people who have not presented to clinical care for symptoms of COVID-19." This webpage gives the user the option to download a full, standard (excludes data and analyses, and appendices), or a summarized report in pdf format.
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; Cochrane (Organization)
Viswanathan, Meera; Kahwati, Leila C.; Jahn, Beate . . .
2020-09-15?
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PROMESA Implementation During the Coronavirus Pandemic, Oversight Hearing Before the Committee on Natural Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, Second Session, June 11, 2020
This is the June 11, 2020 hearing on "PROMESA Implementation During the Coronavirus Pandemic," held before the U.S. House Committee on Natural Resources. From the opening statement of Raul M. Grijalva: "I want to thank my colleagues for taking time to join us in this remote Natural Resources Committee oversight hearing on how the coronavirus pandemic is impacting the implementation of the Puerto Rico Oversight Management and Economic Stability Act, also known as PROMESA." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Natalie Jaresko and Omar Marrero.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2020
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Transportation Asset Management in a COVID-19 World: 'A TRB Webinar'
From the Introduction: "In the last few months, the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has impacted transportation agencies across the United States in a variety of ways. On July 15, 2020, the Transportation Asset Management (TAM) Committee of the Transportation Research Board (TRB) hosted a webinar that featured executives and CEOs from state, regional, and transit agencies. The panelists in this webinar discussed how the pandemic has impacted their agencies and their planned investments in the transportation systems they manage. These agency leaders manage a collective transportation system that includes roads, bridges, passenger and freight rail, buses, and more. The session was moderated by Neil Pederson, TRB's Executive Director."
National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board
2020-07-15
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Executive Order 14000: Supporting the Reopening and Continuing Operation of Schools and Early Childhood Education Providers
From the Document: "Every student in America deserves a high-quality education in a safe environment. This promise, which was already out of reach for too many, has been further threatened by the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. School and higher education administrators, educators, faculty, child care providers, custodians and other staff, and families have gone above and beyond to support children's and students' learning and meet their needs during this crisis. Students and teachers alike have found new ways to teach and learn. Many child care providers continue to provide care and learning opportunities to children in homes and centers across the country. However, leadership and support from the Federal Government is needed. Two principles should guide the Federal Government's response to the COVID-19 crisis with respect to schools, child care providers, Head Start programs, and higher education institutions. First, the health and safety of children, students, educators, families, and communities is paramount. Second, every student in the United States should have the opportunity to receive a high-quality education, during and beyond the pandemic."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Biden, Joseph R., Jr.
2021-01-21
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Executive Order 13999: Protecting Worker Health and Safety
From the Document: "Ensuring the health and safety of workers is a national priority and a moral imperative. Healthcare workers and other essential workers, many of whom are people of color and immigrants, have put their lives on the line during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It is the policy of my Administration to protect the health and safety of workers from COVID-19. The Federal Government must take swift action to reduce the risk that workers may contract COVID-19 in the workplace. That will require issuing science-based guidance to help keep workers safe from COVID-19 exposure, including with respect to mask-wearing; partnering with State and local governments to better protect public employees; enforcing worker health and safety requirements; and pushing for additional resources to help employers protect employees."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Biden, Joseph R., Jr.
2021-01-21
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Executive Order 14002: Economic Relief Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic
From the Document: "The pandemic caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to an economic crisis marked by the closure of small businesses, job loss, food and housing insecurity, and increased challenges for working families balancing jobs and caregiving responsibilities. The current economic crisis has affected Americans throughout the Nation, but it is particularly dire in communities of color. The problems are exacerbated because State and local governments are being forced to consider steep cuts to critical programs to address revenue shortfalls the pandemic has caused. In addition, many individuals, families, and small businesses have had difficulties navigating relief programs with varying eligibility requirements, and some are not receiving the intended assistance. The economic crisis resulting from the pandemic must be met by the full resources of the Federal Government."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Biden, Joseph R., Jr.
2021-01-22
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Executive Order 13995: Ensuring an Equitable Pandemic Response and Recovery
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has exposed and exacerbated severe and pervasive health and social inequities in America. For instance, people of color experience systemic and structural racism in many facets of our society and are more likely to become sick and die from COVID- 19. The lack of complete data, disaggregated by race and ethnicity, on COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and mortality rates, as well as underlying health and social vulnerabilities, has further hampered efforts to ensure an equitable pandemic response. [...] It is impossible to change the course of the pandemic without tackling it in the hardest-hit communities. In order to identify and eliminate health and social inequities resulting in disproportionately higher rates of exposure, illness, and death, I am directing a Government-wide effort to address health equity. The Federal Government must take swift action to prevent and remedy differences in COVID-19 care and outcomes within communities of color and other underserved populations."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Biden, Joseph R., Jr.
2021-01-21
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Executive Order 13998: Promoting COVID-19 Safety in Domestic and International Travel
From the Document: "Science-based public health measures are critical to preventing the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by travelers within the United States and those who enter the country from abroad. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Surgeon General, and the National Institutes of Health have concluded that mask-wearing, physical distancing, appropriate ventilation, and timely testing can mitigate the risk of travelers spreading COVID-19. Accordingly, to save lives and allow all Americans, including the millions of people employed in the transportation industry, to travel and work safely, it is the policy of my Administration to implement these public health measures consistent with CDC guidelines on public modes of transportation and at ports of entry to the United States."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Biden, Joseph R., Jr.
2021-01-21
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Executive Order 14001: A Sustainable Public Health Supply Chain
From the Document: "The Federal Government must act urgently and effectively to combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To that end, this order directs immediate actions to secure supplies necessary for responding to the pandemic, so that those supplies are available, and remain available, to the Federal Government and State, local, Tribal, and territorial authorities, as well as to America's health care workers, health systems, and patients. These supplies are vital to the Nation's ability to reopen its schools and economy as soon and safely as possible."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Biden, Joseph R., Jr.
2021-01-21
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Executive Order 13996: Establishing the COVID-19 Pandemic Testing Board and Ensuring a Sustainable Public Health Workforce for COVID-19 and Other Biological Threats
From the Document: "It is the policy of my Administration to control coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by using a Government-wide, unified approach that includes: establishing a national COVID-19 testing and public health workforce strategy; working to expand the supply of tests; working to bring test manufacturing to the United States, where possible; working to enhance laboratory testing capacity; working to expand the public health workforce; supporting screening testing for schools and priority populations; and ensuring a clarity of messaging about the use of tests and insurance coverage."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Biden, Joseph R., Jr.
2021-01-21
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Executive Order 13994: Ensuring a Data-Driven Response to COVID-19 and Future High-Consequence Public Health Threats
From the Document: "It is the policy of my Administration to respond to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic through effective approaches guided by the best available science and data, including by building back a better public health infrastructure. This stronger public health infrastructure must help the Nation effectively prevent, detect, and respond to future biological threats, both domestically and internationally. Consistent with this policy, the heads of all executive departments and agencies (agencies) shall facilitate the gathering, sharing, and publication of COVID-19-related data, in coordination with the Coordinator of the COVID-19 Response and Counselor to the President (COVID-19 Response Coordinator), to the extent permitted by law, and with appropriate protections for confidentiality, privacy, law enforcement, and national security. These efforts shall assist Federal, State, local, Tribal, and territorial authorities in developing and implementing policies to facilitate informed community decision-making, to further public understanding of the pandemic and the response, and to deter the spread of misinformation and disinformation."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Biden, Joseph R., Jr.
2021-01-21
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Executive Order 13997: Improving and Expanding Access to Care and Treatments for COVID-19
From the Document: "It is the policy of my Administration to improve the capacity of the Nation's healthcare systems to address coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), to accelerate the development of novel therapies to treat COVID-19, and to improve all Americans' access to quality and affordable healthcare."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Biden, Joseph R., Jr.
2021-01-21
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Comparison of National and International Approaches to COVID-19-Related Measures
From the Background and Purpose: "As the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic spread in early 2020, government, public health, academic, and other entities began collecting and reporting data on COVID-19-related measures, including case identification/testing, hospitalization, mortality, and excess mortality. Given baseline differences among countries in the structure of health care, political systems, culture, and many facets of government and society, as well as the inherent differences in methods of health outcome data collection, measurement, and reporting, we would expect international variation in COVID-19- related measures. Similarly, we would also expect variation in COVID-19-related measures among states across the United States. However, to track how well different countries and U.S. states are responding to the pandemic--and to make valid cross-country and cross-state comparisons of key outcomes--uniform measures are needed. In this report, we present the results of a rapid evaluation of the comparability of commonly used COVID-19 measures within the United States and across countries. We also make recommendations for the use and development of measures that would allow for more valid comparisons."
RAND Corporation
Abir, Mahshid; Beckett, Megan K.; Huang, Wenjing . . .
2021
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Pandemic Flu and Medical Biodefense Countermeasure Liability Limitation [February 12, 2010]
"Division C of P.L. 109-148 (2005), 42 U.S.C. §§ 247d-6d, 247d-6e, also known as the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (PREP Act), limits liability with respect to pandemic flu and other public health countermeasures. Specifically, upon a declaration by the Secretary of Health and Human Services of a public health emergency or the credible risk of such emergency, Division C would, with respect to a 'covered countermeasure,' eliminate liability, with one exception, for the United States, and for manufacturers, distributors, program planners, persons who prescribe, administer or dispense the countermeasure, and employees of any of the above. The exception to immunity from liability is that a defendant who engaged in willful misconduct would be subject to liability under a new federal cause of action, though not under state tort law, if death or serious injury results. Division C's limitation on liability is a more extensive restriction on victims' ability to recover than exists in most federal tort reform statutes. However, victims could, in lieu of suing, accept payment under a new 'Covered Countermeasure Process Fund,' if Congress appropriates money for this fund."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Liu, Edward C.
2010-02-12
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In the Name of COVID-19: An Assessment of the Schengen Internal Border Controls and Travel Restrictions in the EU
From the Abstract: "This study, commissioned by the European Parliament's Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee [Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs], assesses the mobility restrictive measures adopted by the EU and its Member States in the fight against COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. It examines the reintroduction of Schengen internal border controls and intra- and extra-EU travel restrictions. It assesses their compatibility with the Schengen Borders Code, including proportionality, non-discrimination, privacy and free movement. The research demonstrates that policy priorities have moved from a logic of containment to one characterized by a policing approach on intra-EU mobility giving priority to the use of police identity/health checks, interoperable databases and the electronic surveillance of every traveller. It concludes that Schengen is not in 'crisis'. Instead there has been an 'EU enforcement and evaluation gap' of Member States compliance with EU rules in areas falling under EU competence."
European Parliament. Directorate-General for Internal Policies
Carrera, Sergio; Luk, Ngo Chun
2020-09
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Coronavirus (COVID-19): Protecting Grocery Store Workers
From the Document: "The Department of Labor & Industries (L&I) requires employers to implement the Governor's proclamation. [...] Employers must ensure social distancing for employees and customers; frequent and adequate handwashing; and that sick employees stay home. Employers must also provide basic workplace hazard education about coronavirus and how to prevent transmission in languages best understood by employees."
Washington (State). Department of Labor and Industries
2020-08
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Preparing People for Reentry from Jails and Prisons During the COVID-19 Epidemic
From the Document: "Many county and municipal jails and state prison systems are taking measures to reduce the incarcerated population to help alleviate close living conditions conducive to the spread of disease. State prison systems are expediting scheduled releases by moving up release dates. Jails are releasing individuals who present minimal risk to public safety but are at elevated COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] morbidity and mortality risk. Because RSAT [Residential Substance Abuse Treatment] program generally serve inmates who are nearing the end of their sentences, they are likely candidates for early release if these measures are implemented. Re-entry for individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) is a crucial transition even when solid release plans, stable housing, and linkages to community-based SUD treatment and recovery support are all in place. The added task of re-entry preparation that includes precautions and restrictions to reduce the spread of COVID-19 is an added challenge for justice professionals as well as RSAT clients whose may find their release date suddenly moved up. Plus, the risks associated with a return to drugs and alcohol are now exponentially higher." This document further outlines guidance steps for RSAT program staff, along with an addendum that includes brochures with information that can be shared with re-entering individuals.
Advocates for Human Potential (Firm)
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Vaccine Misinformation Management Field Guide
From the Document: "[This resource] was developed to facilitate the development of strategic and well-coordinated national action plans to rapidly counter vaccine misinformation and build demand for vaccination that are informed by social listening. This guide should help practitioners to: [1] 'Develop an evidence-grounded understanding of misinformation in the context of vaccination, how it spreads and gets traction, what can be done to mitigate its impact.' [2] 'Implement evidence-based approaches to address misinformation.' [3] 'Develop a comprehensive and tailored national strategy for misinformation management.'"
UNICEF
Thomson, Angus; Finnegan, Gary
2020
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Global Health Programs: FY2001-FY2011 [April 7, 2010]
"Several U.S. agencies and departments implement global health interventions. With the exceptions of initiatives to fight HIV/AIDS through the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), malaria through the President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), and pandemic flu through the Avian Flu Task Force, the funding and implementation of U.S. global health initiatives are not always coordinated among agencies and departments. There is a growing consensus that U.S. foreign assistance needs to become more efficient and effective. There is some debate, however, on the best strategies. As Congress considers how best to improve foreign assistance, some Members are attempting to identify the scope and breadth of U.S. global health assistance. This report highlights the global health efforts that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) undertakes, outlines how much CDC has spent on such efforts from FY2001 to FY2010, highlights FY2011 proposed and enacted funding levels, and discusses some issues the 111th Congress and the incoming director face. Since 1958, CDC has been engaged in global health efforts. At first, CDC's global health engagement focused primarily on malaria control. CDC's global health mandate has grown considerably since then. In 1962, CDC played a key role in the international effort that led to smallpox eradication and in 1967 expanded its surveillance efforts overseas to include other diseases, when the Foreign Quarantine Service was transferred to CDC from the U.S. Treasury Department. As CDC's mission expanded, so have the authorities under which it operates.3 Today, CDC is a partner in a number of global disease control and prevention efforts, including those related to HIV/AIDS, influenza, polio, measles, and tuberculosis (TB). In addition to its work in controlling the spread of infectious diseases, CDC's global health efforts aim to address other global health challenges, such as chronic disease, injury prevention, child and maternal health, and environmental health concerns."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Salaam-Blyther, Tiaji
2010-04-07
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Ebola Outbreak: Quarantine and Isolation Authority [October 28, 2014]
"Recent quarantine policies announced by several states, including New York and New Jersey, for travelers arriving from areas affected by the outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease have raised legal and constitutional questions about federal and state authority to order quarantine and isolation measures. Both the federal and state governments have authority to impose isolation and quarantine measures to help prevent the spread of infectious diseases. While the terms are often used interchangeably, quarantine and isolation are two distinct concepts. Quarantine typically refers to separating or restricting the movement of individuals who have been exposed to a contagious disease but are not yet sick. Isolation refers to separating infected individuals from those who are not sick. Historically, the primary authority for quarantine and isolation exists at the state level as an exercise of the state's police power in accordance with its particular laws and policies. Generally, state and local quarantines are authorized through public health orders, though some states may require a court order before an individual is detained. The Supreme Court has indicated that at least where Congress has not taken action, it is 'well settled' that states may impose quarantines to prevent the spread of disease. Nevertheless, the federal government has jurisdiction over interstate and foreign quarantines. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is authorized to take measures 'to prevent the introduction, transmission, or spread of communicable diseases from foreign countries into the States or possessions, or from one State or possession into any other State or possession.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
2014-10-28
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Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV): World Health Organization Responses [July 2, 2015]
"In September 2012, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERSCoV) was first identified in Saudi Arabia and has spread to more than one dozen countries (Figure 1). MERSCoV is an infectious respiratory disease that can be fatal. There is no vaccine or specific treatment for the disease, but the treatment of symptoms, which can include fever, cough, and shortness of breath, may improve patient outcomes. Over 1,300 cases have been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) since 2012. Roughly 36% of reported cases have resulted in deaths. On May 20, 2015, a MERSCoV outbreak began in the Republic of South Korea (ROK). As of June 30, 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) has associated 182 cases (including one in China and one in Thailand) with this outbreak, including 33 deaths."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Salaam-Blyther, Tiaji
2015-07-02
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FY2009 Spring Supplemental Appropriations for Overseas Contingency Operations [June 15, 2009]
"On June 11, 2009, the House and Senate Appropriations Committees announced a conference agreement on H.R. 2346, a bill providing supplemental appropriations for the remainder of FY2009. Floor votes are expected the week of June 15. On key issues, the agreement includes $5 billion, as in the Senate bill, to support U.S. loans to the International Monetary Fund, does not include a Senate provision allowing the Secretary of Defense to exempt photos of military detainees from release under the Freedom of Information Act; does not include $80 million requested for the Department of Defense and the Department of Justice to facilitate closure of the Guantanamo Bay prison; prohibits the release of Guantanamo detainees in the United States and prohibits transfers of prisoners except to be prosecuted; provides $1.9 billion for pandemic flu preparedness (declared to be a pandemic by the World Health Organization on June 11), and $5.8 billion more, contingent on the President determining it is needed; and adds $1 billion for the 'Cash for Clunkers' program to provide payments to consumers who trade in inefficient vehicles. […] H.R. 2346 provides funds, with some adjustments, that the Administration requested in four supplemental appropriations proposals, including an April 9 request for $83.4 billion in supplemental funding for defense, international affairs, domestic fire fighting, and other purposes; an April 30 request for $1.5 billion for influenza preparedness and response; and a May 12 request for $5 billion to support International Monetary Fund (IMF) borrowing authority."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Daggett, Stephen; Epstein, Susan B.; Tarnoff, Curt . . .
2009-06-15
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2009 H1N1 'Swine Flu' Outbreak: An Overview [April 30, 2009]
"On April 29, 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) raised its influenza ('flu') pandemic alert level to Phase 5, one level below declaring that a global influenza pandemic was underway. According to WHO, 'the declaration of Phase 5 is a strong signal that a pandemic is imminent and that the time to finalize the organization, communication, and implementation of the planned mitigation measures is short.' The WHO has increased the pandemic flu alert level in response to the spread of a new strain of influenza A subtype H1N1 virus. First identified in Mexico in March 2009, the novel flu strain has quickly spread to the United States, where, as of April 29, there are 91 confirmed cases of illness, including one death. Additional cases have been confirmed in several other countries. The new flu strain was initially dubbed 'swine flu' because it contained genetic material from flu strains that normally circulate in swine. However, there has been no evidence to date that pigs are involved in the transmission of this virus. There have been concerns that the term 'swine flu' has had unwarranted trade implications for swine and pork products, among other concerns. On April 30, 2009, WHO began referring to the new strain as influenza A(H1N1)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lister, Sarah A.; Redhead, C. Stephen
2009-04-30
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Supporting Charitable Giving During the COVID-19 Crisis, Virtual Hearing Before the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, Second Session, June 9, 2020
This is the June 9, 2020 hearing on "Supporting Charitable Giving During the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Crisis," held before the U.S. Senate Joint Economic Committee. From the Opening Statement of Mike Lee: "Nonprofits, churches, and other voluntary institutions of civil society have for centuries played a uniquely important role in American life, helping to provide for others' basic needs, and ensuring the stability of community institutions, and supplying goods such as education and the arts. [...] Without financial donations, these organizations simply cannot undertake the good works that they do in providing the indirect benefits, including the provision of these indirect benefits, personal connectedness, reciprocity, and trust, that are invaluable, and that have become indispensable to community thriving, and the thriving of the human condition. Unfortunately, there have been worrisome trends in charitable giving over recent years, and over the last few decades. [...] I called this hearing to talk about how, especially in this time of immense, unusual hardship, when charitable giving is so essential, Congress could better address this disparity." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: James Lankford, Jeanne Shaheen, Bill Crim, and Una Osili.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2020
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Time Change: The Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis on University Research, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Research and Technology of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, Second Session, September 9, 2020
This is the September 9, 2020 hearing on "Time Change: The Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis on University Research," held before the U.S. House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, Subcommittee on Research and Technology. From the opening statement of Chairwoman Haley Stevens: "We're here today to discuss the impact of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] on innovation as it relates to our academic system. [...] [F]ederally funded research conducted on university campuses across the Nation is certainly a critical driver of our country's innovation, economic development, pairing with the private sector and government partners to jump start new technology and scientific breakthroughs. The COVID-19 crisis sent shockwaves through this ecosystem very early on[.] [...] University administrators, research facility managers, faculty, post-docs, and students are still reeling from some of the profound disruptions to their work, and still making their way to adapt amid persistent uncertainty, and the duration of how long this pandemic will go on. [...] [T]wo bipartisan bills [...] propose a great approach [...] to meeting the urgent needs to help universities and academic researchers recover from this crisis. The 'RISE [Research Investment to Spark the Economy] Act', which authorizes $26 billion in emergency relief funding for science agencies to support full cost extension of research grants so that we don't literally lose years of research. [...] And then the 'Supporting Early Career Researchers Act' creates a $250 million fellowship program at the National Science Foundation (NSF)." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Joseph Walsh, David Stone, Theresa Mayer, and Ryan Muzzio.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2021
