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Resilience: The Grand Strategy
"Homeland Security does not have a grand strategy. Resiliency has been suggested as an over-arching goal, but what does it really mean? In this essay, Philip Palin draws from his 'Long Blog', modeled on George Keenan's 'Long Telegram' (which defined containment as the United States' Cold War strategy) to formulate resilience as a grand strategy for U.S. homeland security."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Palin, Philip J.
2010-01
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Cause-and-Effect or Fooled by Randomness?
"This article develops an unconventional theory of infrastructure criticality based on decade-old ideas from a variety of disciplines. First, the concept of self-organized criticality (SOC) is explained using three simple simulations proposed by Per Bak, Newman, and Amaral-Meyers. Each simulation illustrates an aspect of SOC: self-organization, randomness as an underlying engine of disaster, and the role of interdependency or connectivity in complex systems. Next, the discussion shifts to an explanation of a general property shared by many major disasters: the fractal power law. Power laws turn out to be appropriate proxies for the insurance industry measure of likelihood called exceedence probability (probability of consequence equal to or greater than some size). The power law exceedence probability curve is associated with nearly all sectors prone to catastrophe. This is no coincidence, but more intriguing is the realization that power law exceedence probability curves can be produced from purely underlying randomness. This supports the author's conjecture that catastrophic incidents (often) occur because of randomness -- not strictly cause-and-effect."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Lewis, T. G. (Theodore Gyle), 1941-
2010-01
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Jihad Dramatically Transformed? Sageman on Jihad and the Internet
"In his book 'Leaderless Jihad', Marc Sageman claims, as the title indicates, that Jihad in the modern world is changing from a centrally organized and structured activity into a more dispersed, decentralized movement in which small groups self-organize to carry out attacks. In making this argument, Sageman claims that the internet 'has dramatically transformed the structure and dynamic of the evolving threat of global Islamic terrorism by changing the nature of terrorists' interactions.'This essay looks at the available research and questions Sageman's claim that the internet is transforming how terrorists interact."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Tucker, David
2010-01
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Partnership in Progress: A Model for Development of a Homeland Security Graduate Degree Program
"This article provides institutions interested in building a homeland security degree program a method by which to assess educational needs of homeland security professionals to help guide curriculum development. It describes a collaborative endeavor by two complementary graduate education providers to build an interdisciplinary graduate degree program that helps meet this growing demand for quality homeland security educational programs. First, the historical context is provided by briefly tracing the evolution of homeland security graduate education since 2001. Next, a review of the literature identifies the fundamental elements that experts and scholars have suggested should constitute a graduate homeland security curriculum. Finally, the process used to develop the Kansas State University and U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Homeland Security Graduate Degree Program is outlined. This approach is intended to serve as a useful model to ensure that new homeland security graduate degree programs fulfill the expectations of value and applicability for homeland security agencies and other stakeholders."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Polson, Cheryl Jean; Persyn, John M.; Cupp, O. Shawn
2010-05
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Natural Security for a Variable and Risk-Filled World
"The twenty-first-century faces a range of severe threats to security including conflicts with non-state actors, emerging diseases, natural disasters, cyber-attacks, and climate change. This diverse set of problems would benefit from a common solution framework that can illuminate their root causes and be applied broadly to security analysis and practice. One such framework is evolutionary biology. 3.5 billion years of biological evolution have led to an enormous variety of security solutions that nonetheless share a key commonality: natural security is adaptable. Organisms in nature achieve adaptability through a decentralized organization where threats are detected and responded to peripherally, by managing uncertainty and turning it to their advantage, and by extending their adaptive capacity through symbiotic partnerships. This essay demonstrates how the basic tenets and many of the specific strategies of natural security systems can be applied to the analysis, planning and practice of security in human society. A case study from the IED attacks against U.S. forces in Iraq and Afghanistan is used to show how organizational structure, uncertainty, and symbiotic relationships all play a role in both creating and ameliorating security threats."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Sagarin, Raphael D.
2010-09
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Exploring the Relationship between Homeland Security Information Sharing & Local Emergency Preparedness
"Information sharing among federal, state, and local agencies is a critical element of U.S. homeland security strategy. Few researchers, however, have examined the relationship between the use of homeland security information-sharing systems and perceived levels of emergency preparedness at the local level (city, county, and region). In order to explore this relationship, an online survey was administered to eighty-three registered users of Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS.gov) - a U.S. Department of Homeland Security information sharing system - and interviews were conducted with ten LLIS.gov users located in different regions of the country. This study finds that the concepts of information sharing and preparedness accommodate multiple - and at times conflicting - meanings and practices. As a result, the government's effort to create a 'trusted partnership' and a 'culture of information sharing' among federal, state, and local agencies faces significant challenges."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Bean, Hamilton
2009-05
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Application of Cost Management and Life-Cycle Cost Theory to Homeland Security National Priorities
"The 2007 National Preparedness Guidelines introduces the concept of a National Preparedness System in which national capabilities are coordinated to prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from all hazards in a way that balances risk with resources and need. To understand the resource implications of the National Preparedness System, it is critically important to determine the costs associated with achieving and sustaining target levels of capability. The purpose of this article is threefold. First, it documents a methodology that uses life-cycle cost (LCC) theory to quantify the costs of achieving and sustaining target capabilities and national priorities within the National Preparedness System. Second, the article applies the methodology to the Explosive Device Response Operations (EDRO) target capability. Third, it articulates a number of next steps needed to develop and apply LCC methods to national preparedness."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Hall, Robert; Dusenberry Dimitrov, Erica
2009-05
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Global Metropolitan Policing: An Emerging Trend in Intelligence Sharing
"Terrorism has local and global dimensions. Local police are best positioned to understand their communities and local threat environment. Yet transnational terrorist and criminal enterprises link in interactive networks. In response, local police agencies are cooperating with their counterparts at national and foreign agencies to understand and counter these criminal and terrorist organizations. Global metropolitan policing is the term used to describe this emerging trend in police cooperation in sharing intelligence and best practices. This article explores the developments that lead urban police departments to interact with foreign law enforcement, intelligence, and diplomatic agencies, as well as private sector and non-governmental organizations. It describes why and how police agencies are forging global links to counter terrorism, transnational gangs, and organized crime."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Wirtz, James J., 1958-; Sullivan, John P.
2009-05
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Changing Homeland Security: Twelve Questions From 2009
"For our third annual Year in Review essay, Christopher Bellavita reviews and categorizes several hundred 2009 homeland security news stories. The stories suggest at least twelve questions that frame some important homeland security puzzles, with 'puzzle' used in the same way Thomas Kuhn used the word to describe what spurs progress in science. These puzzles cover risk, preparedness, immigration, FEMA, intelligence, technology, aviation and cyber security, privacy, torture, Islam, and public health. The topics discussed in the essay are not the only issues from 2009 that create puzzles for homeland security. Others could be added. Identifying core puzzles may assist the continued evolution of homeland security as a professional discipline."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Bellavita, Christopher
2010-01
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Beyond the Plan: Individual Responder and Family Preparedness in the Resilient Organization
"The level of preparedness and capability of government and private sector first-response entities to react to disaster rests upon the assumption that the human element, essential employees, will be ready and able to carry out the functions that have been planned, the tasks they have been trained to perform, provided the necessary equipment to complete, and that proficiency has been demonstrated through exercise. The assumption that first responders will report is the foundation of the ability of organizations to maintain continuity and provide essential services to citizens affected by disaster.[...]This article provides an overview of employee and family preparedness and role of the employer in a resilient organization."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Cox, Cynthia A.; Landahl, Mark R.
2009-09
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Inaccurate Prediction of Nuclear Weapons Effects and Possible Adverse Influences on Nuclear Terrorism Preparedness
"The primary purpose of this paper is to discuss the accuracy of common effects estimates and describe how more realistic estimates might affect nuclear terrorism preparedness.[...].The likelihood of an attack [nuclear] has prompted considerable public debate about what are the best steps to prevent such an attack. In many of these discussions estimates of the number of casualties or the size of the area that would be damaged by an attack are used to reinforce the importance of action." "Ironically, as discussed later, these estimates may evoke inaction in some critical areas. It is more likely that valid estimates made for a military attack scenario have been improperly extrapolated to the terrorist scenario."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Harney, Robert C.
2009-09
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Do Terrorists 'Win' Elections?
"A bomb blast in Spain, just before the country's election, destroyed several commuter trains, killing hundreds and wounding thousands. Three days later, Spanish voters turned out the conservative Popular Party and Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar, inserting the Spanish Socialist Party leader Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero as Aznar's replacement. Several months later, a cryptic message was delivered to the offices of al- Jazeera in Pakistan. Within hours, American audiences were watching Osama bin Laden's videotape. An initial poll from Newsweek magazine claimed that incumbent President George W. Bush jumped to a six-point lead as a result of the reaction to al-Qaeda's message. A few days later, President Bush and the Republicans prevailed over the challenger, Senator John F. Kerry from Massachusetts. In both these cases, the media claimed that terrorists determined the outcome of the elections, an opinion that is commonly held.1 If this opinion is true, it implies that terrorists have power over the fundamental workings of democracy. But is the opinion true? Did the terrorists in fact win at the ballot box in 2004? To answer this question, I analyzed survey results from before and after the votes were cast, as well as relevant material from the literature and results from focus groups. The analysis shows that the terrorists did little, if anything, to change the outcome of either election."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Tures, John A.
2009-09
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Emergency Response, Public Health and Poison Control: Logical Linkages for Successful Risk Communication and Improved Disaster and Mass Incident Response
"This essay explores the possibilities of linking emergency response and public health with the poison control system for increased collaboration and coordination during disasters and emergencies. If successful, these linkages will ensure that we are more capable of effectively preventing, responding to, and recovering from disasters and emergencies. The provision of accurate public information and active surveillance, prevention of avoidable of surges in medical need, continuity of response operations, mitigation of public anxiety, and cost-savings for the health care system make Poison Control Centers a natural ally for disaster response agencies and public health."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Yeager, Valerie A.
2009-09
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Community Health Centers: The Untapped Resource for Public Health and Medical Preparedness
"HSPD-21 was recently released to the public calling for a transformation in the national approach to public health and medical preparedness in the United States. The latest deliberations, as prioritized by this strategy, are to bolster the nation's ability to manage a public health crisis by stimulating improvements in the areas of biosurveillance, countermeasure distribution, mass casualty care, and community resilience -- the objective being to create a much more tightly integrated systems approach toward public health and medical preparedness. Community Health Centers (CHCs), by philosophic orientation, geographic location, and as publicly-funded entities, are well-positioned to provide medical services, education, and other human services to prevent, prepare for, respond to, mitigate, and recover from the public health impact of a bioterrorist event or other biological disease outbreak. Aggressive investment in CHCs and their emergency management programs serves a dual purpose that will (1) create greater social equity by reducing health disparities and make public health emergency management more accessible to special needs populations and (2) support many of the objectives identified in the Public Health and Medical Preparedness Strategy."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Wood, Karen
2009-01
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Terrorist Threat to Inbound U.S. Passenger Flights: Inadequate Government Response
"Commercial civil aviation has been the target of terrorist attacks for decades. Most attacks have been by means of bombs placed on aircraft. In recent years, there have been several attempts to bring explosive devices on board by using suicide terrorists as ticketed passengers. Further, al Qaeda and allied jihadists have tried more than once to destroy, simultaneously, several U.S. aircraft in flight by this method. Their plans were to attack aircraft flying into the United States from abroad, since they have a more active and functional infrastructure in other countries. The Transportation Security Administration appears reluctant to focus on security for these inbound flights, in spite of the significant overseas threat. Countries from which inbound flights depart should be asked to agree to adequate security measures. These should be set to standards that match those applied to domestic flights. One important measure that should be applied would be the use of explosive trace detectors to inspect passengers and their carry-on items."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Fainberg, Anthony
2009-01
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Changing Homeland Security: The Year in Review 2008
"In December 2008, Christopher Bellavita asked members of the Naval Postgraduate School's extended homeland security network to respond to two questions: (1) From your perspective -- and using whatever criteria you'd like -- what would you say was a top homeland security-related issue or story in 2008 and why and (2) What do you consider an emerging homeland security issue? The responses highlighted the 2008 presidential election, the terrorist attack in Mumbai, the economic meltdown, the chaos on the southern border, the continued quest to define homeland security, and an expanding threat spectrum (including the cyber threat -- possibly the year's most underreported homeland security issue). Taken together, the responses from the NPS community of practitioners and academics who work in and think about homeland security everyday tell a story about the field's continuing evolution."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Bellavita, Christopher
2009-01
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New Requirements for a New Challenge: The Military's Role in Border Security
"U.S. border security is not what it used to be. Over the last three decades America's concerns have steadily escalated from what was once as much a humanitarian issue as a security issue, to concerns over paramilitary violence, organized crime, and international terrorism. The requirements to meet these concerns have likewise increased, to the point that anything less than an interagency and intergovernmental response will inevitably leave the nation's citizenry vulnerable to a new and expanding series of threats. The new threats portend a new challenge for the military, both active and reserve components. From the United States Northern Command through to the individual state's National Guard our leadership will be required to revisit its thinking, motivation, and ethos in addressing this particular 'law enforcement' requirement. It will require our government to decide which entities from the depth and breadth of its capabilities are best postured, best equipped, and best trained to meet the trials that lay ahead."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Tussing, Bert B.
2008-10
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Just How Much Does That Cost, Anyway? An Analysis of the Financial Costs and Benefits of the 'No-Fly' List
"This article conducts a financial cost and security benefit analysis of the United States government's 'no fly' list. On September 11, 2001 the no fly list contained sixteen names of terrorists and other individuals deemed threatening to the U.S. Since then, the list has grown considerably, reaching over 755,500+ names at one point. This growth has led to significant attention paid to the social costs of the list, from the civil liberty concerns about being detained at airports and prevented from flying, to privacy concerns about the government maintaining a classified list of individuals who have difficulty being removed from the list once they are on it. Very surprisingly, there has been little attention paid to the financial costs of the list relative to the benefits. This is striking given the significant amount of attention paid by scholars and policy analysts to anti-terror and national security strategies. Fundamentally, it is unclear how one can create a strategy for how national security dollars should be spent without knowing how many dollars are involved and where they are going. The study presented here puts forth a conservative estimate of cost at approximately $536 million since September 11, 2001, with a reasonable estimation range that approaches $1 billion. This study should be viewed as a first step in asking and answering an important question: what are the costs, relative to the benefits, of anti-terrorism policies and security strategies?"
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Holmes, Marcus
2009-01
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Promises Unfulfilled: The Suboptimization of Homeland Security National Preparedness
"Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the nation has expended billions of dollars and millions of hours of labor focused on ensuring that such events would never happen again. To date, the efforts appear to have been rewarded. But is the nation really safer? The evidence supports an affirmative response, but is the level of national preparedness related to homeland security as high as possible? The answer to that question is a resounding "no." This article highlights the flaws in the current assumptions guiding national preparedness policy and outlines the causes of homeland security national preparedness suboptimization. Homeland security national preparedness is suboptimized because of flawed assumptions, flawed perceptions of the policy environment on the part of the national government, and policy-distorting institutional pathologies. Similarly, ill-conceived policy instrumentalities and implementation have been thrust into the policy arena due to officials at the national level losing track of the original policy goals outlined in founding legislation and presidential directives. These policy failures, taken in totality, have led to missed opportunities, squandered treasure, increased intergovernmental tensions, and a host of disincentives for state and local governments to pursue enhancements to homeland security national preparedness."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Clovis, Samuel H., Jr.
2008-10
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Beyond the HSC/NSC Merger: Integrating States and Localities into Homeland Security Policymaking
"The most critical issue in merging the Homeland Security Council (HSC) and the National Security Council (NSC) is one that has received the least attention. Merger advocates emphasize that combining the councils will better integrate domestic and international policymaking. Paul Stockton agrees with the importance of that goal. He argues, however, that the most destructive gaps in policy integration lie between federal, state, and local governments. The HSC was originally supposed to include state and local representatives in its policymaking process. That never happened. The failure to give states and localities a sustained, institutionalized role in shaping the initiatives they implement has produced repeated policy and programmatic failures. Stockton argues that now, regardless of whether the administration merges the HSC and NSC, the time has come to include state and local representatives in their work. In this essay he proposes how to do so and also examines the special challenges that a merged council would face in terms of its span of control and other issues."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Stockton, Paul
2009-01
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Terrorism, Networks, and Strategy: Why the Conventional Wisdom is Wrong
This is an article from the June 2008 [v.4 no.2] edition of the Homeland Security Affairs Journal. In this report, the author "considers first some basic differences among organizations and the strengths and weaknesses of two different organizational forms [networks and hierarchies]; then apply this organizational analysis to terrorist organizations and the governmental network in the United States; and, finally, suggest optimal strategies for countering the terrorist threats we face. The initial discussion of organizational forms will be somewhat simplified [e.g., it assumes a clear distinction between networks and hierarchies that is ultimately untenable] in order to emphasize certain organizational characteristics or tendencies."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Tucker, David
2008-06
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Paramilitary Terrorism: A Neglected Threat
This is an article from the June 2008 [v.4 no.2] edition of the Homeland Security Affairs Journal. This article talks about the need for the homeland security community to provide more attention to the threat of paramilitary terrorism. In this report, the author makes the comparison between the threat of WMD terrorism and paramilitary terrorism. Moreover, he makes the argument that "the threat of WMD terrorism has led logically to a heavy emphasis on prevention by the intelligence and law enforcement communities. But in the event that prevention fails, WMD terrorism scenarios leave little scope for intervention, as the execution phase would likely be brief and spectacular. For this reason, policy efforts and the allocation of resources have focused heavily upon consequence management and forensics. This tendency is further reinforced by America's recent experience of natural and man-made catastrophes [e.g. Hurricane Katrina and the California fires of 2007], and the structures and processes of consequence management address both terror and non-terror scenarios. The fixation of official attention and resources upon WMD terrorism, and upon consequence management more generally, has left America ill-prepared to respond quickly and effectively to a terrorist paramilitary attack, which may be far more likely than an apocalyptic WMD scenario. Measures should be taken to narrow this gap in preparedness before it can be exploited by our intelligent, opportunistic enemies." Furthermore, the author recommends that "standing, regionally-based, swiftly responding federal forces with a streamlined command and control structure [...], along with a reorientation of homeland security guidance, training, and exercises to include response to threats of this nature."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Tallen, Bill
2008-06
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Findings from the Forum on Homeland Security After the Bush Administration: Next Steps in Building Unity of Effort
This is an article from the June 2008 [v.4 no.2] edition of the Homeland Security Affairs Journal. This article provides an overview of the Forum held at Stanford University's Center for International Security and Cooperation [CISAC] on February 12, 2008. More specifically, CISAC "convened a forum of government and private sector leaders in homeland security to propose specific, practical steps that the next administration can take to strengthen collaboration in homeland security. This report summarizes their recommendations and proposes a number of structural changes within DHS [Department of Homeland Security] to provide for better integration across agency lines and help overcome the agency 'stovepiping' that has plagued DHS since its inception. The report also examines how the next administration can restructure DHS to transform state and local collaboration into a sustained, department-wide priority."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Stockton, Paul; Roberts, Patrick S., 1975-
2008-06
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On Killing al-Zarqawi - Does United States Policy Know Its Tool in the War on Terror?
"Much of the media-pundit and popular analysis that has followed the death of al Qaeda leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi has focused on how his death will affect the outcome of the war in Iraq. However, the emphasis on outcome is not the right approach. Al-Zarqawi's death serves a greater strategic purpose both in the war in Iraq and in the larger war on terror, when viewed as process rather than as outcome. From the premise that al-Zarqawi's death leaves the Iraqi insurgency and al Qaeda intact and capable of continuing to fight, the questions for the United States become: Does his death advance United States policy in the war in Iraq, and the overall war on terror? How successful is the United States in disrupting the processes of the Iraqi Insurgency and of al Qaeda? As a corollary, what are the domestic implications? This article argues that the answers perhaps can be found in the tools of policy that are available to the United States."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Reed, Donald J.
2006-07
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National Strike Teams: An Alternative Approach to Low Probability, High Consequence Events
This is an article which was published in the June 2008 edition [v.4, no.2] of the Homeland Security Affairs Journal. The article "evaluates the effectiveness of current funding and planning for low probability, high consequence events such as bioterrorism, foreign animal disease, pandemic influenza, mass fatality incidents, and terrorism. Based on existing significant funding streams, but with minimal impact on most communities, an alternate planning and response approach is suggested that utilizes the framework of national teams such as the Disaster Medical Assistance Teams [DMAT], Disaster Mortuary Assistance Teams [DMORT] and Urban Search and Rescue. These national strike team models present a far more effective and achievable alternative to the high-funded local planning that currently addresses these types of events."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Crowe, Adam
2008-06
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And Not a Drop to Drink. Water, a Test for Emergency Managers
This article published in the June 2008 edition of the Homeland Security Affairs Journal, talks about the need for reform in the emergency response process for emergency management officials. More specifically, this article examines the bureaucratic process involved in delivering clean drinking water to disaster victims. The author argues that "when a disaster is declared, FEMA [Federal Emergency Management Agency] evaluates the damage and determines what needs must be met. Between that determination and the actually delivery of supplies -- including clean water -- to disaster victims, the government requires a number of steps that, while necessary from a process standpoint, appear to inhibit the delivery of vital resources. Many of these steps are not necessary if we change the focus from the process to the victim and the responder at the point of service. Who really wants to argue that twenty steps are necessary to take care of water?"
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Byrne, Michael
2008-06
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Changing Homeland Security: What is Homeland Security?
This report published in the June 2008 edition of the Homeland Security Affairs Journal, attempts to address the question of what exactly is Homeland Security and what exactly do these words mean? The report mentions that even now there is not exact definition of Homeland Security. Furthermore, the report presents "seven defensible definitions of homeland security. These definitions -- and there may be more than seven -- are "ideal types" (as that phrase was used by Max Weber) and are based on assertions about what homeland security emphasizes or ought to emphasize. In a metaphorical sense, each definition represents a set of interests that claims a niche in the homeland security ecosystem. As in a biological system, these semantic entities struggle for resources to sustain themselves, to grow, and to reproduce their point of view within the rest of the ecosystem. As the homeland security ecosystem continues to evolve and interact with its environment, one can expect variation on particular aspects of the definitions, selection by others of the pieces of the definition that confer the most survival value, and reproduction elsewhere in the ecosystem of particular homeland security definitions." More specifically, the definitions include: Terrorism, All hazards, Terrorism and Catastrophes, Jurisdictional Hazards, Meta Hazards, National Security and Security Über Alles. Finally, the report argues that "the absence of agreement can be seen as grist for the continued evolution of homeland security as a practice and as an idea. Even if people did agree to define homeland security with a single voice, there would still be the matter of behavior. What people, organizations, and jurisdictions do under the homeland security banner is as instructive as how they define the term."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Bellavita, Christopher
2008-06
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Homeland Security Capabilities-Based Planning: Lessons from the Defense Community
"Beginning in 2004, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) began to define and implement a national domestic all-hazards preparedness goal, intended to improve the nation's preparedness for national catastrophes, including terrorist attacks. DHS's approach was capabilities-based planning (CBP), adopted from the Department of Defense (DoD). This article illustrates several components important for CBP implementation to contrast with DHS's approach. These components range from setting out the business case for CBP adoption to necessary organizational and cultural enablers. The article concludes with CBP implementation challenges because of differences between homeland security and the defense community."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Caudle, Sharon L.
2005
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Philosophy and Disaster
"Philosophers have traditionally written from the perspective of ordinary people and they are as vulnerable to fear as other members of the public. Academic philosophers can contribute to the multi-disciplinary field of homeland security and disaster studies through extensions of social contract theory from political philosophy, and applications of moral systems. The idea of a state of nature is relevant to government's role in disaster preparation, response and planning, because disasters often result in a second state of nature. All three of the main ethical systems of virtue ethics, deontology, and consequentialism, are relevant to disaster-related situations in ways that suggest the importance of being able to combine all three. Both the applications of political philosophy and moral theory can be augmented by John Rawls's idea of distributive justice and Jean-Jacques Rousseau's idea of the common good. Finally, the inevitability of human mortality, as emphasized by existentialist philosophers, can create a wider perspective on disaster."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Zack, Naomi
2006
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American Naval Power and the Prevention of Terror
"Under the new 'Joint Force' concept of operations model, the U.S. Navy has taken on added prevention responsibilities that include strategic and operational responses to asymmetric warfare. It is becoming evident that this Joint Force concept does not require an unduly large number of operational units in order to effectively support the nation's terrorism prevention mission. The lessons learned from the Navy's adoption of this concept, and its continuing evolution, are of considerable value to homeland security practitioners who are responsible for preventing terrorist activity within their respective jurisdictions. Communities should seek to develop surge capacity in their strategic and tactical theaters, conducting exercises to diagnose and strengthen this critical response component. Local organizations should consider three mission areas of prevention - interdiction, response, and redundancy - and develop qualifiers that can be applied to evaluating these areas. Furthermore, the Navy's emphasis on interagency cooperation and mission interoperability offers an example that can be followed by local homeland security jurisdictions."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Longshore, David M.N.
2005
