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DHS Actions Related to an I&A Intelligence Product Deviated from Standard Procedures (Redacted)
From the Highlights: "Our objective was to determine whether DHS followed its standard process when it drafted, edited, and disseminated an I&A [Office of Intelligence and Analysis] intelligence product regarding Russian interference in the 2020 U.S. Presidential election. [...] I&A, working with relevant external offices as appropriate, should identify and implement changes to the review and dissemination process for I&A's election-related intelligence products to ensure they are in accordance with applicable policies and guidelines."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2022-04-26
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3666, Accountability for Cryptocurrency in El Salvador Act
From the Document: "In 2021, El Salvador officially adopted a cryptocurrency as legal tender. S. 3666 would require the Department of State to report to the Congress on the details and ramifications of that action. The bill also would require the department to devise, implement, and report to the Congress on a plan to mitigate any potential risk to the U.S. financial system from El Salvador's action and similar actions by other countries. On the basis of information about the costs to prepare similar reports, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that satisfying that requirement would cost less than $500,000 over the 2022-2026 period. Such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds. The CBO staff contact for this estimate is Sunita D'Monte. The estimate was reviewed by Leo Lex, Deputy Director of Budget Analysis."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-04-26
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 4881, Old Pascua Community Land Acquisition Act
From the Document: "H.R. 4881 would direct the Department of the Interior (DOI) to take into trust about 30 acres of tribally owned lands in Pima County, Arizona, for the benefit of the Pascua Yaqui Tribe. The legislation also would make gaming activities conducted on that land subject to the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act. Using information provided by DOI, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that the administrative costs to implement H.R. 4881 would not be significant."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-04-26
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Tracking Federal Awards: USAspending.gov and Other Data Sources [Updated April 26, 2022]
From the Summary: "USAspending.gov, available at http://www.USAspending.gov, is a government source for data on federal awards by state, congressional district (CD), county, city, and zip code. The awards data in USAspending.gov are provided by federal agencies and represent contracts, grants, loans, and other forms of financial assistance. USAspending.gov also provides tools for examining the broader picture of federal spending obligations within the categories of budget function, agency, and object class. Using USAspending.gov to locate and compile accurate data on federal awards can be challenging due, in part, to continuing data quality issues that have been identified by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). Users of USAspending.gov need to be aware that while search results may be useful for informing consideration of certain questions, these results may be incomplete or contain inaccuracies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Teefy, Jennifer
2022-04-26
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Tracking Federal Awards in States and Congressional Districts Using USAspending.gov [Updated April 26, 2022]
From the Document: "USAspending.gov, available to the public at http://www.USAspending.gov, is a government source for data on federal awards by state, congressional district (CD), zip code, city, and county. The awards data in USAspending.gov is provided by federal agencies and represents grants, contracts, loans, and other financial assistance. Grant awards include money the federal government commits for projects in states, local jurisdictions, regions, territories, and tribal reservations, as well as payments for eligible needs to help individuals and families. Contract awards refer to bids and agreements the federal government makes for specific goods and services. USAspending.gov does not include data on actual spending by recipients."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Teefy, Jennifer
2022-04-26
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DHS Plan for Southwest Border Security and Preparedness
From the Executive Summary: "Under the Biden-Harris Administration, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has been executing a comprehensive and deliberate strategy to secure our borders and build a safe, orderly, and humane immigration system. After inheriting a broken and dismantled immigration system, since January 2021 DHS has effectively managed an unprecedented number of noncitizens seeking to enter the United States and interdicted more drugs and disrupted more smuggling operations than ever before. The legal authority for enforcing our border security and immigration laws comes from Title 8 of the U.S Code. Among other things, Title 8 provides that individuals who cross the border without legal authorization are processed for removal and, ifunable to establish a legal basis to remain in the United States, promptly removed from the country."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
Mayorkas, Alejandro Nicholas, 1959-
2022-04-26
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Navy DDG(X) Next-Generation Destroyer Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated April 26, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The Navy's DDG(X) program envisages procuring a class of next-generation guided-missile destroyers (DDGs) to replace the Navy's Ticonderoga (CG-47) class Aegis cruisers and older Arleigh Burke (DDG-51) class Aegis destroyers. The Navy wants to procure the first DDG(X) in FY2030. The Navy's proposed FY2023 budget requests $195.5 million in research and development funding for the program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-04-26
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Muslim Holidays: Fact Sheet [Updated April 26, 2022]
From the Introduction: "Islam is one of the three major Abrahamic faiths, alongside Judaism and Christianity. Islam, considered by the Pew Research Center to be the world's fastest growing religion, has approximately 1.8 billion followers worldwide, of whom some 3.45 million live in the United States. Muslims annually observe two major holidays: Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. This fact sheet describes the two holidays' significance and American Muslims' observance of them, and addresses the ways the holidays have been recognized by elected officials. The fact sheet also briefly describes two other widely celebrated Muslim holidays. This fact sheet is designed to assist congressional offices with work related to Islamic holidays. It contains sample speeches and remarks from the 'Congressional Record', presidential proclamations and remarks, and selected historical and cultural resources. This is part of a series of Congressional Research Service fact sheets on religious holidays in the United States."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Erin M.
2022-04-26
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International Neutrality Law and U.S. Military Assistance to Ukraine [April 26, 2022]
From the Document: "The United States, the European Union [hyperlink] (EU), and others have supplied many forms of security assistance to Ukraine in the weeks since Russia's invasion. Recent [hyperlink] U.S. assistance [hyperlink] to Ukraine, discussed in an earlier In Focus [hyperlink], ranges from ammunition to anti-aircraft weapons to communications systems. At the same time, the United States has stopped short of sending some military equipment requested [hyperlink] by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, such as combat aircraft [hyperlink]. Deciding which arms to provide raises a variety of legal, political, and practical considerations, including the potential for escalation [hyperlink] with Russia, the Ukrainian military's capacity to operate the equipment, and the risk that Russia could reverse engineer [hyperlink] captured equipment. While international law is just one facet of this calculus, media outlets report that the Biden Administration discussed questions [hyperlink] about the legality [hyperlink] of U.S. security assistance, and observers [hyperlink] have analyzed [hyperlink] whether supplying arms could violate the international law of neutrality. International neutrality law governs [hyperlink] the legal relationship between countries that are not taking part in an international armed conflict ('neutral states') and those that are engaged in such a conflict ('belligerents'). The international community developed the principles of the international law of neutrality in an era before the Charter of the United Nations (U.N.) prohibited [hyperlink] using force as a tool to resolve international conflict. Scholars have described the law of neutrality as an 'old body of law' [hyperlink] with a 'slightly musty quality' [hyperlink] that does not always translate to modern warfare."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mulligan, Stephen P.
2022-04-26
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Mistreatment of Military Families in Privatized Housing
From the Executive Summary: "During service to the nation, America's military service members and their families may live in on-base housing across the country. Nearly all of the family housing on military installations are operated by private companies, and service members pay rent to these companies with taxpayer dollars. The U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations ('Subcommittee' or 'PSI') has uncovered ongoing mistreatment of these service members and their families and mismanagement by one of the largest private military housing companies -- Balfour Beatty Communities, LLC ('Balfour') -- that has put the health and safety of military families at risk. Balfour operates more than 43,000 on-base homes at 55 separate Army, Navy, and Air Force bases in 26 states serving approximately 150,000 residents. PSI's eight month-long inquiry found numerous instances between November 2019 and February 2022 where Balfour's executives and managers failed to properly respond to both repairs and environmental hazards such as mold in homes on two military bases -- the Fort Gordon Army Base in Georgia ('Ft. Gordon'), where Balfour operates approximately 1,000 homes, and Sheppard Air Force Base in Texas ('Sheppard AFB'), where Balfour operates an estimated 700 homes. The PSI review was a case study of these bases, particularly Ft. Gordon. Balfour's failures in these instances exposed military service members and their families living on these bases to hazards that jeopardized their health and safety."
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations
2022-04-26
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Fact Sheet: The Domestic Counter-Unmanned Aircraft Systems National Action Plan
From the Document: "Today, the Biden Administration is releasing the first whole-of-government plan to address UAS [unmanned aircraft systems] threats in the Homeland. Through the 'Domestic Counter-Unmanned Aircraft Systems National Action Plan,' the Administration is working to expand 'where' we can protect against nefarious UAS activity, 'who' is authorized to take action, and 'how' it can be accomplished lawfully. The Plan seeks to achieve this legitimate expansion while safeguarding the airspace, communications spectrums, individual privacy, civil liberties and civil rights. To achieve this balance, the Administration is calling on Congress to adopt legislation to close critical gaps in existing law and policy that currently impede government and law enforcement from protecting the American people and our vital security interests."
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2022-04-25
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Arms Control and Nonproliferation: A Catalog of Treaties and Agreements [Updated April 25, 2022]
From the Summary: "Arms control and nonproliferation efforts are two of the tools that the United States has occasionally used to implement its national security strategy. Although some believe these tools do little to restrain the behavior of U.S. adversaries, while doing too much to restrain U.S. military forces and operations, many others see them as an effective means to promote transparency, ease military planning, limit forces, and protect against uncertainty and surprise. Arms control and nonproliferation efforts have produced formal treaties and agreements, informal arrangements, and cooperative threat reduction and monitoring mechanisms. After the end of the Cold War, the pace of implementation for many of these agreements slowed during the Clinton Administration. The Bush Administration usually preferred unilateral or ad hoc measures to formal treaties and agreements to address U.S. security concerns. The Obama Administration resumed bilateral negotiations with Russia and pledged its support for a number of multilateral arms control and nonproliferation efforts, but succeeded in negotiating only a few of its priority agreements. The Trump Administration withdrew the United States from the INF Treaty and the Open Skies Treaty. It did not support the full five-year extension of the New START Treaty but did seek to negotiate a short-term extension during the latter half of 2020. These talks failed to produce an agreement. It also advocated discussions on a future treaty that would limit all types of U.S., Russian, and Chinese nuclear weapons, but most arms control analysts doubt that China would participate in this process. The Biden Administration supported the full five-year extension of New START and reached an agreement with Russia that took effect on February 3, 2021."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Woolf, Amy F.; Kerr, Paul K.; Nikitin, Mary Beth Dunham
2022-04-25
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Navy Next-Generation Attack Submarine (SSN[X]) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated April 25, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The Navy wants to begin procuring a new class of nuclear-powered attack submarine (SSN), called the Next-Generation Attack Submarine or SSN(X), in the mid-2030s. The SSN(X) would be the successor to the Virginia-class SSN design, which the Navy has been procuring since FY1998. The Navy's proposed FY2023 budget requests $237.0 million in research and development funding for the SSN(X) program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-04-25
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Navy TAGOS-25 (Previously TAGOS[X]) Ocean Surveillance Shipbuilding Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated April 25, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The first of a planned class of seven new TAGOS-25 class ocean surveillance ships was procured in FY2022 at a cost of $434.4 million. The Navy wants to procure the second ship in the class in FY2025. The Navy's proposed FY2023 budget requests no procurement funding for the program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-04-25
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H. Doc. 117-113: Declaration of National Emergency and Invocation of Emergency Authority Relating to the Regulation of the Anchorage and Movement of Russian-Affiliated Vessels to United States Ports, April 25, 2022
From the Document: "Pursuant to the National Emergencies Act [..] and section 1 of title II of Public Law 65-24, ch. 30, June 15, 1917, as amended [...], I hereby report that I have issued a proclamation with respect to the policies and actions of the Government of the Russian Federation to continue the premeditated, unjustified, unprovoked, and brutal war against Ukraine, which constitute a national emergency by reason of a disturbance or threatened disturbance of international relations of the United States. The proclamation prohibits Russian-affiliated vessels from entering into United States ports with limited exceptions for Russian-affiliated vessels used in the transport of source material, special nuclear material, and nuclear byproduct material for which, and for such time as, the Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Commerce, determines that no viable source of supply is available that would not require transport by Russian-affiliated vessels; and for Russian-affiliated vessels requesting only to enter United States ports due to force majeure, solely to allow seafarers of any nationality to disembark or embark for purposes of conducting crew changes, emergency medical care, or for other humanitarian need. The proclamation also authorizes the Secretary of Homeland Security to make and issue such rules and regulations as the Secretary may find appropriate to regulate the anchorage and movement of Russian-affiliated vessels, and delegates to the Secretary my authority to approve such rules and regulations, as authorized by the Magnuson Act. I am enclosing a copy of the proclamation I have issued."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-04-25
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U.S. Immigration Courts and the Pending Cases Backlog [April 25, 2022]
From the Introduction: "Immigration court proceedings, appellate reviews, and administrative hearings are adjudicated by the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR), an agency within the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), under authority delegated by the Attorney General. Immigration courts are not part of the federal judiciary. [...] This report begins by outlining EOIR's adjudicatory components. It then describes the process for removal proceedings, which are the most common proceedings in immigration courts. It also describes bond proceedings for individuals detained during removal proceedings. Next, the report discusses key policy topics related to removal proceedings, including respondents' access to legal representation and 'in absentia' removal orders. The second half of the report focuses on the backlog of pending cases, factors associated with the backlog, proposed solutions for addressing it, and related debates."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Straut-Eppsteiner, Holly
2022-04-25
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Pacific Islands [Updated April 25, 2022]
From the Overview: "In recent years, the Pacific Islands region in the Southwest Pacific has re-emerged as an area of keen interest to major powers, largely due to the People's Republic of China's (PRC's or China's) expanding engagement in the region. The region has strategic significance for the United States and hosts key U.S. military installations. Major issues affecting the Pacific Islands include international tensions, economic development, illegal fishing, climate change, and issues related to self-determination and decolonization. The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) is the region's main political and economic policy organization with 18 members: 14 Pacific Island countries (PICs), two French 'overseas collectivities,' Australia, and New Zealand."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lum, Thomas G. (Thomas Gong), 1961-; Vaughn, Bruce, 1963-
2022-04-25
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Political Transition in Yemen [April 25, 2022]
From the Document: "In April 2022, a truce went into effect between the Republic of Yemen Government (ROYG) and the 'Ansar Allah' movement (aka the Houthis), the first nationwide truce in six years. Yemen's president subsequently resigned, reportedly under pressure from Saudi Arabia, which leads a coalition backing the ROYG in its fight against the Iran-backed Houthi movement. Congress may review the status of the Yemen conflict during its consideration of the Biden Administration's request for $46 million in FY2023 foreign assistance funding for Yemen and through its oversight of the Administration's regional policies, including a potential nuclear agreement with Iran and defensive support to U.S. partners."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
2022-04-25
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Nuclear-Armed Sea-Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM-N) [April 25, 2022]
From the Document: "In its FY2023 budget request, the Navy eliminated funding for research and development into a new nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missile (SLCM-N). The Navy indicated that the program was 'cost prohibitive and the acquisition schedule would have delivered capability late to need.' According to the Navy, this cancellation would save $199.2 million in FY2023 and $2.1 billion over the next five years. Press reports also indicate that this decision is supported in the Biden Administration's Nuclear Posture Review (NPR)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Woolf, Amy F.
2022-04-25
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Privately Made and Unmarked Firearms: Overview of ATF 'Ghost Gun' Rule [April 25, 2022]
From the Document: "On April 7, 2021, President Biden announced several [hyperlink] executive actions seeking to address gun violence, including instructions for the Department of Justice (DOJ) to issue a rule addressing [hyperlink] so-called 'ghost guns' that lack serial numbers or other identifying markings. The announcement came amidst concern [hyperlink] from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) over its inability to trace unmarked firearms that have been used in shootings and other crimes in recent years. In May 2021, ATF published a proposed rule [hyperlink] addressing certain regulatory definitions relevant to identification requirements for firearms, among other things. On April 11, 2022, DOJ submitted [hyperlink] ATF final rule [hyperlink] 2021R-05F, 'Definition of 'Frame or Receiver' and Identification of Firearms,' with the stated [hyperlink] goal of 'ensur[ing] the proper marking, recordkeeping, and traceability of all firearms manufactured, imported, acquired and disposed by' persons and entities federally licensed to engage in the firearms business (Federal Firearms Licensees, or 'FFLs'). This Sidebar provides legal context for, and an overview of, the major components of the recent final rule."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Foster, Michael A. (Legislative attorney)
2022-04-25
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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, April 22, 2022
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Vaccination Coverage with Selected Vaccines and Exemption Rates Among Children in Kindergarten -- United States, 2020-21 School Year"; "Poisoning Associated with Consumption of a Homemade Medicinal Liquor -- Chongqing, China, 2018"; "Hospitalizations of Children Aged 5-11 Years with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] -- COVID-NET, [Coronavirus Disease 2019-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network] 14 States, March 2020-February 2022"; and "QuickStats: Percentage of Adults Aged 18-64 Years Who Had a Dental Visit in the Past 12 Months, by Dental Insurance and Year -- National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2019-2020." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-04-22
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MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, April 22, 2022: Provisional Mortality Data -- United States, 2021
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This Early Release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "Provisional Mortality Data -- United States, 2021." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from MMWR can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-04-22
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 6899, Russia and Belarus SDR Exchange Prohibition Act of 202
From the Document: "H.R. 6899 would prohibit the Department of the Treasury from exchanging U.S. dollars for Special Drawing Rights (SDR) held by Russia or Belarus. SDR are an international reserve asset of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) that are distributed to each member country. The bill would direct the department to encourage other IMF members to follow suit and to oppose any non-humanitarian assistance for Russia and Belarus provided by international financial institutions such as the IMF and World Bank. On the basis of information about the costs of similar diplomatic efforts to influence the actions of other nations, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing H.R. 6899 would cost less than $500,000 over the 2022-2026 period. Such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-04-22
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MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, April 22, 2022: Provisional COVID-19 Age-Adjusted Death Rates, by Race and Ethnicity -- United States, 2020-2021
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This Early Release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "Provisional COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Age-Adjusted Death Rates, by Race and Ethnicity -- United States, 2020-2021." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from MMWR can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-04-22
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Violations of ICE Detention Standards at South Texas ICE Processing Center
From the Document: "During our unannounced inspection of South Texas in Pearsall, Texas, we identified violations of ICE [Immigration and Customs Enforcement ] detention standards that compromised the health, safety, and rights of detainees. South Texas complied with standards for legal services, the voluntary work program, and detainee classification and provided sufficient medical care to detainees. However, we found that South Texas did not meet standards for grievances, segregation, COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] response, or communications with detainees. Specifically, the facility was late responding to grievances and did not document grievance resolutions. Grievances included complaints about mistreatment by staff, some of which the facility substantiated. Also, South Texas did not consistently provide required services for detainees in segregation, including access to legal materials and razors; nor were we able to confirm the facility consistently provided access to legal calls, mail, commissary, and linen exchange due to missing documentation of these activities in facility records. In addressing COVID-19, South Texas did not consistently enforce precautions including use of masks and social distancing but did begin providing COVID-19 vaccinations to detainees through partnerships with local governments. Further, ICE and the facility did not consistently respond to detainee requests in a timely manner and ICE did not log requests sent by detainees using paper forms. Finally, we determined the diminished detainee population at South Texas resulted in ICE paying roughly $18 million for unused bed space for a 1-year period under a guaranteed minimum contract."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2022-04-22
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Federal Broadband Data Sources: Frequently Asked Questions [April 22, 2022]
From the Document: "This report provides an overview of select federal broadband data sources and answers frequently asked congressional questions concerning these sources. The answers to frequently asked questions include links to available funding sources, service maps, provider speeds and technologies, and guidance resources. This report highlights reports and data sources from federal entities, including the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), the Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the U.S. Census. Types of reports and data sources include federal survey data, congressionally mandated reports, federal assistance data, and select programmatic reports. The Broadband Deployment Accuracy and Technological Availability Act [...], enacted in March 2020, highlights congressional interest in accurate broadband data. The FCC is in the process of creating systems and processes for the broadband data collection requirements included in the Broadband DATA Act."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Roan, Rachael D.
2022-04-22
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FY2020 State Grants Under Title I-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) [April 22, 2022]
From the Document: "The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), most recently comprehensively amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act [...], is the primary source of federal aid to support elementary and secondary education. The Title I-A program is the largest grant program authorized under the ESEA and was funded at $16.3 billion for FY2020. It is designed to provide supplementary educational and related services to low-achieving and other students attending elementary and secondary schools with relatively high concentrations of students from low-income families. Under current law, the U.S. Department of Education (ED) determines Title I-A grants to local educational agencies (LEAs) based on four separate funding formulas: Basic Grants, Concentration Grants, Targeted Grants, and Education Finance Incentive Grants (EFIG). State grants are the total of the allocations for all LEAs in the state under all four formulas. The four Title I-A formulas have somewhat distinct allocation patterns, providing varying shares of allocated funds to different types of LEAs and states. Thus, for some states, certain formulas are more favorable than others."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Skinner, Rebecca; Sorenson, Isobel
2022-04-22
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Strategic Petroleum Reserve Oil Releases: October 2021 Through October 2022 [April 22, 2022]
From the Document: "The Biden Administration announced plans to release up to 260 million barrels of crude oil from the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve [hyperlink] (SPR) from October 2021 through October 2022. Oil stocks in the SPR were approximately 618 million barrels [hyperlink] at the end of September 2021. Releases planned during this period include exercise of three SPR authorities: (1) mandatory sales, (2) exchanges, and (3) emergency sales. Each release type differs in terms of congressional authority, use of funds, and replacing released barrels."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Phillip (Specialist in Energy Policy)
2022-04-22
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Long COVID and the Labor Market
From the Document: "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates [hyperlink] that between February 2020 and September 2021 nearly 147 million Americans contracted COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], with a little over 100 million of those cases presenting in working-age adults. 'Multiple studies--including recent 'analysis' from researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles--have found that roughly 30 percent of those infected with COVID-19 experience some long COVID symptoms, again with no correlation to severity of the initial illness.' A January report [hyperlink] from the Brookings Institution pulls this all together, concluding that roughly 30 million working-age Americans have likely experienced long COVID, and further points to multiple studies finding that between 23-28 percent of long COVID patients reported being out of work because of their symptoms. 'All told, the report concludes that between 1.04-1.26 million people could be out of work at any given point because of long COVID.' [...] 'Given the uncertainty around long COVID, it's hard to make any emphatic claims, but it is likely that persistent long COVID is having an impact on labor market participation, and potentially a large one.'"
American Action Forum
Holt, Christopher
2022-04-22
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Insurance, Cyberattacks, and War in Ukraine [April 22, 2022]
From the Document: "The potential for large, correlated losses has long made insurers wary of offering coverage for war damage. The first exclusions in insurance contracts for marine war risks [hyperlink] appeared in the late 1800s. With the relative absence of wars fought on U.S. territory, insurance against war risks has primarily been a concern for the transportation industry, with aviation being added to marine travel over the 20th century. The U.S. government has stepped in at various points and in various forms to ensure the availability of insurance against war risks from the beginnings of World War I through the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. (The 9/11 terrorist attacks also prompted a federal insurance program against terrorism risk [hyperlink].) While federal provision of war risk insurance is still authorized for sea and air vessels, it is narrower than it has been in the past. The risk of cyberattacks in the 21st century, particularly in regard to Russia's war in Ukraine, has brought the possibility of damages directly due to wars around the globe closer to home. Private insurance against such damage, however, may become more and more costly and difficult to obtain."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Webel, Baird
2022-04-22
