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H. Rept. 117-307: School Shooting Safety and Preparedness Act, Report Together with Minority Views, to Accompany H.R. 5428, May 6, 2022
From the Purpose and Summary: "The purpose of H.R. 5428, the 'School Shooting Safety and Preparedness Act', is to direct the U.S. Department of Education (ED), in consultation with the U.S. Departments of Justice (DOJ) and Health and Human Services (HHS), to annually collect and report on indicators of school safety for all school shootings in prekindergarten through 12th grade (PreK-12) schools and institutions of higher education. The bill creates definitions of 'school shooting' and 'mass shooting' for the purpose of data collection. This would also be the first time these terms would be defined in federal law. In addition to the number of shootings, H.R. 5428 requires data collection on a number of factors related to school shootings, including the number of people killed and injured, the demographics of the shooter and victims, and the type of gun and ammunition used, among other factors. The bill also requires a historical collection and reporting of data on prior school shootings."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-05-06
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2326, Veterans' Cyber Risk Assessment Act
From the Document: "H.R. 2326 would require the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to conduct an outreach campaign to educate veterans about cybersecurity risks, such as disinformation, identity theft, scams, or fraud perpetuated through the Internet. VA would be required to provide information on how veterans may report cybersecurity risks to law enforcement and establish a website that includes information for veterans on such risks. The department also would be required to report on the progress of the campaign within 60 days of enactment. Based on the cost of similar outreach campaigns, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates the requirement would cost less than $500,000."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-05-06
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3904, Healthcare Cybersecurity Act of 2022
From the Document: "S. 3904 would require the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) to provide cybersecurity threat information and training to health care providers in coordination with the Department of Health and Human Services. The bill also would require CISA to report to the Congress on the effectiveness of its efforts. Under current law, CISA currently employs 32 analysts to provide training to and share information with eight critical infrastructure sectors. Using information from CISA, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] expects that the agency would need four additional analysts to expand its support to the health care sector."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-05-06
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3491, Commission on Reform and Modernization of the Department of State Act
From the Document: "S. 3491 would authorize the appropriation of $2 million in 2022 to establish a new legislative branch commission. The commission, comprising eight members chosen by the Congress, would have 18 months to examine the challenges of modern-day diplomacy and report to the President and the Congress on its findings. It also would make recommendations on ways to improve the operations and management of the Department of State. CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing the bill would cost less than $500,000 in 2022 and a total of $2 million over the 2022-2026 period, subject to the appropriation of the specified amounts."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-05-06
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Defense Primer: Quantum Technology [Updated May 6, 2022]
From the Document: "Quantum technology translates the principles of quantum physics into technological applications. In general, quantum technology has not yet reached maturity; however, it could hold significant implications for the future of military sensing, encryption, and communications, as well as for congressional oversight, authorizations, and appropriations. [...] Congress has considered the management and implications of quantum technology. For example, Section 234 of the FY2019 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) (P.L. 115-232) directs the Secretary of Defense--acting through the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering--to execute a quantum technology research and development program in coordination with the private sector and other government agencies. Furthermore, Section 220 of the FY2020 NDAA (P.L. 116- 92) requires DOD to develop ethics guidelines for the use of quantum technologies, as well as plans for supporting the quantum workforce and reducing the cybersecurity risks associated with quantum technologies. It additionally authorizes the Secretary of each military department to establish Quantum Information Science (QIS) Research Centers that may 'engage with appropriate public and private sector organizations' to advance quantum research. To date, the Navy has designated the Naval Research Laboratory as its QIS Research Center, while the Air Force has designated the Air Force Research Laboratory as a QIS Research Center for both the Air Force and Space Force. The Army says it does not plan to establish a QIS Research Center at this time."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sayler, Kelley M.
2022-05-06
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Pandemic Learning: Technical Materials for Teacher Survey and Discussion Groups with Public K-12 School Principals, Teachers, and Parents
From the Background: "This electronic supplement serves as a companion to GAO-22-104487 [hyperlink], 'Pandemic Learning: As Students Struggled to Learn, Teachers Reported Few Strategies as Particularly Helpful to Mitigate Learning Loss', as well as two forthcoming reports on pandemic learning. This supplement presents technical information about our two methodologies--a nationwide survey of K-12 public school teachers and discussion groups with educators and parents--as well as a reproduction of the survey instrument and survey results in aggregate form." GAO-22-104487, "Pandemic Learning: As Students Struggled to Learn, Teachers Reported Few Strategies as Particularly Helpful to Mitigate Learning Loss," can be accessed at the following link: [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=867219].
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-05-06?
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European Parliament and U.S. Interests [Updated May 6, 2022]
From the Document: "The European Parliament (EP) is the only directly elected institution of the 27-country European Union (EU). The EP's 705 members represent the EU's roughly 445 million citizens. The most recent EP elections were in May 2019. The EP has accumulated more power over time as part of EU efforts to improve democratic accountability and transparency in EU policymaking. Enhanced powers since the 2009 Lisbon Treaty have made the EP a more important actor on several issues of U.S. concern, including trade, data privacy, and counterterrorism. Congress-EP ties are long-standing, and Congress may be interested in EP activities given the EP's potential to influence key aspects of U.S.-EU relations. [...] Interparliamentary exchanges between Congress and the EP date back to the 1970s. The Transatlantic Legislators' Dialogue (TLD) has been the formal mechanism for engagement between the U.S. House of Representatives and the EP since 1999. TLD meetings are intended to take place twice a year to discuss various political and economic issues. Many MEPs [Members of the European Parliament] have long argued for further enhancing cooperation with Congress, and some U.S. analysts suggest it might be in U.S. interests for Congress to forge closer ties with the EP to help strengthen U.S.-EU relations and reduce frictions. Others assess that structural and procedural differences between Congress and the EP likely would impede more extensive legislative cooperation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2022-05-06
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Human Trafficking Awareness Training for Health Care Professionals [May 6, 2022]
From the Summary: "Human trafficking occurs throughout the United States, and traffickers exploit vulnerable individuals for commercial sex and forced labor in a variety of legal and illegal industries. U.S. efforts to counter trafficking in persons broadly involve prevention and awareness training, investigations and prosecutions of trafficking offenses, and protection for victims. With respect to identifying victims and protecting them from further exploitation, certain industries--such as the health care industry--are uniquely positioned to recognize potential signs of trafficking. Some studies have indicated that many trafficking victims come in contact with medical professionals at some point during their exploitation, and health care professionals may be well situated to recognize indicators of human trafficking. [...] Various federal departments and agencies have developed efforts to enhance awareness of human trafficking. [...] One program is specifically focused on the health care industry. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) administers the Stop, Observe, Ask, and Respond (SOAR) to Health and Wellness Training Program. [...] Health provider training to recognize human trafficking could occur at multiple points in time: during formal education (e.g., medical or nursing school), during clinical training (e.g., as part of medical residency training or nurse clinical training), and while in active practice (e.g., as part of the requirements to obtain or maintain a license). Generally, the federal role at each of these points may be limited because schools and clinical training programs set training content, and states license health professionals. However, policymakers may consider several options for influencing this training."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Finklea, Kristin M.; Heisler, Elayne J., 1976-
2022-05-06
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Al Qaeda: Background, Current Status, and U.S. Policy [Updated May 6, 2022]
From the Document: "Al Qaeda (AQ) is a transnational Sunni Islamist terrorist organization and network of affiliates that the U.S. intelligence community described as of early 2022 as one of the groups that 'probably pose the greatest threat to U.S. persons and interests abroad' and a potential source of inspiration to domestic violent extremists. Sustained counterterrorism (CT) pressure has weakened the group since it perpetrated the September 11, 2001 (9/11) attacks. In its March 2022 annual public threat assessment, the U.S. intelligence community stated that Al Qaeda 'is constrained in its efforts to lead a unified global movement' but will try to 'capitalize on permissive operating environments.' U.S. officials characterize the AQ threat as stemming mainly from its affiliates, which have generally focused on local issues in their respective areas of operation, where they threaten local U.S. personnel, interests, and partners."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Thomas, Clayton (Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs)
2022-05-06
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Supplemental Funding for Ukraine: Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS) [Updated May 6, 2022]
From the Document: "As of April 28, 2022, the Biden Administration had submitted to Congress two emergency supplemental funding requests to address the crisis caused by Russia's invasion of Ukraine [hyperlink]. The first, submitted on March 2, 2022, included $5 billion for Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS) appropriations accounts, among other funding. On March 15, 2022, Congress enacted the Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act (USAA, P.L. 117-103, Div. N), which provided $6.8 billion for SFOPS accounts. The Administration's second supplemental funding request, submitted to Congress on April 28, called for an additional $14.75 billion in SFOPS funding related to Ukraine. Reports suggest [hyperlink] Congress may pursue another emergency supplemental funding package, though it remains to be seen what that package may include and whether domestic priorities affect its consideration."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morgenstern, Emily M.
2022-05-06
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U.S.-EU Trade Relations [May 6, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The United States and the 27-member European Union (EU) share a highly integrated trade and economic relationship. In 2021, the United States and the EU remained each other's largest overall trade and investment partner, despite recent major economic and other developments that have affected such ties, including the economic challenges and shifts in global activity arising from the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic; 'Brexit,' the departure from the EU of the United Kingdom (UK); and the rise of China as a major bilateral trading partner for both. Their ties are of global consequence, as the United States and the EU bloc are the world's two largest economies, comprising 43% of global gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020. Given the scope and magnitude of U.S.-EU trade and investment ties, efforts to strengthen and expand them by addressing remaining and new barriers to trade and investment historically have been a key part of U.S. trade policy. [...] President Joe Biden has 'underscored his support for the [EU] and his commitment to repair and revitalize the U.S.-EU partnership.' Developments during the Biden Administration include new means of cooperation, progress toward resolving certain bilateral trade irritants, and cooperation to address pressing global trade challenges. Nevertheless, diverging views and frictions remain. The 117th Congress may examine U.S. trade policy with respect to the EU in terms of resolving current trade frictions, deepening bilateral trade engagement and pursuing further trade liberalization, cooperating on global trade issues, and setting international rules and standards."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias; Johnson, Renée; Fefer, Rachel F. . . .
2022-05-06
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United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA): Background and U.S. Funding [Updated May 6, 2022]
From the Summary: "Established in 1969, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) is the primary U.N. entity addressing population issues. Its overall goal is to ensure reproductive rights for all, including access to sexual and reproductive health services such as voluntary family planning. Headquartered in New York City, UNFPA operates in over 150 countries and supports more than 3,000 staff. It is funded by voluntary contributions from governments and other donors, with expenses totaling $1.29 billion in 2020. [...] The United States played a key role in the creation of UNFPA and was initially one of its largest financial donors. In the mid-1980s, President Reagan and some Members of Congress became concerned that UNFPA's country program in the People's Republic of China (PRC) engaged in or provided funding for abortion or coercive family planning programs. In response, Congress enacted what became known as the 'Kemp-Kasten' amendment as part of the FY1985 Supplemental Appropriations Act. The measure stated that no funds 'may be made available to any organization or program which, as determined by the President, supports or participates in the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization.' The amendment has continued to be included in annual appropriations laws, at times resulting in the withholding of U.S. funding from UNFPA."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchfield, Luisa; Lum, Thomas G. (Thomas Gong), 1961-; Collins-Chase, Edward J.
2022-05-06
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H. Rept. 117-309: Empowering the U.S. Fire Administration Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 7077, May 6, 2022
From the Purpose of the Bill: "The purpose of the bill is to require the United States Fire Administration to conduct on-site investigations of major fires."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-05-06
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Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report as of April 30, 2022 (Fiscal Year 2022 Report to Congress)
From the Background: "P.L. [Public Law] 117-103 requires that the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Administrator provide a report by the fifth business day of each month on the Disaster Relief Fund (DRF) that includes a funding summary, a table delineating DRF funding activities each month by state and event, a summary of the funding for the catastrophic events, and the fund exhaustion date, or end-of-fiscal-year balance. [...] [T]he following report elements are included: 1. Appendix A is an appropriations summary that includes a synopsis of the amount of appropriations made available by source, the transfers executed, the previously allocated funds recovered, and the commitments, allocations, and obligations. 2. Appendix B presents details on the DRF funding activities delineated by month. 3. Appendix C presents obligations and estimates by spending category for Hurricanes Sandy, Harvey, Irma, and Maria; Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19); and declarations since August 1, 2017. 4. Appendix D presents funding summaries for the current active catastrophic events including the allocations, obligations, and expenditures. 5. Appendix E presents the fund exhaustion date, or end-of-fiscal-year balance. 6. Appendix F presents a bridge table that provides explanation for the monthly and baseline change for all activities to include details for catastrophic events. 7. Appendix G presents the fund history and current status of the Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC)/Predisaster Mitigation (PDM) program."
United States. Department of Homeland Security; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2022-05-06
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3199, Ethiopia Peace and Stabilization Act of 2022
From the Document: "S. 3199 would require the President to impose sanctions on foreign persons the Administration determines have taken the following actions in Ethiopia: [1] Undermined efforts to end the civil conflict, [2] Obstructed humanitarian assistance, or [3] Profited from business activity related to the conflict, electoral fraud, abuses of human rights, or public corruption. The bill would suspend certain U.S. foreign assistance to Ethiopia. It also would authorize the Administration to assist entities that promote peace and reconciliation in Ethiopia as well as those that investigate and seek accountability for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and abuses of human rights in that country. Lastly, the bill would require the Administration to develop and implement strategies to promote democracy, reconciliation, and the rule of law in Ethiopia and to report to the Congress on its actions under the bill and on other related matters."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-05-05
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 4270, Abandoned Well Remediation Research and Development Act
From the Document: "H.R. 4270 would authorize the appropriation of specific amounts each year from 2022 through 2026, totaling $163 million, for the Department of Energy (DOE), in coordination with other federal and state agencies, to establish an abandoned oil and gas well research and demonstration program. Under the program, DOE would focus on developing technologies and strategies to improve abandoned well identification, increase the efficiency of abandoned well plugging and repurposing, and mitigate the effects of abandoned wells on the environment. For this estimate, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] assumes that the bill will be enacted near the end of fiscal year 2022 and that the specified amounts will be appropriated each year. However, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (Public Law 117-58) appropriated $30 million to DOE for similar activities in 2022--an amount equal to what H.R. 4270 would authorize for that same year. Accordingly, CBO's estimate of the budgetary effects of the bill reflects authorizations totaling $133 million over the 2022-2026 period--the difference between the amounts specified in the bill and the amounts provided under current law. Based on historical spending patterns for similar programs, CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 4270 would cost $69 million over the 2022-2026 period and $64 million after 2026."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-05-05
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EMR-ISAC: InfoGram, Volume 22 Issue 18, May 05, 2022
The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following articles: "DHS S&T [Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate] evaluates new vision technology for bomb disposal robots"; "Coordinated ventilation and suppression tactics for structure fires: Final course in UL [Underwriters Laboratories] training series now available"; "Webinars: How to procure goods and services under a FEMA grant program"; "National Homeland Security Conference, July 11-14"; " FBI: Business Email Compromise - The $43 Billion Scam"; "HSCC [Health Sector Coordinating Council]: Operational Continuity-Cyber Incident (OCCI) Checklist"; "Microsoft finds new elevation of privilege Linux vulnerability, Nimbuspwn"; "Tractor-trailer brake controllers vulnerable to remote hacker attacks"; and "More details emerge on China's widespread Ukraine-related hacking efforts."
Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)
2022-05-05
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Public Law 117-116: Better Cybercrime Metrics Act
"An act to establish cybercrime reporting mechanisms, and for other purposes."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-05-05
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Ransomware Trends in the HPH Sector (Q1 2022) [presentation]
This Health Sector Cybersecurity Coordination Center (HC3) document is a May 5, 2022 presentation on "Ransomware Trends in the HPH [Healthcare and Public Health] Sector" for the first quarter of 2022.
United States. Department of Health and Human Services. Health Sector Cybersecurity Coordination Center (HC3)
2022-05-05
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Federal Contracting: Opportunities Remain for Department of Labor to Improve Enforcement of Service Worker Wage Protections, Statement of Thomas M. Costa, Director, Education, Workforce, and Income Security, Testimony Before the Committee on the Budget, U.S. Senate
From the Highlights: "The SCA [Service Contract Act] ensures that service workers on certain federal contracts receive pay and benefits that reflect current employment conditions in their locality. From fiscal years 2014 through 2019, the U.S. government obligated over $720 billion on service contracts covered under the SCA. This testimony describes (1) what available data reveal about past SCA cases, (2) challenges DOL [U.S. Department of Labor] reports facing in enforcing the SCA, and (3) SCA implementation challenges."
United States. Government Accountability Office
Costa, Thomas
2022-05-05
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 5324, NWR Modernization Act of 2021
From the Document: "Under current law, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) operates a nationwide network of radio stations that broadcast continuous weather information, called NOAA Weather Radio (NWR). Those radio stations also broadcast warning and post-event information for all types of hazards including earthquakes, avalanches, chemical releases, oil spills, AMBER alerts, and 911 outages. H.R. 5324 would authorize the appropriation of $20 million to expand NWR coverage to underserved areas through the acquisition and installation of additional transmission infrastructure."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-05-05
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Defense Primer: Hypersonic Boost-Glide Weapons [Updated May 5, 2022]
From the Document: "The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is pursuing two types of hypersonic weapons technologies: boost-glide systems that place a maneuverable glide vehicle atop a ballistic missile or rocket booster, and cruise missiles that would use high-speed, air-breathing engines known as scramjets to travel to hypersonic speeds. This In Focus addresses only the first of these technologies. The Pentagon's FY2023 budget request for hypersonic-related research is $4.7 billion--up from $3.8 billion in the FY2022 request. This increased funding and statements from Pentagon officials demonstrate growing support for weapons that could attack priority targets promptly and with improved accuracy without facing defeat by an adversary's air or missile defense systems. Pentagon officials have also expressed concerns about advances in hypersonic weapons technologies in Russia and China, and on the potential threats to U.S. forces, allies, and territory."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sayler, Kelley M.; Woolf, Amy F.
2022-05-05
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National Firearms Commerce and Trafficking Assessment: Firearms in Commerce
From the Foreword: "As part of an administration-wide strategy to combat the rise in violent crime, in April 2021, President Biden and Attorney General Garland directed the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) to issue a comprehensive report on firearms commerce and trafficking. [...] This volume presents and analyzes data collected by ATF and other federal agencies related to the manufacture, exportation, and importation of firearms. Between 2000 and 2020, the number of Gun Control Act (GCA) firearms and National Firearms Act (NFA) weapons that were domestically manufactured, exported by U.S. manufacturers, or imported into the U.S. increased by 187%, 240% and 350% respectively. This data illustrates the flow of new firearms into the domestic market over time which can help document trends and patterns in commerce. Trends in firearm commerce highlighted by this report include the pistol becoming the dominant firearm type manufactured and imported into the U.S. over the last decade, and an increase of 24,080% in annual manufacturing of short-barreled rifles in the period from 2000 to 2020. This volume analyzes technological developments that have occurred in the past 20 years. One of the most significant developments affecting lawful firearm commerce and law enforcement's ability to reduce illegal access to guns in this period has been the proliferation of privately made firearms (PMFs)."
United States. Department of Justice; United States. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives
2022-05-05
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Hypersonic Weapons: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated May 5, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The United States has actively pursued the development of hypersonic weapons as a part of its conventional prompt global strike (CPGS) program since the early 2000s. In recent years, it has focused such efforts on hypersonic glide vehicles and hypersonic cruise missiles with shorter and intermediate ranges for use in regional conflicts. Although funding for these programs has been relatively restrained in the past, both the Pentagon and Congress have shown a growing interest in pursuing the development and near-term deployment of hypersonic systems. This is due, in part, to advances in these technologies in Russia and China, leading to a heightened focus in the United States on the strategic threat posed by hypersonic flight. Open-source reporting indicates that both China and Russia have conducted numerous successful tests of hypersonic glide vehicles and likely fielded an operational capability. Experts disagree on the potential impact of competitor hypersonic weapons on both strategic stability and the U.S. military's competitive advantage. [...] The following report reviews the hypersonic weapons programs in the United States, Russia, and China, providing information on the programs and infrastructure in each nation, based on unclassified sources. It also provides a brief summary of the state of global hypersonic weapons research development. It concludes with a discussion of the issues that Congress might address as it considers DOD's funding requests for U.S. hypersonic technology programs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sayler, Kelley M.
2022-05-05
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Executive Agency Justification of the President's Budget: In Brief [May 5, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The federal budget sustains government functions and plays an important role in shaping policy decisions. In practice, the process for developing and executing the federal budget is multifaceted. The Constitution vests Congress with the power of the purse, with provisions that refer to congressional authority to levy taxes, authorize the issuance of debt, and make appropriations to fund the federal government. The Constitution does not provide an explicit role for the President in the budget process. Rather, the executive budget process exists primarily due to statutes enacted by Congress, and it specifies roles for the President, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and executive agencies. The executive budget process is a complex set of activities that includes (1) development of the President's budget proposal, (2) submission and justification of the President's budget proposal, and (3) execution of enacted appropriations and other budgetary legislation. While some of the activities must be completed by specific dates, many follow a more flexible schedule established by formal and informal rules and procedures. After the submission of the President's budget request, each executive agency bears the responsibility for justifying its budget request to gain approval from Congress. [...] This report focuses on the justification of requests for spending provided through the annual appropriations process (i.e., discretionary spending)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Fiorentino, Dominick A.
2022-05-05
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Executive Budget Process Timeline: In Brief [May 5, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The federal budget sustains government functions and plays an important role in shaping policy decisions. In practice, the process for developing and executing the federal budget is multifaceted. The Constitution vests Congress with the power of the purse, with provisions that refer to congressional authority to levy taxes, authorize the issuance of debt, and make appropriations to fund the federal government. The Constitution does not provide an explicit role for the President in the budget process. Rather, the executive budget process exists primarily due to statutes enacted by Congress, and it specifies roles for the President, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and executive agencies. The executive budget process is a complex set of activities that includes (1) development of the President's budget proposal, (2) submission and justification of the President's budget proposal, and (3) execution of enacted appropriations and other budgetary legislation. While some of the activities must be completed by specific dates, many follow a more flexible schedule established by formal and informal rules and procedures. This report provides a brief overview of the phases of the executive budget process."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Fiorentino, Dominick A.
2022-05-05
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Role of Executive Agencies in Budget Development: In Brief [May 5, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The federal budget sustains government functions and plays an important role in shaping policy decisions. In practice, the process for developing and executing the federal budget is multifaceted. The Constitution vests Congress with the power of the purse, with provisions that refer to congressional authority to levy taxes, authorize the issuance of debt, and make appropriations to fund the federal government. The Constitution does not provide an explicit role for the President in the budget process. Rather, the executive budget process exists primarily due to statutes enacted by Congress, and it specifies roles for the President, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and executive agencies. The executive budget process is a complex set of activities that includes (1) development of the President's budget proposal, (2) submission and justification of the President's budget proposal, and (3) execution of enacted appropriations and other budgetary legislation. While some of the activities must be completed by specific dates, many follow a more flexible schedule established by formal and informal rules and procedures. This report briefly covers agencies' roles in budget development in the context of the executive budget process."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Heniff, Bill; Fiorentino, Dominick A.
2022-05-05
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Role of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in Budget Development: In Brief [May 5, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The federal budget sustains government functions and plays an important role in shaping policy decisions. In practice, the process for developing and executing the federal budget is multifaceted. The Constitution vests Congress with the power of the purse, with provisions that refer to congressional authority to levy taxes, authorize the issuance of debt, and make appropriations to fund the federal government. The Constitution does not provide an explicit role for the President in the budget process. Rather, the executive budget process exists primarily due to statutes enacted by Congress, and it specifies roles for the President, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and agencies. The executive budget process consists of three main phases: development of the President's budget proposal, submission and justification of the President's budget proposal, and execution of enacted annual appropriations and other budgetary legislation. Congress may become involved in any of these phases. Under current law, the President must develop and submit a consolidated budget to Congress no later than the first Monday in February prior to the start of the upcoming fiscal year. OMB assists the President in carrying out budgetary duties. Originally created by the 1921 Budget and Accounting Act as the Bureau of the Budget, it was reconstituted as OMB in 1970. One of OMB's primary functions is to oversee the development of the President's budget proposal. This report briefly highlights the roles of OMB in budget development."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Riccard, Taylor N.
2022-05-05
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Role of the President in Budget Development: In Brief [May 5, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The federal budget sustains government functions and plays an important role in shaping policy decisions. In practice, the process for developing and executing the federal budget is multifaceted. The Constitution vests Congress with the power of the purse, with provisions that refer to congressional authority to levy taxes, authorize the issuance of debt, and make appropriations to fund the federal government. The Constitution does not provide an explicit role for the President in the budget process. Rather, the executive budget process exists primarily due to statutes enacted by Congress, and it specifies roles for the President, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and agencies. The executive budget process consists of three main phases: development of the President's budget proposal, submission and justification of the President's budget proposal, and execution of enacted annual appropriations and other budgetary legislation. Congress may become involved in any of these phases. The President's budget proposal--referred to by statute as the 'Budget of the United States Government'--is required by law to be submitted annually. [...] This report briefly highlights the role of the President in budget development. For a detailed overview of the development, submission, and justification of the President's budget proposal, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report R47019, 'The Executive Budget Process: An Overview,' by Dominick A. Fiorentino and Taylor N. Riccard."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Riccard, Taylor N.
2022-05-05
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U.S. Solar Photovoltaic Manufacturing [May 5, 2022]
From the Introduction: "Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems now account for the highest proportion of new electric power generation capacity in the United States ('Figure 1'). Domestic solar power generation has increased rapidly in recent years, enabled by technological advances, government support, state-level policies mandating use of electricity from renewable sources, and improved cost-competitiveness relative to generation from fossil fuels. [...] Expanding solar generation requires sufficient manufacturing capacity, from the production of polysilicon, the raw material used to convert solar energy into electricity, to the fabrication of solar cells and assembly of panels. Approximately three-quarters of the worldwide production of all inputs to PV systems currently occur in China. While PV panel assembly in the United States has increased since 2018 in the wake of increased U.S. import duties, many of the inputs into those panels are imported. A relatively small proportion of solar products sold in the United States is produced domestically. This report looks at the domestic solar PV manufacturing industry and the downstream value chain for solar power installations. It considers whether market shifts, including new product architectures, improved packaging designs, integration of energy storage into solar systems, and recycling or reuse of components, may create new opportunities for manufacturing in the United States. It also evaluates the extent to which international trade policies enacted over the last decade have impacted each stage of the domestic solar manufacturing industry."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Singh, Manpreet
2022-05-05
