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INVEST in America Act (H.R. 3684) Would Set Highway Spending 34% Above Baseline and Bring Back Earmarks [Updated June 11, 2021]
From the Document: "On June 10, 2021, the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee ordered reported the Investing in a New Vision for the Environment and Surface Transportation in America Act (INVEST in America Act; H.R. 3684). The five-year bill, as reported, would authorize roughly $334 billion for federal highway construction and research programs for FY2022-FY2026. This is a roughly 48% increase, unadjusted for inflation, over the $223 billion provided for highways in the previous five-year authorization (FY2016- FY2020), the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act; P.L. 114-94). The total represents a roughly 34% increase above current spending adjusted for expected inflation. H.R. 3684 also would bring back the designation of projects by Members of Congress [hyperlink] for the first time since a moratorium on earmarking was imposed in 2011. [hyperlink]"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kirk, Robert S.
2021-06-11
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Audit of the Department of Defense's Sea Transportation and Storage of Arms, Ammunition, and Explosives
From the Objective: "The objective of this audit was to determine whether the DoD transported arms, ammunition, and explosives (AA&E) by sea in accordance with DoD regulations."
United States. Department of Defense. Office of the Inspector General
2021-06-11
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SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern and Variants Under Investigation in England [11 June 2021]
From the Summary: "There are 4 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)] variants of concern and 8 variants under investigation. [...] This report has been published to continue to share detailed surveillance of Delta (VOC21APR-02, B.1.617.2). A separate report is published covering our routine data on all other variants of concern and variants under investigation. These additional specialist technical briefings represent early data and analysis on an emerging variant and findings have a high level of uncertainty."
Public Health England
2021-06-11
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H. Doc. 117-43: Blocking Property and Suspending Entry into the United States of Certain Persons Contributing to the Destabilizing Situation in the Western Balkans, June 11, 2021
From the Document: "Pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), I [Joseph R. Biden, Jr.] hereby report that I have issued an Executive Order in order to expand the scope of the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13219 of June 26, 2001 (Blocking Property of Persons Who Threaten International Stabilization Efforts in the Western Balkans), as amended by Executive Order 13304 of May 28, 2003 (Termination of Emergencies With Respect to Yugoslavia and Modification of Executive Order 13219 of June 26, 2001), finding that the situation in the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Republic of Albania (the Western Balkans), over the past two decades, including the undermining of post-war agreements and institutions following the breakup of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, as well as widespread corruption within various governments and institutions in the Western Balkans, stymies progress toward effective and democratic governance and full integration into transatlantic institutions, and thereby constitutes an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2021-06-11
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VA Health Care: Additional Data Needed to Inform the COVID-19 Response in Community Living Centers, Report to Congressional Addressees
From the Document: "Thousands of veterans rely on nursing home care provided or paid for by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to help them meet their skilled nursing and personal care needs. Many of these veterans--around 9,000 per day in fiscal year 2019--receive this care in one of 134 community living centers (CLC). In contrast to the other nursing home settings in which veterans may receive nursing home care, CLCs are owned and operated by VA and are associated with, and may be located in, on the campuses of, or near, VA medical centers (VAMC). CLCs provide nursing home care that includes short-term rehabilitation, respite care, hospice care, long-term skilled nursing, mental health recovery, dementia care, and care for spinal cord injuries and disorders to veterans in this setting. VA's management of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for CLCs is of critical importance. COVID-19 is a new and highly contagious respiratory disease causing severe illness and death, particularly among the elderly. [...] In August 2020, we began work reviewing VA's response to the COVID-19 pandemic in CLCs under the CARES [Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security] Act provision that GAO [U.S. Government Accountability Office] monitor the federal response to the pandemic. In this report, we examine the extent to which VA has data on COVID-19 cases and deaths among CLC residents and staff. Future GAO work will address more broadly selected CLCs' experiences responding to the pandemic and VA's oversight of this response."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2021-06-10
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Marine Corps Advanced Reconnaissance Vehicle (ARV) [Updated June 10, 2021]
From the Document: "According to the Marine Corps, the Advanced Reconnaissance Vehicle (ARV) aims to be a new armored vehicle family to replace the Light Armored Vehicle (LAV): Since the 1980s, the Light Armored Vehicle (LAV) has supported Marine Air-Ground Task Force missions on the battlefield. While the LAV remains operationally effective, the life cycle of this system is set to expire in the mid-2030s…. The Advanced Reconnaissance Vehicle (ARV) [the LAV's replacement] will be highly mobile, networked, transportable, protected, and lethal. The capability will provide, sensors, communication systems and lethality options to overmatch threats that have historically been addressed with more heavily armored systems. The ARV will be an advanced combat vehicle system, capable of fighting for information that balances competing capability demands to sense, shoot, move, communicate and remain transportable as part of the naval expeditionary force."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Feickert, Andrew
2021-06-10
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Energy and Water Development Appropriations for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation: In Brief [Updated June 10, 2021]
From the Summary: "The Department of Energy's (DOE's) nonproliferation and national security programs provide technical capabilities to support U.S. efforts to 'prevent, counter, respond' to the proliferation of nuclear weapons worldwide, including by both states and non-state actors. These programs are administered by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), a semiautonomous agency established within DOE in 2000. NNSA is responsible for maintaining the U.S. nuclear weapons stockpile, providing nuclear fuel to the Navy, nuclear and radiological emergency response, and nuclear nonproliferation activities. NNSA's Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation is funded under the Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation (DNN) account. This report addresses the programs in the DNN account, appropriated by the Energy and Water appropriations bill. The FY2022 request for DNN appropriations was $2.26 billion. The proposal included unobligated prior year balances. The reduction continues an earlier trend to reduce prior-year carryover balances. According to the budget justification, the increase of $4 million, or 0.2%, from the FY2021-enacted level includes increases in Nonproliferation and Arms Control and DNN R&D [research and development] programs, offset by the completion of Material Management and Minimization and Global Material Security."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Nikitin, Mary Beth Dunham
2021-06-10
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Defense Health Primer: U.S. Coast Guard Health Services [Updated June 10, 2021]
From the Document: "Established in 1790, the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) is a military service in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and a branch of the armed forces of the United States. The role of USCG is to provide security, maritime safety, and environmental stewardship on the high seas and in the ports, inland waterways, and maritime economic zones of the United States. To support these tasks, 14 U.S.C. §504 authorizes USCG to administer a Health Services program to sustain the medical readiness of approximately 47,000 active duty and reserve servicemembers of the Coast Guard. The USCG program also collaborates with the Military Health System (MHS) of the Department of Defense (DOD) to offer health care services to 9.6 million beneficiaries eligible for TRICARE. [...] There are a number of perceived challenges facing the USCG Health Services program, many of which have attracted congressional attention and ongoing oversight. [1] Electronic Health Record Modernization; [...] [2] USPHS [U.S. Public Health Service] Support to USCG; [...] [and 3] Disability Evaluation System."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mendez, Bryce H. P.
2021-06-10
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U.S. Global Health Funding: FY2017-FY2022 Request [Updated June 10, 2021]
From the Background: "Congress has prioritized global health, increasing related funding, particularly for the creation of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and the President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) during the George W. Bush Administration. During the Obama Administration, appropriations continued to rise, though at a slower pace and with some funding dips. Global health appropriations also increased during the Trump Administration, despite requests from that Administration to cut global health spending. Following the emergence of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, appropriations for global health security rose and several bills for bolstering global health security were introduced."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Salaam-Blyther, Tiaji
2021-06-10
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Georgia: Background and U.S. Policy [Updated June 10, 2021]
From the Summary: "Georgia is one of the United States' closest partners among the post-Soviet states that gained their independence after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. With a history of strong economic aid and security cooperation, the United States has deepened its strategic partnership with Georgia since Russia's 2008 invasion of Georgia and 2014 invasion of Ukraine. U.S. policy expressly supports Georgia's sovereignty and territorial integrity within its internationally recognized borders, and Georgia is a leading recipient of U.S. aid in Europe and Eurasia. [...] Since FY2017, State Department and U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) bilateral aid allocations to Georgia have totaled $123 million a year on average ($131 million in FY2020, including $40 million in Foreign Military Financing, or FMF). For FY2021, Congress appropriated $132 million in bilateral aid to Georgia, including $35 million in FMF. For FY2022, the State Department/USAID budget request includes $120.6 million in bilateral aid to Georgia."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Welt, Cory
2021-06-10
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Navy LPD-17 Flight II and LHA Amphibious Ship Programs: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated June 10, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on two types of amphibious ships being procured for the Navy: LPD [landing platform/dock]-17 Flight II class amphibious ships and LHA [landing helicopter assault]-type amphibious assault ships. Both types are built by Huntington Ingalls Industries/Ingalls Shipbuilding (HII/Ingalls) of Pascagoula, MS. The Navy's LPD-17 Flight II and LHA shipbuilding programs pose multiple oversight issues for Congress. Congress's decisions on the LPD-17 Flight II and LHA programs could affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements and the shipbuilding industrial base. They could also have implications for the preservation and use of Congress's power of the purse under Article 1 of the Constitution, and for maintaining Congress as a coequal branch of government relative to the executive branch."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-06-10
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2195, Protecting the Employment Rights of Servicemembers Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Veterans' Affairs on May 4, 2021. From the Document: "The Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA) generally prohibits employment discrimination based on service in the armed forces, provides reemployment rights after qualifying service in the armed forces, and protects employees from retaliation for exercising their rights under the act. H.R. 2195 would specify that agreements to arbitrate claims under the act are unenforceable if they predate the date on which claims are filed in court. Reducing the number of arbitration agreements could increase the number of cases that are referred to the Department of Labor (DOL), the Department of Justice (DOJ), and the Office of Special Counsel (OSC) for enforcement of USERRA."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-10
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2980, Cybersecurity Vulnerability Remediation Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Homeland Security on May 18, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 2980 would authorize the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) to disseminate information to the public about vulnerabilities in the software and hardware of information systems. The bill would authorize CISA to establish an award program to encourage researchers to disclose such vulnerabilities to the agency. The bill also would require CISA to assess and report to the Congress on the effectiveness of its vulnerability disclosure programs. [...] CBO estimates that enacting H.R. 2980 would cost $55 million over the 2021-2026 period. CBO also estimates that providing the required report to the Congress would cost less than $500,000; such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriations."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-10
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 3283, to Repeal the Joint Resolution Entitled 'A Joint Resolution to Promote Peace and Stability in the Middle East'
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on May 19, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 3283 would repeal Public Law 85-7, which, enacted in 1957, authorized a program of military and economic support to Middle Eastern nations threatened by international Communism. The law also authorized the President to deploy armed forces to defend U.S. allies in the region against Communist aggressors. No administration ever cited the legal authorities of P.L. 85-7 as the basis for military operations. Because of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the diminished security threat currently posed by international Communism, CBO does not anticipate the Administration will justify military deployments under the authority of P.L. 85-7. CBO estimates that repealing the authorizing legislation would not affect spending to support military operations in the Middle East; thus enacting the bill would not affect the federal budget."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-10
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EMR-ISAC: Infogram, Volume 21 Issue 23, June 10, 2021
The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following articles: "New NFPA [National Fire Protection Association] 1802 Standard establishes specifications for rugged portable radios in the hazard zone"; "Tennessee board reports Nashville bombing impact on 911, future plans"; "FEMA updates 25 Incident Management Team Job Title/Position Qualifications and Position Task Books"; "Webinar: Talking TIM [Traffic Incident Management] - Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) for Traffic Incident Management"; "Department of Justice seizes $2.3 million in cryptocurrency paid to the ransomware extortionists Darkside"; "FBI: REvil cybergang behind the JBS [food processing company] ransomware attack"; "Alleged REvil ransomware operator says all US entities can now be targeted"; "CISA [Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency]: Unpatched VMware vCenter software"; "NYC [New York City] Law Department system still down three days after hack uncovered."
Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)
2021-06-10
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 3367, Gold Star Children Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Oversight and Reform on May 25, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 3367 would expand preferred eligibility for federal jobs to the children of certain deceased or totally and permanently disabled veterans. CBO estimates that enacting the bill would not significantly affect the federal budget. Under current law, some veterans and family members of veterans may claim preference for hiring when seeking certain jobs with the federal government. H.R. 3367 would expand the pool of family members who may claim such preference to include the children of some veterans. That change would not affect the total number of people the federal government would employ or their compensation. However, H.R. 3367 would impose additional administrative burdens on federal agencies by increasing the number of future cases where they would need to use procedures governing veterans' preference that are already in place. That additional administrative burden would not significantly affect agencies' discretionary salaries and expense costs, CBO estimates."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-10
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2082, VA Supply Chain Resiliency Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Veterans' Affairs on May 4, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 2082 would require the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to participate in the Defense Logistics Agency's (DLA) Warstopper Program. Through that program, the agency contracts with manufacturers to quickly obtain critical medical supplies such as ventilators, surgical masks, and other items. The bill also would prohibit VA from solely relying on regional physical inventories of critical items in order to respond to public health emergencies. VA can contract through DLA under current law and has taken steps to do so. Thus, satisfying that requirement would not affect the federal budget."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-10
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 381, National Ocean Exploration Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on April 28, 2021. From the Document: "S. 381 would amend several ocean mapping and exploration programs administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The bill would authorize the appropriation of specific amounts for those programs over the 2021-2026 period. Because specific amounts are already authorized or appropriated under current law, CBO's estimate of the budgetary effects is based on the difference between the amounts in the bill and those specified in the law. In total, the bill would authorize the appropriation, on net, of $1.4 billion[.]"
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-10
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 3243, Pipeline Security Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Homeland Security on May 18, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 3243 would codify the role of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) as the administrator of the Department of Homeland Security's program to protect pipelines from terrorists and cybersecurity threats. The bill would require TSA to create a new executive position, develop a personnel strategy to improve the effectiveness of the pipeline security program, and report on its progress annually. Finally, H.R. 3243 would require the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to review the bill's implementation within two years of enactment."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-10
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 1187, ESG Disclosure Simplification Act of 2021
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Financial Services on April 21, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 1187 would require the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to issue rules that define environmental, social, and governance (ESG) metrics and would require publicly traded companies to disclose and describe how those metrics affect their business strategy to shareholders and the SEC annually. Under the bill, the SEC would establish a permanent advisory committee, composed of up to 20 members, to advise the agency on sustainable finance issues. Using information from the SEC, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing H.R. 1187 would cost $6 million over the 2021-2026 period for the SEC to issue rules and support the advisory committee. However, because the SEC is authorized to collect fees each year to offset its annual appropriation, CBO expects that the net effect over the 2021-2026 period would be negligible, assuming appropriation actions consistent with that authority."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-10
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Review of VHA's Financial Oversight of COVID-19 Supplemental Funds
From the Executive Summary: "[T]he VA [Department of Veterans Affairs] Office of Inspector General (OIG) initiated this review to report on efforts by the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) to establish financial oversight mechanisms for tracking and reporting COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] supplemental funding. This review focused on VHA because it received most of the supplemental funding. Of the $19.57 billion in CARES [Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security] Act funding provided to VA, VHA received approximately $17.24 billion for medical care supplemental funds, as well as $60 million from the FFCRA [Families First Coronavirus Response Act], for a total of approximately $17.3 billion. The OIG team reviewed VHA's efforts to establish financial oversight for tracking and reporting on COVID-19 supplemental funding. The team did not assess the effectiveness of VA's or VHA's internal controls for individual obligations and expenditures, nor the reasonableness of each one."
United States. Department of Veterans Affairs. Office of Inspector General
2021-06-10
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Department of Defense Office of Inspector General's Report to Congress Pursuant to Section 554 of the Fiscal Year 2021 National Defense Authorization Act
From the Introductory Message of Sean W. O'Donnell, Acting Inspector General: "I am pleased to present this report on the newly established Deputy Inspector General for Diversity and Inclusion and Extremism in the Military (DIEM) within the Department of Defense Office of Inspector General (DoD OIG), as directed by Section 554 of the FY 2021 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA). [...] As required by Section 554, this report describes the duties and responsibilities of the Deputy Inspector General for DIEM; the organization, structure, staffing, and funding of the office established to support the Deputy Inspector General in the execution of such duties and responsibilities; challenges to the establishment of the Deputy Inspector General and the office, including any shortfalls in personnel and funding; and the date by which I expect the Office of the Deputy Inspector General to reach full operational capability."
United States. Department of Defense. Office of the Inspector General
2021-06-10
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VA Real Property: Preliminary Observations on Challenges Limiting VA's Ability to Effectively Manage Its Assets, Statement of Andrew Von Ah, Director, Physical Infrastructure, Testimony Before the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, U.S. Senate
From the Highlights: "VA [Department of Veterans Affairs] manages a vast portfolio of real property assets, including a healthcare system that provides care at 171 VA medical centers and 1,112 outpatient sites to over 9 million veterans enrolled in the VA health care program. VA has pressing infrastructure needs, including adapting to changes in veterans' demographics and maintaining or replacing aging facilities. GAO's [Government Accountability Office] key characteristics of an asset management framework state that effectively managing assets requires, among other things, maintaining leadership support that provides the necessary resources; a collaborative organizational culture; and a system for evaluating and improving asset management performance. However, GAO's previous and ongoing work has found that VA continues to face challenges on these fronts. Although VA has implemented some GAO recommendations, several priority recommendations remain outstanding in areas related to asset management, such as staffing and capital planning. GAO was asked to testify about VA's management of its capital asset portfolio. This statement summarizes GAO's findings from prior reports and preliminary observations from ongoing work examining VA's capital asset management. In ongoing work, GAO reviewed VA documentation and interviewed officials from VA headquarters offices involved in asset management. GAO also interviewed personnel at a selection of eight VA medical centers and seven regional offices and from four Veterans Service Organizations about VA's asset management."
United States. Government Accountability Office
Von Ah, Andrew
2021-06-09
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 3261, to Repeal the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on May 19, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 3261 would repeal Public Law 102-1, which authorized the President to use the armed forces to enforce United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-09
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Food Insecurity Among College Students: Background and Policy Options [June 9, 2021]
From the Summary: "Food insecurity--the condition of having inadequate food due to a lack of resources--affected roughly 1 in 10 Americans in 2019, and this number increased during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. Among college students nationwide, the prevalence of food insecurity is unknown; however, studies have shown that food insecurity is a problem for some college students, particularly those attending two-year schools and those from lower-income households. [...] This report summarizes research on the extent and effects of food insecurity among college students and recent efforts by students, institutions, and governments to reduce food insecurity among this population. It also presents a selection of possible federal policy options to help inform proposals that seek to address food insecurity among college students should Congress continue to consider this topic. These options include ways to target food-insecure college students within existing federal student aid programs, SNAP [Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program], and programs that support food donations to campus pantries, as well as the creation of new programs to provide food aid to students."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Billings, Kara Clifford; Fountain, Joselynn H.; Aussenberg, Randy Alison . . .
2021-06-09
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Formal Removal Proceedings: An Introduction [Updated June 9, 2021]
From the Document: "The Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause confers substantive and procedural protections to all persons within the United States, including non-U.S. nationals (aliens, as described in statute) whom the federal government seeks to remove. Once an alien has 'passed through our gates, even illegally,' the Supreme Court has declared, the alien 'may be expelled only after proceedings conforming to traditional standards of fairness encompassed in due process of law.' 'Shaughnessy v. Mezei', 345 U.S. 206 (1953). Against this backdrop, the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) and implementing regulations provide a framework for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to seek the removal of aliens from the United States. Aliens targeted for removal in the interior of the United States are typically placed in proceedings under INA § 240. These 'formal' removal proceedings afford more robust procedural protections than the expedited removal process under INA § 235, which applies to aliens apprehended at or near the border who lack entry documents or have attempted to enter the country surreptitiously."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Hillel R.
2021-06-09
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Defense Primer: Naval Forces [Updated June 9, 2021]
From the Document: "Although the term 'naval forces' is often used to refer specifically to Navy forces, it more properly refers to both Navy and Marine Corps forces, because both the Navy and Marine Corps are naval services. [...] The Navy and DOD since 2019 have been working to develop a new Navy force-level goal that is expected to introduce at least some elements of a new fleet architecture featuring a smaller proportion of larger ships (such as large-deck aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, large amphibious ships, and large resupply ships); a larger proportion of smaller ships (such as frigates, corvettes, smaller amphibious ships, smaller resupply ships, and perhaps smaller aircraft carriers); and a new third tier of large unmanned surface and underwater vessels. On December 9, 2020, the Trump Administration released a document that presents an envisioned Navy force-level goal for achieving by 2045 a Navy with a more distributed fleet architecture, including 382 to 446 manned ships and 143 to 242 large unmanned vessels. The Biden Administration can choose to adopt, revise, or set aside this document."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-06-09
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Defense Primer: Department of the Navy [Updated June 9, 2021]
From the Document: "The Department of the Navy (DON) is a single military department that includes two military services--the Navy and the Marine Corps. As such, DON has a single civilian leader, the Secretary of the Navy, and two four-star military service chiefs--an admiral whose title is the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), and a general whose title is the Commandant of the Marine Corps. Although the title 'Secretary of the Navy' includes only the term 'Navy,' the secretary serves as the civilian leader for both the Navy and Marine Corps. The CNO and the Commandant of the Marine Corps are members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS). [...] Although the term 'naval' is often used to refer specifically to the Navy, it more properly refers to both the Navy and Marine Corps, because both the Navy and Marine Corps are naval services. [...] DON's proposed FY2022 budget requests $211.7 billion, of which, DON states, $163.9 billion (77.4%) is for the Navy and $47.9 billion (22.6%) is for the Marine Corps. In terms of appropriation groups, about 26.7% is for military personnel, about 33.6% is for operations and maintenance, about 27.5% is for procurement, about 10.7% is for research and development, about 1.4% is for infrastructure, and about 0.1% is for revolving and management funds."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-06-09
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Defense Primer: Geography, Strategy, and U.S. Force Design [Updated June 9, 2021]
From the Document: "Most of the world's people, resources, and economic activity are located not in the Western Hemisphere, but in [...] Eurasia. In response to this basic feature of world geography, U.S. policymakers for the last several decades have chosen to pursue, as a key element of U.S. national strategy, a goal of preventing the emergence of regional hegemons in Eurasia. This objective reflects a U.S. perspective on geopolitics and grand strategy developed by U.S. strategists and policymakers during and in the years immediately after World War II that incorporates two key judgments: [1] that given the amount of people, resources, and economic activity in Eurasia, a regional hegemon in Eurasia would represent a concentration of power large enough to be able to threaten vital U.S. interests; and [2] that Eurasia is not dependably self-regulating in terms of preventing the emergence of regional hegemons, meaning that the countries of Eurasia cannot be counted on to be fully able to prevent, though their own choices and actions, the emergence of regional hegemons, and may need assistance from one or more countries outside Eurasia to be able to do this dependably. [...] The fact that U.S. policymakers for the last several decades have chosen to pursue, as a key element of U.S. national strategy, a goal of preventing the emergence of regional hegemons in Eurasia, does not necessarily mean that this goal was a correct one for the United States to pursue, or that it would be a correct one for the United States to pursue in the future."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-06-09
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Army Corps of Engineers: FY2022 Budget Request [June 9, 2021]
From the Document: "Congress generally funds the civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in annual Energy and Water Development appropriations acts. These activities include the planning and construction of authorized water resource projects and the operation and maintenance of infrastructure and navigation improvements managed by USACE. For USACE civil works, President Biden requested$6.79 billion for FY2022."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.; Carter, Nicole T.
2021-06-09
