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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2001: Financial Services
The US financial services industry is an important contributor to the economic power of the nation. The industry is in excellent health -- well capitalized, dynamic, and innovative. Recent legislative changes have altered the structure of the industry by allowing banks, insurance companies, and securities dealers to consolidate into large "financial holding companies" that cut across industry sectors. US financial services firms are also positioning to compete here and abroad with international firms. Advances in information technology continue to provide opportunities for firms to increase business and customer service, but also create an industry risk in the form of cyber crime. The industry will continue to be competitive, but profitable, and will remain well positioned to support continued US leadership in the global economy.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2001
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Gathering Biological Warfare Storm -- Chapter 8: Assessment of the Emerging Biocruise Threat
Chapter 8 from the collection of essays, "The Gathering Biological Warfare Storm," addresses the potential for cruise missiles to be used in biological warfare as weapons of mass destruction.
USAF Counterproliferation Center
2002-03
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Nation Remembers, A Nation Recovers: Responding to September 11 One Year Later
In observance of the first anniversary of 9/11, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has published A Nation Remembers; A Nation Recovers, a collection of personal stories from the frontlines of the disaster in New York, Pennsylvania, and at the Pentagon. In addition, A Nation Remembers; A Nation Recovers summarizes the funding FEMA has approved to individuals, non-profit agencies, and government entities in response to the tragic events of September 11, 2001. The everyday heroes profiled in the report include: Cathy Shiltz, FEMA's Urban Search and Rescue Task Force member; Van Bateman, Incident Commander with the USDA Forest Service; John Sheehan, FEMA Community Relations Specialist; Rick Lohr, Emergency Services Coordinator for Somerset County, Pa.; Giovanny Guerrero, volunteer-turned-staffer at the Salvation Army; David Hart, FEMA Individual Assistance Officer; Col. John B. O'Dowd, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Capt. Gene Kelty, Fire Department of New York; Kenny Winkler, officer with the New York Police Department; Ellen Foote, Principal of Intermediate School 89;
John Rights, FEMA Mortgage and Rental Assistance Task Force member; Joe and Joan Guido, business owners; and
April Naturale, Project Liberty Coordinator.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2002-09-06
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Gathering Biological Warfare Storm -- Chapter 6: Smallpox: A Primer
This is Chapter 6 in the collection of essays, "The Gathering Biological Warfare Storm." From the introduction: "Smallpox, is a virus that plagued humanity for millennia. It was the first and only disease ever intentionally eradicated from the face of this planet, a scourge defeated in a remarkable, never-before-attempted campaign of generosity and cooperation by the nations of the world. Its eradication was a triumphant symbol of science and dogged persistence winning over nature. Moreover, its eradication was a gift of man to all mankind. Yet, is it possible that the same hand of man, that once rid the scourge of smallpox from the world, will be used to unleash this terror again on its unprotected citizens? This chapter, by providing a thorough review of the history, epidemiology, and current risks associated with this dreaded disease, addresses that question and its implications for the American public."
USAF Counterproliferation Center
2002-03
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Homeland Security: EPA's Management of Clean Air Act Chemical Facility Data
In a report issued today, we discuss issues surrounding chemical industry security, including the threat posed by chemical facilities, federal requirements addressing chemical facility security and the safe management of chemicals, steps taken by federal agencies to assess and address security, and voluntary industry actions taken to address security concerns. As part of our study of issues surrounding chemical
industry security, you also asked us to examine EPA's management of Clean Air Act chemical facility data. In this report we describe EPA's actions to modify management of RMP data in response to the increased terrorist threat since the events of September 11, 2001.
United States. General Accounting Office
Stephenson, John B.
2003-03-14
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Guide for the Selection of Personal Protective Equipment for Emergency First Responders (Percutaneous Protection-Garments): Volume IIb
This guide includes information intended to be useful to the emergency first responder community in the selection of personal protective equipment (PPE) that includes chemical and biological protective clothing and respiratory equipment for different applications. This Volume, IIb, of the Guide for the Selection of Personal Protective Equipment for Emergency First Responders, includes details on the 180 personal protective equipment items that are referenced in Volume I. The Guide for the Selection of Personal Protection Equipment for Emergency First Responders includes information intended to be useful to the emergency first responder community in the selection of PPE (percutaneous and respiratory). Due to the large number of PPE items identified for the guide, the guide is separated into four volumes. Volume I serves as the selection tool for all PPE, while Volume IIa serves as a repository for the respiratory protective data sheets, Volume IIb serves as a repository for the percutaneous protective equipment (garments) data sheets, and Volume IIc serves as a repository for the percutaneous protective equipment (apparel) data sheets.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Fatah, Alim Ahmed; Barrett, John A.; Arcilesi, Richard D., Jr. . . .
2002-11
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Guide for the Selection of Personal Protective Equipment for Emergency First Responders (Respiratory Protection): Volume IIa
This guide includes information intended to be useful to the emergency first responder community in the selection of personal protective equipment (PPE) that includes chemical and biological protective clothing and respiratory equipment for different applications. This Volume, IIa, of the Guide for the Selection of Personal Protective Equipment for Emergency First
Responders, includes details on the 69 respiratory protective items referenced in Volume I. The Guide for the Selection of Personal Protective Equipment for Emergency First Responders includes information intended to be useful to the emergency first responder community in the selection of PPE. Due to the large number of personal protective equipment items identified for
the guide, the guide is separated into four volumes. Volume I serves as the selection tool for all PPE items while Volume IIa serves as a repository for the respiratory PPE data sheets; Volume IIb serves as a repository for the percutaneous (garments) PPE data sheets; and Volume IIc serves as a repository for the percutaneous (apparel other than garments) PPE data sheets.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Fatah, Alim Ahmed; Barrett, John A.; Arcilesi, Richard D., Jr. . . .
2002-11
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Guide for the Selection of Personal Protective Equipment for Emergency First Responders (Percutaneous Protection--Apparel): Volume IIc
This guide includes information intended to be useful to the emergency first responder community in the selection of personal protective equipment (PPE) that includes chemical and biological protective clothing and respiratory equipment for different applications. This Volume, IIc, of the Guide for the Selection of Personal Protective Equipment for Emergency First
Responders, includes details on the 74 percutaneous protective items (apparel other than garments) that are referenced in Volume I. The Guide for the Selection of Personal Protective Equipment for Emergency First Responders includes information intended to be useful to the emergency first responder community in the selection of PPE (percutaneous and respiratory). Due to the large number of PPE items identified for the guide, the guide is separated into four volumes. Volume I serves as the selection tool for all PPE, while Volume IIa serves as a repository for the respiratory protective data sheets; Volume IIb serves as a repository for the percutaneous protective equipment (garments) data sheets, and Volume IIc serves as a repository for the percutaneous protective equipment (apparel) data sheets.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Fatah, Alim Ahmed; Barrett, John A.; Arcilesi, Richard D., Jr. . . .
2002-11
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2001: News Media
The news media informs, challenges, questions, and aggravates. It affects the way we look at domestic and foreign policy and shapes our view of events and our ability to address the problems of the world. It is part of the national security structure of our country without being a formal part of the government.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2001
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2001: Transportation
The United States has the largest transportation system in the world. It efficiently serves 284 million people and six million businesses scattered about our immense country. It is so important that organized activity would be impossible without it. Our transportation system plays a critical role in national and international affairs. It is the heart of our economy and a major part of the global economy as well. It empowers our political, informational and social influence in the global community. America's transportation system is also a critical element of national power. It enables the swift mobilization of our military during small-scale contingencies and supports the sustainment of our forces during long-term conflict. Our nation's leaders must address the capacity, infrastructure, labor and environmental issues facing our transportation system. Most importantly, industry and governments must collaborate to provide the significant capital investment needed to maintain and expand the infrastructure necessary to support the robust system demanded by the American people.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2001
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2001: Munitions
Munitions are critical war-fighting commodities of the modern military. Historically, this industry included a wide variety of weapons: small arms, mortars, cannons, artillery, gun munitions, bombs, rockets, missiles, chemical munitions, mines, demolition material, grenades, flares, torpedoes, nuclear weapons and pyrotechnics - without which a military cannot fight successfully. Munitions, however, are in the midst of a transition from the traditional free-fall weapons ("dumb bombs") to precision guided munitions (PGMs), with the ability to hit specific targets across increasing distances during all-weather conditions with minimal collateral damage. This paper focuses on the ongoing transition. PGMs are becoming more complex and much more expensive. They are requiring increasing amounts of national imagery and communication resources. PGMs promise a greatly improved war-fighting capability, but their management within the Department of Defense (DoD) is fragmented, both within and among the services. Finally, munitions, even the preferred precision guided weapons, are not adequately funded because of other modernization requirements. Budget reductions in both the United States and Europe are driving a wave of consolidations on both sides of the Atlantic. Competition among the remaining firms is fierce. Accomplishing Joint Vision 2020 (JV 2020) goals of precision engagement and focused logistics will require more resources and long range disciplined planning devoted to munitions.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2001
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2001: Services
In recent years, there has been substantial growth of the services industry to the point where it now constitutes 80 percent of the U.S. GDP. The pace and breadth of the changes in the services industry have spawned new services in a highly complex marketplace. The U.S. has maintained its economic strength in traditional services industries such as transportation, tourism, public utilities, finance and insurance, accounting, engineering, architecture, medical, legal, food, custodial and retail services. However, the information revolution has provided a catalyst for the provision of new information technology services and the extension of the services industry into the manufacturing sector through "outsourcing". The industry is a major employer of U.S. workers. It will provide the greatest opportunity for employment in the future. The services industry is one of the main engines of growth for the U.S. economy. As such, it is critical to the nation's competitive position in the global economy and the ability of the U.S. to pursue its national security objectives.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2001
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2001: Shipbuilding
The U.S. shipbuilding industry continues to design and build the most advanced military vessels in the world. Despite this capability, the industry is not competitive in the world shipbuilding market. The industry has been in decline since the United States withdrew direct shipbuilding subsidies in 1981. The larger, or "first-tier" yards have been unable to compete internationally due to the dedicated industrial policies, greater efficiency, and lower labor rates in other countries. The absence of a robust commercial counterpart to the military shipbuilding sector may prevent these larger yards from operating as efficiently as they could. "Second-" and "third-tier" yards that produce the majority of the ships used in domestic trade have been more innovative, more efficient, and therefore, more successful internationally. However, all shipbuilders must apply modern business practices, processes, and enabling technologies to become more cost-effective and competitive.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2001
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2001: Space
The U.S. space industry faces significant challenges in the 21st century. Although the U.S. dominates space in terms of investment and capabilities, commercial competition from Europe is formidable and growing. The satellite manufacturing and launch services sectors have significant overcapacity as commercial satellite demand was slashed following several high profile bankruptcies. Although revolutionary breakthroughs are required for significant cost reductions in accessing space, government and industry are on evolutionary paths. Finally, government decision-makers continue to struggle to define the proper balance between commercial interests, and traditional national security concerns.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2001
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In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1998: Land Combat Systems
Our legacy (cold war) ground combat platforms represent the most
technically sophisticated, lethal, and survivable fleet of weapons systems
in any military force, past or present. Altogether, they underpin the
viability of land warfare as a strategic tool. The current budget cycle
represents a pivotal decision point in maintaining the wheeled and
tracked land combat vehicle (LCV) industrial base. Low rates of
production, myopic efficiency-based acquisition reforms, and a
dwindling procurement budget have combined to drain much of the
flexibility from the LCV industry. Tomorrow's "come as you are war"
will not abide the long lead times necessary to "cold start" a suspended
industry. The LCV industry must retain warm production lines to meet
the uncertain requirements of future conflicts. Current low production
rates and armored vehicle modernization programs must continue to
preclude the disappearance of a crucial national asset--the LCV
industrial base.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
1998
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In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1998: Munitions
The Munitions Industrial Base (MIB) includes conventional
munitions, precision guided munitions (PGMs), weapons of mass
destruction (WMD), and munitions of the future. Each presents unique
industrial challenges to our ability to supply the munitions needed to
support the National Military Strategy. The issue for conventional
munitions is the US' ability to replenish our stockpile in time for a
second conflict. The study group believes that the conventional MIB is
able to provide adequately for the Nation's needs although specific areas
require attention. For PGMs, the government must monitor the
consolidation of the industry to ensure continued American technological
superiority and fair competition. For the nuclear component of WMD,
the issue is whether the Department of Energy will be able to assure the
reliability of the warhead stockpile. Munitions in developmental stages
must be pursued to provide our war fighters the best munitions possible.
Foreign sales of US munitions and potential offshore purchases of
munitions or components must be a key aspect of our industrial policy.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
1998
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In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1998: Space
The global space industry is burgeoning. For the first time, the
commercial sector's share of the space market has surpassed that of
government. This trend will continue, driven by soaring demand for
commercial communications and by a host of emerging technologies
such as remote sensing and geographical information systems.
According to an Air Force Space Command Brief, "...just as oil drove
the engine of yesterday's Industrial Society space will drive tomorrow's
Information Society." This new era presents a plethora of opportunities
and risks for the US space industry and for the Nation's security. A fine
line must be tread, for example, between protecting critical US
technologies and falling behind in a fiercely competitive international
market, thereby jeopardizing future national capabilities. The space
industry has the potential either to promote international cooperation and
mutual benefits for all nations or to create global winners and losers.
Sound policy choices must be made now to successfully leverage the
commercialization of space and to build for the future.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
1998
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In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1998: Information
The information industry is a cornerstone of America's economy
and national security. Dramatic growth and expansion of the industry are
likely in the 21st century, as computers, telecommunications
technologies, and innovative information services continue to converge
and evolve rapidly, and transform the way we live and work. The
American information industry remains preeminent in an increasingly
global market. Still, the industry must address key challenges to
maintain American preeminence. The nation's educational system is not
meeting the industry's ever-expanding need for trained professionals,
leading to a growing reliance on foreign talent. Another challenge is
protecting the national information infrastructure from attack or
catastrophic malfunction. Government must work with industry to
resolve these and other issues, which include protecting intellectual
property rights, ensuring fair competition within and among domestic
industries, reducing unnecessary regulation, and actively supporting
industry's interests in multilateral and bilateral trade arenas.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
1998
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In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1998: Health Care
The structure of the health care industry has remained unchanged
for five years, so an assessment of the health care industry would change
only incrementally from that of previous years. Thus, this nontraditional
study report presents several issues of concern to the group: fights of
patients; implications of "Buy America;" the Medicaid program;
malpractice; and euthanasia and assisted suicide. Next, the report
presents five essays on major elements of the health care industry: cost
containment, medical research, military medical forces in the 21 st
century, ethics of health care delivery, and alternative medicine.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
1998
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In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1998: Shipbuilding
US shipbuilders are without peer in their ability to produce the
world's best military ships. To maintain the best Navy in the world, the
America must sustain the indigenous capability to continue building
these warships. Currently, the Major Shipbuilding Base can provide the
nation with the navy ships it needs. Conversely, the US large commercial
shipbuilders continue to struggle in reentering the large ship construction
market. The study group found that the military and commercial
segments of the market are quite different and that a successful large
commercial shipbuilding industry is not fundamental to maintaining the
naval capabilities essential to national security. An issue is whether the
government should award construction contracts without regard to the
effect on those shipyards building the nation's naval vessels. This study
examined government's role in maintaining an economically viable,
nonmilitary shipbuilding industry and provides policy recommendations,
including approval of the OECD shipbuilding agreement.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
1998
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In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1998: Services
The services industry is the largest and fastest growing segment of
the US economy, comprising three-fourths of the gross domestic
product. Service providers create value through nonphysical products,
accomplishing tasks ranging from accounting and engineering to health
care. As individuals seek higher quality lifestyles, personal services will
proliferate. As organizations seek greater efficiencies through
restructuring, downsizing and outsourcing, the industry will continue to
grow. The challenge for business and government alike will be to focus
on their core competencies while finding world-class service providers
to perform peripheral functions. Because of the diversity within the
industry, this paper focused on four areas: information technology
services, consulting services, base operations, and logistics. Although
the services industry faces many future challenges, it is clearly poised to
play a commanding role in the rapidly changing US and global
marketplace.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
1998
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In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1998: Strategic Materials
A fundamental shift in thinking has occurred in the US over the past
50 years concerning strategic and advanced materials. Historically, the
focus has centered on national defense, but with the increased
globalization of national economies, a broader concept of strategic and
advanced materials has emerged. The new perspective asserts that
national security planning encompasses the broad welfare of a society,
which includes economic and political as well as defense considerations.
This broad perspective on national security is evident in many countries.
The mechanism driving the strategic materials industry in this regard is
the global market economy. Economic growth and prosperity has
emerged as a primary goal in our national security strategy. Strategic
materials both enhance the growth of our economy and promote national
security. Therefore, it is vital to US national security that it maintains a
commitment to further and continue development of these strategic
materials industries.
Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
1998
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Information Systems Security: The Federal Aviation Administration's Layered Approach
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)develops, maintains, and operates one of the largest
and most complex critical infrastructures; an infrastructure that is almost totally informationcentric. Destroying information or changing it improperly
can disrupt the work of FAA and the
national airspace system. The disclosure of sensitive information about ongoing, critical transportation functions to unauthorized entities can harm the
operations of FAA and other government agencies. For FAA, information systems security extends
beyond the computer environment to the security of airspace and the national airspace system. The
structural, operating, and procedural foundations information systems security provide the mechanisms for achieving FAA's safety, security, and efficiency goals.
United States. Federal Aviation Administration
Mehan, Daniel J.
2000-11
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Critical Incident Management Guidelines [Final Report, July 1998]
The public transportation network in the United States includes 508 bus and rail agencies and 15 commuter railroads providing 22 million trips daily, 8 billion trips annually. These agencies employ almost 300,000 people and provide approximately 41 billion passenger miles of travel, about half byrail and half by non-rail service. Emergencies and disasters, whether they occur at transit agencies or in the communities they serve, threaten public transportation's ability to provide practical assistance to transit personnel with responsibility for planning, managing, and recovering from emergencies and disasters. Definitions and characteristics of these events and their impact on organizations and systems are provided. The evolution of emergency management in the transit environment is described,and specific emergency management tools are explained. These guidelines provide a detailed discussion of transit and community activities necessary to support emergency preparedness, mitigation, response,and recovery efforts.
United States. Federal Transit Administration
1998-07
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Population Health in Regions Adjacent to the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site
The crucial fact documented in this report is that the health of the people in the regions surrounding
the test site was poor. The authors compiled data relating to incidences not only of neoplastic diseases but also cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, nervous system dysfunctions, etc. Heavily exposed settlements were compared with control villages. Of note, however, is that not one case of acute or chronic radiation sickness was detected. The report's importance is that it thoroughly addresses questions about the cause(s) of the populations severe health problems. The authors' careful analyses of factors associated with increased incidence and/or susceptibility to disease are described in detail.
Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (U.S.)
Logachev, V. A., professor; Mikhalikhina, L. A.; Darenskaya, N. G. . . .
1998-09
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Recommended Emergency Preparedness Guidelines for Rail Transit Systems
The Recommended Emergency Preparedness Guidelines contained in this document are designed to help rail transit systems to assess, develop, document and improve their capability for responding to emergency situations, and to coordinate these efforts with emergency response organizations in a manner which best protects the traveling public and transit system facilities and equipment. Four major areas of emergency preparedness are addressed. The first section presents recommendations for Emergency Plan Development, including emergency response procedures, agreements with emergency organizations, and supporting documentation. The training section outlines recommended training for both transit system and emergency response personnel, as well as programs to promote public awareness. The last two sections --Facilities and Equipment, and Vehicles--focus on performance requirements and emergency equipment recommendations to facilitate passenger evacuation and minimize transit property damage. These guidelines have been developed over the past several years, with input obtained from discussions and workshops with transit system and emergency response organization personnel, and from literature sources such as industry guidelines, codes and standards.
United States. Department of Transportation. Urban Mass Transportation Administration
1985-03
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Chronic Radiation Sickness Among Techa Riverside Residents
In 1994 the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute published a contract report entitled "Analysis
of Chronic Radiation Sickness Cases in the Population of the Southern Urals." The principal author of both reports was Dr. Mira M. Kossenko of
the Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine (URCRM, formerly Branch 4 of the Institute of Biophysics of the Ministry of Health of the USSR). The first report documented the extent of radiation
exposure along the Techa river and gave an overview of the health effects of this exposure on the
population. There were 940 individuals diagnosed with CRS; of this large group, 66 met the criteria of a dose of at least one gray received over three years, no concurrent disease with symptoms similar to CRS, and signs and symptoms as described by Guskova and Baysogolov. In this report the dynamics of CRS, its clinical course, and the long-term outcomes for patients with this disease are described in much greater detail. Once the patient was removed from exposure, the course of CRS stabilized. Most patients eventually recovered, with the time to recovery
being inversely related to the total dose received. Severity of symptoms was directly related to dose. A significantly increased percentage of
patients died from leukemia or other blood dyscrasias and solid tissue neoplastic diseases compared to a control group. However, except for early deaths resulting from malignancies, there was no life span shortening. Today there are no patients who have CRS; all have either recovered completely (the majority), at least stabilized, or have died.
Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (U.S.)
Kossenko, Mira M.; Nikolayenko, Lidiya A.; Yepifanova, Svetlana B. . . .
1998-02
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Controlling Threats to Nuclear Security: A Holistic Model
The collapse of the Soviet Union, although providing a host of welcome opportunities for people of that nation, also exacerbated a number of transnational concerns just as serious as those that emanated from the bipolar hostility of the previous 50 years. Among these challenges is the marked increase in the theft of and illegal trafficking in nuclear materials, often referred to as nuclear smuggling. Prior to the early 1990s, nuclear smuggling generally involved small quantities of bogus materials or, at most, nuclear-associated materials that posed no serious danger to security. Recently, however, several disturbing incidents involving kilogram quantities of sensitive nuclear materials suitable for constructing bombs have occurred. No one doubts that hostile groups could conceivably bring weapons-usable nuclear material into the United States. Moreover, nuclear smuggling represents a possible shortcut for states such as Iran seeking plutonium or highly enriched uranium for their weapons program. The consequences of such states succeeding would be profound. The U.S. Government takes the threat of nuclear smuggling seriously. Congress has provided funds and the Executive Branch has devised numerous successful programs targeted to reduce this danger at its source--but much remains to be done. This book will contribute to filling that gap by providing a new tool, the nuclear smuggling pathway model, for addressing the nuclear smuggling phenomenon in a holistic way. This model is based on a general systems model and designed specifically as an analytical tool to assist national security personnel at all levels to understand, analyze, and prevent instances of illicit trafficking in nuclear materials. By offering a comprehensive approach usable by many different national and international agencies, the model may help counter a growing national security.
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Ford, James L.; Schuller, Richard
1997-06
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Assessment of the Emerging Biocruise Threat
The rogue nations--Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, and Syria--are pursuing the acquisition of land-attack cruise missiles as part of a mix of aircraft, ballistic- and cruise-missile long-range strike forces. A major reason for these acquisitions is that a land-attack cruise missile configured to disseminate biological warfare agents comprises a technically and economically attractive, yet highly lethal weapon of mass destruction. Such a weapon system serves as a lever of strategic power available to rogue nations who want to deter, constrain or harm the U.S. and its allies, but of necessity, must challenge the conventionally superior Western forces via asymmetric means. Aiding the rogue nations' pursuit of these biological weapon systems are the dual-use nature and availability of the materials, technologies, and equipment for producing biological warfare agents and the widespread proliferation of the enabling technologies for land-attack cruise missiles, such as satellite navigation and guidance; compact, highly-efficient engines; and composite, low-observable airframe materials. With these technologies and some limited foreign assistance from countries such as China and Russia, many of the rogue nations can indigenously produce land-attack cruise missiles. Also, they will increasingly be able to directly purchase these missiles. The number of countries other than the U.S. that will be producing advanced, long-range, land-attack cruise missiles will increase from two to nine within the next decade, and some producers are expected to make them available for export. Or, they can choose to convert antiship cruise missiles, which have been widely proliferated and are in the rogue states' military arsenals, into land-attack missiles. With the abundant proliferation pathways for biological warfare agents and land-attack cruise missiles, it is quite probable that by the 2005 timeframe one or more of the rogue nations will possess a long-range, land-attack cruise missile for use as a biological weapon system (biocruise) against the U.S. and its allies and their worldwide military operations.
USAF Counterproliferation Center
Kiziah, Rex R.
2000-08
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Chemical and Biological Warfare Threat: USAF Water Systems at Risk
Water and the systems that supply it are national critical infrastructures.
Attack to deny or disrupt these systems could have catastrophic effects on the
U.S. economy and military power. Water is particularly vulnerable to
chemical or biological attack. Not limited to the "traditional" chemical
weapons, an adversary has a plethora of cheap, ubiquitous and deadly
chemicals on the worldwide market. Using an Internet search and $10,000,
the adversary could build a biological fermentation capability, producing
trillions of deadly bacteria that don't require missiles or bombs for delivery.
The U.S. Air Force water supplies are particularly assailable by
asymmetric attack. Institutional myopia renders water system vulnerability
assessments disjointed and ineffective. Understanding this vulnerability
requires systemic analysis. Probing notional water systems, this study
identifies critical points, which if vulnerable could be targeted with chemical
or biological weapons to functionally kill or neutralize USAF operations.
Though water attacks are historically common, USAF conventional wisdom
and official policy center on aerial chemical or biological attack. This study
conclusively demonstrates the efficacy of chemical and biological weapons
in drinking water. The author proposes four thrusts to improve force
protection: comprehensive threat and risk assessment, focused water system
vulnerability assessments, re-evaluation of the CW/BW conventional
wisdom, and a review of Civil Engineering water system outsourcing and
management practices.
USAF Counterproliferation Center
Hickman, Donald C.
1999-09
