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• Vigilant and Invincible

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  'Vigilant and Invincible' was the motto of the U.S. Army Air Defense Command, or ARADCOM. From the first deployment of World War II-vintage antiaircraft guns in 1950 to the inactivation of the last NIKE HERCULES missile system in 1974, ARADCOM provided a deterrent to the Soviet strategic bomber threat for the U.S. homeland. During this period, the Army built, operated, improved and then dismantled a vast network of defenses. These defenses protected the nation's capital, key industrial areas, ports, atomic weapon production facilities and Strategic Air Command (SAC) bases from air attack. World War II generated a tremendous leap in military technology, especially in strategic bombers, air-breathing missiles like the German V-I, ballistic missiles like the German V-2, jet-powered airplanes and atomic bombs. These advances in technology, combined with the Soviet Union's threat of world domination in the post-war years, caused the United States to take action to prevent yet another war this century. And if deterrence failed, the objective was to limit the damage to its citizenry and war-making capability. During the final months of World War II, several major defense contractors studied the likelihood that evolving technologies could produce guided missiles to intercept bombers and surface-to-surface missiles. One of these projects, called NIKE after the Greek goddess of victory, would grow to a full deployment of more than 240 missile sites in the United States. Operating these sites were nearly 45,000 active duty and National Guard soldiers. ARADCOM controlled these missiles and antiaircraft guns and a vast network of command centers to communicate with them. This research will view ARADCOM in the light of various threats, and also of national and military events of the times. Threat-wise, the Soviet Union dominated the scene; its bombers and ballistic missiles.

  U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command

  Moeller, Stephen P.

  1995-06
• Use of Covert Paramilitary Activity as a Policy Tool: An Analysis of Operations Conducted by the United States Central Intelligence Agency, 1949-1951

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  Research Question: Was the return worth the investment for those covert paramilitary operations conducted by the United States Central Intelligence Agency at the outset of the Cold War? Discussion: This evaluation of covert paramilitary operations conducted by the CIA in the very early years of the Cold War period is a combination of pure cost-benefit analysis and a more subjective evaluation of return on investment. Included is a collection of brief case studies of OSS operations during World War II, for they established the precedence for conducting similar activity during the Cold War. There were significant differences, however, between the CIA's "operating environment" in the late 1940's and early 1950's and the wartime situation OSS officers operated within several years earlier. Success of post-war operations depended to a large degree on the ability of US policy officials and CIA paramilitary specialists to recognize the changes and adjust accordingly. Conclusions: From a pure cost-benefit perspective, covert paramilitary action conducted by the CIA between the end of World War II and the Korean conflict was a complete failure… Cost was not a factor, and US policy officials felt that the need to maintain some form of pressure on the Communists outweighed the risk of fallout from failed covert activity. Although individual covert paramilitary operations failed to achieve objectives, the cumulative effect was constant pressure on the Communist perimeter. These operations provided the CIA with a wealth of lessons learned, which paramilitary officers applied in subsequent successful paramilitary operations during the 1950's such as Guatemala and Iran.

  Marine Corps Command and Staff College (U.S.)

  Berger, D. H.

  1995-05-22
• Radical Responses to Radical Regimes: Evaluating Preemptive Counter-Proliferation

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  "On December 7, 1993, Secretary of Defense Les Aspin announced that the United States was adding a military dimension to its fight to prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The new program, called the Counter-Proliferation Initiative (CPI), provides funding to prepare for combating foes with nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) and missile weapons on future battlefields, improves monitoring for locating rival NBC/missile programs, improves theater defenses, and develops weapons capable of penetrating and destroying underground facilities. U.S. efforts will include a diplomatic offensive to persuade U.S. allies to take similar counter-proliferation steps. The central thrust of the CPI is to prepare U.S. and allied forces for dealing with future enemies on the battlefield who are armed with weapons of mass destruction. An important secondary thrust of the CPI is to provide the Commander-in-Chief with the tools to disarm an adversary unilaterally if necessary, before the adversary can initiate the use of WMD in situations where we are on a collision course with such an enemy and no alternative course seems feasible."

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Schneider, Barry R.

  1995-05
• Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1994

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  This document produced by the State Department in April 1994 provides graphs and analysis of international terrorist acts for the year of 1993. Topics discussed include regional analysis of terrorism activity, international counterterrorism efforts, HAMAS attacks, background on major groups discussed in the report and a map of incidents.

  United States. Department of State

  1995-04
• Weapons of Mass Destruction: New Perspectives on Counterproliferation

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  The United States has achieved a great deal of success in the post- Cold War era. Our forces are more capable and better equipped than those of any conceivable adversary. The quality of our troops is good and morale in the armed forces is high. Analysts do point out that we might have problems in executing a strategy of fighting nearly simultaneously two major regional contingencies. But these problems lend themselves to straightforward analysis, and the solutions are straightforward if challenging in an era of tight defense budgets. In the immediate future, there does not seem to be a threat to our interests from a nation that we cannot handle militarily. Yet, a handful of weapons of mass destruction, especially nuclear weapons in the hands of the wrong country, can change this situation overnight. The use of a few of these weapons, or even the threat of their use, changes the context in which our national command authority makes decisions about the terms under which we go to war or whether we go to war at all.

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Johnson, Stuart E., 1944-; Lewis, William H.

  1995-04
• Profile Series Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: Human Rights Since 1990

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  "At present, the primary groups at risk in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia1 are ethnic minorities. The most serious abuses reported have been against ethnic Albanians, and Bosnians and other refugees fleeing the armed conflict in former Yugoslavia who are in transit through Macedonia. Romas (Gypsies), ethnic Turks and ethnic Serbs also may face difficulties, depending on individual circumstances. Although ethnic Albanians actively participate in the political process and presently are represented in the National Assembly, they face serious discrimination in their access to political representation (notably dilution and limitation of their voting rights). They also face police brutality and repression by government officials, are under-represented in the civil service, have limited access to education, and are restricted in the right to use their native language. Substantial ethnic prejudice and a growing sense of nationalism among ethnic Macedonians are exacerbating existing problems for ethnic Albanians. So too is the increasing influx of ethnic Albanian refugees from the Serbian province of Kosovo, and Macedonia's fear that if Serbian repression in Kosovo escalates, ethnic Albanian refugees will flood Macedonia. February 1995 clashes between ethnic Albanians and police (with one death and numerous injuries) over the opening of an Albanian-language university, and over the detention of proposed officials of that University, have raised the possibility of rapidly escalating ethnic tensions. At first, refugees from Bosnia and other parts of the former Yugoslavia were welcomed in Macedonia in substantial numbers. However, the resulting economic and social pressures soon caused the government to place a moratorium on new entries, and to seek resettlement of the refugees to other nations. At least three major public demonstrations against these refugees have taken place, causing many to flee Macedonia and seek asylum elsewhere."

  United States. Immigration and Naturalization Service; INS Resource Information Center

  1995-02
• U.S. Policy and the Iranian Threat

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  "Topics include 'dual containment' as it affects Iran. International community thoughts; external pressures being applied on Clinton administration: conventional arms buildup from threat it poses to GCC. Israel and U.S.; external threat poised against a weakened Iran; dangers Iran's unconventional weapons program pose to GCC, Israel. Iraq and West; why Iran believes such a program is essential to its existence; capability of Iran to export its terrorist and revolutionary zeal. Iran overcoming odds on its domestic front; U.S.--GCC relationship and GCC--Iranian relationship and questioned policy of excluding Iran from regional security agreements."

  Naval War College (U.S.)

  Kerstanski, Paul

  1995-02
• American Cryptology during the Cold War, 1945-1989: Book I: The Struggle for Centralization 1945-1960 [Part 1, excised]

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  This section of Thomas Johnson's history of the National Security Agency (NSA) during the Cold War contains pages i-xvii and 1-155 of Book 1. This encompasses the first three chapters, titled 'Cryptologic Triumph and Reorganization, 1941-1949,' 'AFSA (Armed Forces Security Agency),' and 'Cryptology under New Management.' Throughout Book 1, Johnson "explains how cryptology responded to the landmark events and challenges of the post-World War II era. He next provides profound analysis of how events and personalities affected the development of cryptology institutionally and professionally. Finally, and even better, Dr. Johnson spins a fascinating tale of the success or failure of cryptologic operations in the various crises that have challenged the SIGINT system."

  United States. National Security Agency

  Johnson, Thomas R.

  1995
• American Cryptology during the Cold War, 1945-1989: Book I: The Struggle for Centralization 1945-1960 [Part 2, excised]

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  This section of Thomas Johnson's history of the National Security Agency (NSA) during the Cold War contains pages 157-287 of Book 1. This encompasses the first one chapter, titled 'The Soviet Problem.' Throughout Book 1, Johnson "explains how cryptology responded to the landmark events and challenges of the post-World War II era. He next provides profound analysis of how events and personalities affected the development of cryptology institutionally and professionally. Finally, and even better, Dr. Johnson spins a fascinating tale of the success or failure of cryptologic operations in the various crises that have challenged the SIGINT system."

  United States. National Security Agency

  Johnson, Thomas R.

  1995
• National Military Strategy of the United States of America, 1995

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  "Challenges to our global interests did not disappear with the end of the Cold War. Today we face a world in which threats are widespread and uncertain, and where conflict is probable, but too often unpredictable. The strategic landscape is characterized by four principal dangers which our military must address: regional instability; the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; transnational dangers such as drug trafficking and terrorism; and the dangers to democracy and reform in the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and elsewhere. Many ethnic, religious, territorial, and economic tensions, held in check by the pressures of the bipolar global competition, erupted when the constraints posed by the Cold War were removed. Regional instability also results when regional powers such as Iraq, Iran, and North Korea pursue aggressive policies in attempts to dominate their neighbors militarily, politically, or economically. Despite progress, the process of economic and political reform in the successor states to the Soviet Union is subject to reversal. Moreover, Russia will continue to retain large numbers of nuclear weapons and associated delivery systems. Thus, it is important for us to work with Russia and the other newly independent states to stem the proliferation of all types of weapons of mass destruction and to support the process of democratic reform."

  United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff

  1995
• Serial No. 104-56: Puerto Rico Status Plebiscite, Joint Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Native American & Insular Affairs of the Committee on Resources and the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere of the Committee on International Relations, House Of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session on Examination of the Political Preferences of the U.S. Citizens of Puerto Rico, October 17, 1995

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  This is the October 17, 1995 hearing on "Puerto Rico Status Plebiscite," held before the U.S. House Subcommittee on Native American & Insular Affairs of the Committee on Resources and the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere of the Committee on International Relations. From the opening statement of Elton Gallegly: "The Puerto Rico legislature enacted Concurrent Resolution 62, which asked the 104th Congress to respond to the results of the 1993 Puerto Rico plebiscite and to indicate the next steps necessary to resolve Puerto Rico's political status. [...] This may well be the most important territorial matter in the 104th Congress. Let me assure the people of Puerto Rico that we will listen to the views of all sectors of Puerto Rico. You have a collective right to pursue full self-government whether under or outside the sovereignty of the United States and within or wholly without application of the Constitution. The Federal Government has an obligation to clarify which factors in a proposed political status are attainable, and what status directions are possible." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Hector Luis Acevedo, Miguel Hernandez Agosto, Ruben Berrios-Martinez, Jose Antonio Casillas, Angel M. Cintron-Garcia, Jeffrey Farrow, Luis A. Ferre, Arturo J. Garffer, Howard L. Hills, Carlos Vizcarrondo Irizarry, Fernando Martin, Kenneth McClintock, David Noriega-Rodriguez, Miriam Ramirez de Ferrer, Roberto F. Rexach Benitez, Charles A. Rodriguez, Pedro Rossello, and Luis Vega-Ramos.

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  1995
• Terrorist Assets Report: Year-End Update 1994 Annual Report to the Congress on Assets in the United States Belonging to Terrorist Countries or International Terrorist Organizations

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  From the Summary: "Nearly $3.5 billion dollars in assets of the seven state sponsors of international terrorism are located within U.S. jurisdiction. Of that total, over $2.8 billion are blocked by the U.S. Treasury Department pursuant to economic sanctions imposed by the United States against five of the terrorist countries. The total of terrorist country assets has increased by $280.5 million since the August 1994 report. This increase in large part because bank and other liabilities to Syria increased by $188 million, and in part because assets blocked by the Treasury grew by nearly $92.5 million. In addition, nearly $882,000 in currency and other assets was seized by the Customs Service over a five year period in cases that involved persons believed to be connected to international terrorist organizations. [...] On January 23, 1995, President Clinton signed Executive Order 12947, blocking assets in the United States of terrorist organizations that threaten to disrupt the Middle East peace process, and prohibiting financial transactions with those groups. Future reports will include treatment of the assets blocked as a result of the new Executive order."

  United States. Office of Foreign Assets Control

  1995-01
• DoD Directive 5220.22-M: National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual

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  On behalf of the Secretary of Defense as Executive Agent, pursuant to Executive Order 12829, "National Industrial Security Program" (NISP), and with the concurrence of the Secretary of Energy, the Chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and the Director of Central Intelligence, I am pleased to promulgate the inaugural edition of the NISP Operating Manual (NISPOM). The NISPOM was developed in close coordination with industry and it represents a concerted effort on behalf of hundreds of individuals throughout the Executive Branch and industry. The NISPOM represents the beginning of a new industrial security process which is based on sound threat analysis and risk management practices and which establishes consistent security policies and practices throughout the government. It creates a new government and industry partnership which empowers industry to more directly manage its own administrative security controls.

  United States. Department of Defense

  1995-01
• Homelands and Hostility: Measuring Levels of Nationalism

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  From the thesis abstract: "In this study, the reaction by the national minorities to governmental policies was used as an indicator of nationalism. Occasionally, minorities express good relations with the indigenous nationality but feel unfairly treated by the government. [...] This study has attempted to accomplish two tasks. The first was to test a basic premise of nationalism concerning one of its prime catalysts, ethno-demographic change. The second task was to test the theory by measuring levels of nationalism in comparable cases. No previous study known to the author has attempted to provide longitudinal data to quantify nationalism. Though the scale is rough, it has allowed for a comparison of levels of nationalism in multinational states. [...] A better understanding of nationalism is necessary to help multi-national states accommodate their minorities. By identifying crucial catalysts, perhaps states can work to overcome the inclination to use homeland psychology and instead include their national minorities in the democratic process. Different relationships and catalysts can be examined allowing eventually for predictive power regarding the intensity of emerging nationalism. Such a tool would be invaluable in today's world of nationalistic conflicts."

  Air Force Institute of Technology (U.S.)

  Webster, John A.

  1994-12
• Denial and Jeopardy: Deterring Iranian Use of NBC Weapons

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  This study is part of a larger effort at the NDU Center for Counterproliferation Research to identify regional strategies that contribute to enhanced deterrence of employment of nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) weapons and their means of delivery. This particular assessment of Iran and the challenges of deterring its use of NBC weapons was the annex to a broader evaluation of regional deterrence, which includes Iran and North Korea as case studies. Both the broader deterrence paper and the North Korean case study will be published separately. While much unclassified literature is available on both deterrence theory and Iran, the present study was facilitated by the fairly narrow scope of the questions being asked about Iran: what makes Iran easier or harder to deter, and what can the United States do to enhance our ability to deter Iran's use of NBC weapons? The Islamic Republic of Iran presents a particular challenge to the Western analyst: Iranian leaders do not see the world from the Western view and have demonstrated a willingness to undertake actions at times seemingly contrary to their national interests and at a cost other states would find unacceptable. This does not make them irrational or necessarily undeterrable. The factors that influence their cost/benefit calculations, however, may be very different than those that have guided Western concepts of deterrence over the past 50 years. Thus it was important throughout the research to make every effort to avoid imposing Western perspectives and values on the evidence. Conclusions based on superimposed but inaccurate perspectives are often wrong and, in light of the need to deter Iranian NBC use, could be dangerously wrong in the not-distant future.

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Desutter, Paula A., 1958-

  1995
• Strategic Assessment 1995: U.S. Security Challenges in Transition

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  Contents include: The Strategic Setting; Asia Pacific; Europe; Russia and Neighbors; Greater Middle East; Western Hemisphere; Sub-Saharan Africa; Oceans and the Law; Weapons of Mass Destruction; U.S. Force Structure; Arms Transfer and Export Controls; Information Technologies; Peace Operations; Transnational Threats; Trends in the Sovereign State; Economics.

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Clawson, Patrick, 1951-

  1995
• Multi-Agency Ocean Rescue Disaster Plan and Drill: Broward County, Florida

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  "This report discusses the Broward County off-shore emergency response plan, the background considerations made that were used to set up the drill, the drill itself, and lessons learned from the drill. Many fire and rescue organizations can benefit from the concepts in this response plan, even though the plan was specifically designed for an off-shore response at a particular location. Its concept and design can be applied to almost any type of disaster that involves multiple agencies. The lessons learned are applicable to almost any type of multi-casualty incident or exercise. […] On December 6, 1994, the Broward County, Florida, Fire and Rescue Division and a host of other local, state, and federal agencies participated in an aircraft disaster drill in the intracoastal waterway near the Fort Lauderdale/Hollywood International Airport. The purpose of the drill was to test the interagency response plan for a downed aircraft in the water. The plan was devised to integrate the response capabilities of multiple agencies under a unified command system. Each of the agencies participating in the drill was charged with a specific emergency response role, and each brought different rescue capabilities which would be necessary to efficiently and expediently handle an off-shore crash with multiple victims. The drill was designed to be as realistic as possible. It included hundreds of victims both on land and in the water, mutual aid fire and emergency medical agencies, the airport fire department, private ambulances, boats, helicopters, the media, and hospitals."

  United States Fire Administration

  1994-12
• Joint Force Quarterly: Autumn/Winter 1994-95, Issue 6 [November 1994]

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  "NDU Press produces Joint Force Quarterly in concert with ongoing education and research at National Defense University in support of the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. JFQ is the Chairman's joint military and security studies journal designed to inform and educate national security professionals on joint and integrated operations; whole of government contributions to national security policy and strategy; homeland security; and developments in training and joint military education to better equip America's military and security apparatus to meet tomorrow's challenges while protecting freedom today."

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Canby, Steven L.

  1994-11
• Global Proliferation-Dynamics, Acquisition Strategies, and Responses: Volume 2-Nuclear Proliferation

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  "The proliferation of nuclear weapons, as well as their associated missile delivery systems, is increasingly acknowledged to be one of the most important threats to U.S. security and global stability in the emerging post-Cold War world. Prepared for the Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA), this report: a. Assesses the current proliferation situation, including incentives and disincentives for acquisition, current outcomes, and future trends. b. Highlights different weapons acquisition strategies that countries have pursued and continue to pursue. c. Describes current policies to contain, cap or rollback, or deal with proliferation. d. Identifies key policy challenges as well as new initiatives to help strengthen U.S. efforts. e. Identifies areas in which the Department of Defense (DoD) may be able to make significant contributions to U.S. nonproliferation efforts."

  United States. Defense Nuclear Agency

  Dunn, Lewis A.; Bailey, Charles; Bernstein, Paul I.

  1994-09
• Revolution in Military Affairs and Conflict Short of War

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  "Although much of the examination of the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) has focused on mid- or high-intensity conflict, the authors examine the potential impact of an RMA in that portion of the spectrum of conflict between peace and war. They conclude that while the impact of purely military innovation will always be less in conflict short of war than in conventional warfare, nonetheless there may be utility in applying emerging technology and new operational concepts in that arena. They caution, however, that risks are associated with the pursuit of revolutionary change, and that seeking an RMA in conflict short of war could demand fundamental changes in American attitudes and values."

  Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute

  Kievit, James; Metz, Steven, 1956-

  1994-07-25
• Terror 2000: The Future Face of Terrorism

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  "Each year the Department of Defense convenes its Worldwide Combatting Terrorism Conference in order to review the nature and level of terrorist activity around the globe. The purpose is to identify changing motives, tactics and targets so our government may better defend our interests and those of our friends and allies. The fifth annual conference, held in June 1993, was somewhat different. This time the focus was not on the immediate future, but included an examination of the long-term threat. Participation which traditionally had been limited to preeminent intelligence, military, political and academic specialists from around the world was broadened to include leading futurists. This elite group was given two assignments. First, they must forecast, to the best of their ability, the course of terrorism for the next fifteen years. Then on the basis of their projections, they would help craft policies, strategies and tactics by suggesting courses of action and specific initiatives to meet the developing threat as they foresaw it. There would be no sacred cows. All aspects of America's policy for combatting terrorism would be on the table for examination and discussion. It was decided that a study would be prepared to apprise the government and the public of the conference findings and of subsequent research that would focus on the long-term terrorist threat and what must be done to meet the challenge. The object would be to stimulate discussion and examination by providing a provocative, unconstrained and independent point of view rather than a coordinated, homogenized distillation of current thinking."

  United States. Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict

  Cetron, Marvin J.

  1994-06-24
• Joint Force Quarterly: Spring 1994, Issue 4 [May 1994]

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  "NDU Press produces Joint Force Quarterly in concert with ongoing education and research at National Defense University in support of the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. JFQ is the Chairman's joint military and security studies journal designed to inform and educate national security professionals on joint and integrated operations; whole of government contributions to national security policy and strategy; homeland security; and developments in training and joint military education to better equip America's military and security apparatus to meet tomorrow's challenges while protecting freedom today."

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  1994-05
• Will the United States Eventually be Held Hostage by its Own High Technology Conventional Weapons? The Effect of Technology Transfer on International Terrorism

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  "This thesis reveals a disturbing transformation. International terrorists' present unsophisticated arsenals are slowly evolving into high- technology conventional weaponry. Alarmingly, an increasing portion results from U.S. and Western technology because of technology transfer. With the abating trend of terrorist attacks predicted to continue, the thesis discerns this does not suggest a decline in terrorism. On the contrary, through product and process technology transfers, the number of organizations that possess the technological capabilities to produce advanced Western weapons has skyrocketed in the last decade. Therefore, though attacks continue to decrease, terrorists' carnage will likely increase due to the technologies they acquire. With the global diffusion of technologies, countries are relying less on U.S. markets. This thesis acknowledges it is virtually impossible to restrict U.S. exports to industrial countries without severely restricting American competition. However, 'strong fences' must be built around 'small areas' to thwart the terrorist acquisition of U.S. and Western private arms suppliers."

  Air Force Institute of Technology (U.S.)

  Kovarovic, Paul C.

  1994-04
• Research Paper: Immigration Emergencies: Learning from the Past, Planning for the Future

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  This paper attempts to review various aspects of preparedness, institutional responses, long-term adjustments, and special cases that must be considered in addressing immigration emergencies. In discussing these components through the lens of the Cuban-Haitian crisis and the Central American influx, the paper focuses on: Expectations on the eve of the Cuban-Haitian crisis in 1980 and in relation to the expansion of direct migration from Central America to the U.S. in the ensuing years; Results and impact of such expectations on existing procedures; Legislative and administrative changes instituted during that period, and; Lessons that can be distilled from the U.S. experience with immigration emergencies in the 1980s.

  U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform

  Bolton, Gretchen

  1994-02
• Terrorism and America: A Comprehensive Review of the Threat, Policy, and Law, Hearings before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session on Examining the Scope of Current Threats of Terrorism to the United States and Its Allies, Focusing on Explosives and Explosives Regulation, and Related Extradition, International Law, and Immigration Issues, April 21 and 22, 1993

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  From the opening statement of Joseph R. Biden, Jr.: "Almost 2 months ago, a massive bomb exploded in the World Trade Center in New York City. Six people died, over 1,000 people were injured, and at least $1 billion of damage resulted as the explosion ripped through seven concrete floors and destroyed the buildings' power, communications, and safety systems. The terror felt by those present at the explosion was visible on the faces of the survivors as they streamed out of the building, and this terror was shared by all Americans who felt suddenly vulnerable because terrorism was no longer an abstract concept to them. It threatened an American landmark on American soil. Since the bombing, law enforcement officials have made substantial progress in uncovering who carried out the World Trade Center bombing. Several suspects are now under arrest and indictment, and many facts about the attack and how it was carried out are now known. Nonetheless, it is clear that many questions remain to be considered and hopefully answered." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Orrin G. Hatch, Patrick J. Leahy, Carol Moseley-Braun, Dianne Feinstein, Arlen Specter, Charles E. Grassley, Alan K. Simpson, R. James Woolsey, William S. Sessions, Laurence Pope, James L. Brown, Bill Davis, Frederick Smith, Jr., Joseph C. Lund, Sr., Mark Richard, Michael D. Cronin, James L. Ward, and Robert K. Harris.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1994
• Articles of Relations for U.S. Territories, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Insular And International Affairs of the Committee on Natural Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, Second Session on H.R. 4442 to Provide Consultations for the Development of Articles of Relations and Self-Government for Insular Areas of the United States, May 24, 1994

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  This is the May 24, 1994 hearing titled "Articles of Relations for U.S. Territories," held before the House Subcommittee on Insular And International Affairs of the Committee on Natural Resources. From the opening statement of Ron de Lugo: "Our hearing today is on a bill that has the potential of being among the most important before this Congress should a consensus on it develop among the people most affected, and perhaps with some amendments. This is because it suggests establishing a clear process for finally resolving questions about the political status of some of the relatively few remaining places on the earth in which status questions still persist: The five United States insular areas where 4 million people live. H.R. 4442 gets to the heart of the issue. Although the commonwealths and territories are locally self-governing, similar to States, a national government in which they do not have a full vote also makes policies for them." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Alexander A. Farrelly, Baltasar Corrada del Rio, Celeste Benitez, Manuel Rodriguez-Orellana, Daniel Zafrin, Kenneth McClintock Hernandez, Pilar Lujan, Juan N. Babauta, Pedro P. Reyes, Diego T. Benavente, Miriam Ramirez de Ferrer, and Arturo Guzman.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1994
• Serial No. 103-36, Part II: Puerto Rico Self-Determination Part II, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Insular and International Affairs of the Committee on Natural Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session on H. Con. Res. 94 Expressing the Sense of the Congress Regarding the Expression of Self-Determination by the People of Puerto Rico, August 3, 1993

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  This is the August 3, 1993 hearing on "Puerto Rico Self-Determination Part II," held before the House Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Insular and International Affairs of the Committee on Natural Resources. From the opening statement of Ron de Lugo: "This is the second hearing of the Subcommittee on Insular and International Affairs on the resolution sponsored by our colleague Jose Serrano to declare that the people of Puerto Rico have the right to determine the island's future political status. We held the first hearing on July 13 when we heard from three Members of Congress in addition to Representative Serrano. We also heard from representatives of Puerto Rico's Governor and three major status-based political parties, including other leaders on the status issue in that commonwealth, and Puerto Ricans from the States as well. The Office of the President is responsible for Puerto Rican status matters within the Executive Branch, and we will hold a third hearing after its proposed witness on the resolution-the Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel-takes office." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Pilar C. Lujan, Marilyn Manibusan, Ronald Rivera, and Paul M. Leary.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1994
• Greening of Global Security: The U.S. Military and International Environmental Security

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  From the thesis abstract: "This thesis examines the roles and missions of the U.S. military, and compares them to potential international environmental conflicts. Five specific environmental issues are examined in detail: deforestation, fresh water, nuclear contamination, overpopulation, and ecological terrorism. Ten U.S. military roles are also examined in detail: communications, interdiction, enforcement, education and training, assistance, leadership, warfighting, surveillance, intelligence, and deterrence. Analysis reveals that the U.S. military can play a support role in the majority of the environmental conflict issues. Use of force roles apply to fewer of the environmental issues. The U.S. military's primary use of force role of warfighting applies only to one environmental issue."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Carr, Roberta B.

  1993-12-16
• Presidential Decision Directive 14: Counter-Narcotics 'Andean Strategy'

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  "The President today [November 3, 1993] signed a decision directive that provides a policy framework for U.S. international drug control efforts as part of the Administration's over-all counter-drug policy. "The President designated Director Lee Brown of the Office of National Drug Control Policy as responsible for oversight and direction for all counter-drug policies, in coordination with the National Security Council. In his directive to agencies involved in the fight against illicit drugs in the hemisphere, the President said that the scourge of illegal narcotics is severely damaging the social fabric of the United States and other countries."

  United States. White House Office

  1993-11-03
• Joint Force Quarterly: Autumn 1993, Issue 2 [September 1993]

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  "NDU Press produces Joint Force Quarterly in concert with ongoing education and research at National Defense University in support of the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. JFQ is the Chairman's joint military and security studies journal designed to inform and educate national security professionals on joint and integrated operations; whole of government contributions to national security policy and strategy; homeland security; and developments in training and joint military education to better equip America's military and security apparatus to meet tomorrow's challenges while protecting freedom today."

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  1993-09