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• U.S. National Security: Beyond the Cold War

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  U.S. national security is a subject that has been under intense scrutiny since the end of the Cold War. What constitutes such security for the United States as this country approaches the new century? Are the ends, ways, and means of our national security and national military strategies sufficient to provide for the nation's future? And above all, as this country celebrates the 50th anniversary of the National Security Act of 1947, are the institutions that resulted from that act still sufficient for the post-Cold War era? With these questions in mind, the Strategic Studies Institute and Dickinson College's Clarke Center co-sponsored the series of lectures on American national security after the Cold War which are contained in this volume. The lectures take four different, yet complementary, perspectives. Professor Ronald Steel reminds us of the intellectual revolution embodied in the act that moved America from the concept of "defense" to one of "national security" and relates this concept to our attempts to define post-Cold War national security interests. Dr. Lawrence Korb reviews the evolution in our national security establishment since the 1947 act. Dr. Morton Halperin's focus is the continuing tension between secrecy in the name of national security and the openness required in a democratic society, with a commentary on continuing threats to civil liberties. In the concluding essay, Ambassador Robert Ellsworth surveys the key strategic challenges facing the United States as we enter the 21st century.

  Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute

  Jablonsky, David; Ellsworth, Robert F.; Halperin, Morton H. . . .

  1997-07-26
• Modern U.S. Civil - Military Relations: Wielding the Terrible Swift Sword

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  A December 1995 article in the Washington Times examined the "huge say" U.S. military leaders had had in crafting the provisions of the Dayton agreement. It quoted several anonymous administration officials as believing that the agreement "was carefully crafted to reflect demands from the military . . . . Rather than be ignored.., the military, as a price for its support, has basically gotten anything it wanted." The article also speculated that the administration had listened so intently to its military leaders for reasons that were "part political cover, part lessons learned from the Somalia debacle and Haiti, part reflection of the mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina." This essay will argue that the demands placed by military officers on the provisions of the Dayton agreement reflect a steady increase in the influence of military officers in crafting defense policy, rather than the recognition of any lessons learned in Somalia or Haiti. Furthermore, this increased authority of the military--and the resultant deterioration in civil-military relations--is largely the result of the lessons drawn by the military from the American experience in Vietnam.

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Johnson, David E.

  1997-07
• Joint Force Quarterly: Spring 1997, Issue 15 [June 1997]

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  "NDU Press produces Joint Force Quarterly in concert with ongoing education and research at National Defense University in support of the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. JFQ is the Chairman's joint military and security studies journal designed to inform and educate national security professionals on joint and integrated operations; whole of government contributions to national security policy and strategy; homeland security; and developments in training and joint military education to better equip America's military and security apparatus to meet tomorrow's challenges while protecting freedom today."

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Grange, David L.; Johnson, Rodney L.

  1997-06
• Economic Espionage, Technology Transfers and National Security: Hearing before the Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, First Session, June 17, 1997

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  The Joint Economic Committee sits in a very unique position and I would suggest an ideal position to evaluate past policy and to evaluate those policies' impact on our economy, particularly, in the context of the legislative intent of the authors of the policies. The areas of concern occurred across several administrations in both the areas of high technology transfer and economic espionage. The goal is to shed light on these problems. I am sure that those responsible for these policies formulated them with the best of intentions. However, those intentions may not have manifested themselves as expected in this new and changing reality of a former Soviet Union, an emerging Asia and a struggling, unstable Third World. Opening statement for this hearing prepared by Jim Saxton. Witnesses include: Robert L. Schweitzer, Peter M. Leitner, John J. Fialka, and Kenneth Flamm.

  United States. Congress. Joint Economic Committee

  1997-06
• Perspective Series: Guatemala: Democracy and Human Rights

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  "This paper has been particularly written to address the information needs and issues of concern to U.S. Asylum Officers and other Immigration Officers. […].Despite these historic developments, Guatemala still has a long way to go to create a society and polity capable of safeguarding the most basic human rights of its citizens. That is particularly true of its historically oppressed indigenous majority. Well over a hundred thousand Mayan peasants perished in the civil war, almost all at the hands of the armed forces, who frequently massacred entire villages. Though the war has receded, the racism that fed its savagery has not. As documented in this report, incidents of discrimination and violence directed at members of indigenous ethnic groups continue to be widespread."

  INS Resource Information Center

  Reding, Andrew

  1997-06
• Information Operations - A New Tool for Peacekeeping

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  From the thesis abstract: "This monograph discusses the application of information operations to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of peace missions ranging from peacekeeping to peace imposition. Using a variety of models and an examination of the components of information operations this monograph demonstrates the applicability of these operations to peace missions. Examples from recent history provide a backdrop for evaluating previous applications and investigating other potential uses of information operations to support peace missions. […] The monograph first examines the status of international relations as a result of the demise of the Soviet Union and the rise of information technology. The impact of these two earthshaking events have forever changed the face the world. As the nations of the world seek a new geometry of relationships without the Soviet Union the level of violence continues to rise. Without the unifying ideologies of the Cold War, many nations are seeking identity through ethnicity. This factor in conjunction with a freedom to act completely in promotion of national interests without the specter of a global nuclear war has led to a very unstable world. […] Information operations allow cost effective solutions to violence by reducing the resources required to keep the peace. Peace missions can use information operations to reduce forces necessary to make peace, bypass belligerent leaders to inform populations about alternatives to violent solutions, and control the ability of belligerents to continue conflict. The maturation of the information age provides an opportunity to establish a 'Pax Informationus' and retain sufficient national resources to address domestic problems."

  U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies

  Phillips, Gary E.

  1997-05-22
• Operation Order 1-97 (Operation Bold Leap)

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  The United States military is facing increased political pressure to adjust itself to the emerging realities of a post-Cold War world while trying to recapitalize within flat defense budgets. Internationally, while dangers abound, serious threats to the homeland or our vital interests remain vague. Domestic priorities such as budget balancing and entitlement programs have not only eclipsed a needed national debate on defense, but made continued economic growth increasingly a matter of national security if; for no other reason, for the tough choices between defense and baby boomer pensions it permits us to avoid. Nowhere are all these pressures more evident than in the Army, the one service that has seen its operational mission load increase over 300% since 1989 while its budget has dropped 40% in real terms. In this report LTC McClure argues in a novel format, an adapted operations order, that the Army should downsize more now, muster resources, and 'skip' a generation to the weapons, equipment and organizations needed to confront America's next near peer land power competitor beyond 2010.

  Army War College (U.S.)

  McClure, Robert L.

  1997-05-14
• Report of the Quadrennial Defense Review, May 1997

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  "As the fourth comprehensive review of our military since the end of the Cold War, the Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) builds on our experience with the policy and forces of the 1991 Base Force Review, the 1993 Bottom-Up Review (BUR), and the 1995 Commission on Roles and Missions of the Armed Forces (CORM). As a result of those reviews, we made significant adjustments in our forces, procedures, and organizations. We have also accumulated a wealth of experience in a new and constantly changing security environment. That experience tells us that we have the finest military force in our nation's history, with unsurpassed professionalism and capability. Nevertheless, this is a propitious time to reexamine our assumptions, programs, and operations. Indeed, the rapid rate of change in the world since the end of the Cold War underscores the importance of undertaking such a reexamination on a regular basis. The QDR is required by the Military Force Structure Review Act, which was included as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997. The Department of Defense designed the QDR to be a fundamental and comprehensive examination of America's defense needs from 1997 to 2015: potential threats, strategy, force structure, readiness posture, military modernization programs, defense infrastructure, and other elements of the defense program. The QDR is intended to provide a blueprint for a strategy-based, balanced, and affordable defense program."

  United States. Department of Defense

  1997-05
• Report on Activities and Programs for Countering Proliferation and NBC Terrorism, May 1997

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  Congress directed, in the 1994 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), that the Counterproliferation Program Review Committee (CPRC) be established to review activities and programs related to countering proliferation within the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), Department of Energy (DOE), U.S. Intelligence, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS). The high level national commitment to counter proliferation threats is reflected in the CPRC's membership. It is chaired by the Secretary of Defense, and composed of the Secretary of Energy (as Vice Chairman), the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS). The CPRC is chartered to make and implement recommendations regarding interdepartmental activities and programs to address shortfalls in existing and programmed capabilities to counter the proliferation of nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and their means of delivery. In the 1997 NDAA, Congress broadened the CPRC's responsibilities and specified that the CPRC also review activities and programs of the CPRC-represented organizations related to countering paramilitary and terrorist NBC threats. The findings and recommendations of the CPRC's annual review for 1997 are presented in this its fourth annual report to Congress.

  United States. Congress

  1997-05
• Sun Tzu and Information Warfare: A Collection of Winning Papers from the Sun Tzu Art of War in Information Warfare Competition

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  The papers contained in this collection address several of the issue areas dealing with information warfare, which provide innovative and provocative thought to foster a continuing dialogue between interested parties who have interest in information warfare as an integral part of national security strategy. The 1996 winners of the Sun Tzu Award include "Knowledge Strategies: Balancing Ends, Ways, and Means in the Information Age," by LTC William Fast, which describes the effects of information age technologies on United States values, national interests, security policy, and how the ends, ways, and means paradigm must adapt to information age warfare. Matthew Devost, Brian Houghton, and Neil Pollard, in "Information Terrorism: Can You Trust Your Toaster?" present a futuristic information warfare scenario and an information terror typology which illustrates the lethality of information terrorism attacks. "The Silicon Spear: An Assessment of Information-Based Warfare and U.S. National Security," by Charles Everett, Moss Dewindt, and Shane McDade, provides a retrospective and prospective review of information-based warfare in a national security context and within the context of the next revolution in military affairs. In a well-documented paper recognized in an honorable mention category, Colonel Brian Fredericks summarizes information warfare at the three-year mark with the admonition: Where do we go from here?

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  1997-04
• American Dilemma: Freedoms or Security

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  The fundamental U.S. ideals of freedom, justice and respect for human life have endured all major threats during the course of our nation's history. Today our nation faces a different, omnipresent challenge to these ideals - the specter of terrorism. The United States is hampered by its very ideals of freedom in restraining terrorists and preventing potential terrorist acts. Ironically, our nation's vulnerability rests in the potency of our open society and the value we place on traditional civil liberties. Can a law-abiding nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to individual freedoms, effectively protect itself and its citizens against terrorism without infringing on these fundamental principles? The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 was a democratic attempt to do just that: provide a strong new law to combat terrorism while maintaining traditional freedoms. However, law enforcement agencies and the President assert the law is not strong enough. On the other hand, civil libertarians and some Congressional leaders claim legislation of additional governmental powers would sacrifice civil rights. This paper explores the American debate on this controversial law and argues a more 'commonsense' approach to the dilemma would have yielded stronger legislation. Following a brief background and discussion of terrorism, this analysis projects future trends of terrorism to determine if current legislation is sufficient in view of disturbing trends.

  Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute

  Gentner, Judith L.

  1997-03-28
• Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy

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  The Federal Government has a clear responsibility to protect its own information infrastructure. Less clear is what the Government should be doing to protect the overall National Information Infrastructure. The transmittal of both classified and unclassified Government information depends upon the privately-created NII lines of communication, but the Government has no claim or right to control the private, commercial, and proprietary information moving across the same systems. In the event of an attack on the NII resulting in significant damage to the security of the nation as a whole, to selected elements of the population, or to critical infrastructures, policies and procedures that are well-founded and well-tested must be in place.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1997-03-03
• Joint Force Quarterly: Winter 1996-97, Issue 14 [March 1997]

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  "NDU Press produces Joint Force Quarterly in concert with ongoing education and research at National Defense University in support of the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. JFQ is the Chairman's joint military and security studies journal designed to inform and educate national security professionals on joint and integrated operations; whole of government contributions to national security policy and strategy; homeland security; and developments in training and joint military education to better equip America's military and security apparatus to meet tomorrow's challenges while protecting freedom today."

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Krulak, Charles C.

  1997-03
• DTIC Review: Terrorism, Peacekeeping, and Operations Other Than War

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  "Stability of many regions around the world is in question and requires United States intervention in time of crisis. As the world's accepted preeminent power, American military strength and leadership are essential around the globe. The world community is under assault from those who deal in proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, terrorism, international crimes and drugs. Dangers and emerging threats are here at home as well as in the rest of world. The need for an active American effort and continued peace enforcement operations has increased. The Clinton Administration recognizes new and old security challenges facing America in this new international context. The selected documents and bibliography are a representation of the information available on terrorism and peacekeeping from DTIC's collection."

  Defense Technical Information Center (U.S.)

  1997-03
• Defending Cyberspace and Other Metaphors

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  Information warfare, as any casual observer of the Pentagon can attest, remains a hot-button topic in the military community. Broader claims for it have been toned down, and few now argue that all aspects of warfare are now revealed as information warfare, but an ideology of information warfare has nevertheless wended its way into the heart of defense planning. The Air Force's Cornerstones of Information Warfare, for example, has approached the status of doctrine. The spring 1996 establishment of the 609th Squadron (at Shaw Air Force Base) dedicated to information warfare offers further evidence of the seriousness with which that ideology is maintained. In 1996 the National Defense University (NDU) ended its two-year experiment of offering a forty-four-week program on Information Warfare and Strategy after forty-eight students were graduated, but what has replaced it is a broader thrust in teaching the all four hundred students the rudiments of information warfare (and offering related electives). In 1995-96 large portions of the Defense budget were designated information operations (although only a small portion represents information warfare).

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Libicki, Martin C.

  1997-02
• Research Paper: Estimates of the Financial Costs of Refugee Resettlement: The Current System and Alternative Models

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  "Refugee resettlement is a diminishing, but continuing, part of the U.S. immigration pattern. Partially as a result of the design of the refugee resettlement program, and partially because of differing state standards regarding assistance to low or no income people, the de facto benefit packages for arriving refugees, and the financial costs to the states, counties, and the cities where they settle, range considerably. This paper explores current costs, as well as estimates costs under other models that might be considered in this context. The paper first briefly describes how refugee resettlement is currently organized in the U.S. and how and why it might be changed. Second, it estimates: (1) the apparent financial costs of the current system, including federal costs now clearly recognized as being refugee-related; (2) federal costs that are not separately identified; and (3) major state and local government costs. Third it discusses different resettlement models, current and pro- posed, and their fiscal costs (primarily in the refugee's first year in the U.S.). These models use different constellations of agencies to deliver services. Some of these models, while probably costing society less in the middle or long-term, have more visible costs, particularly in the short-term."

  U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform

  North, David S.

  1997-02
• National Missile Defense (NMD) -- Has Its Time Come?

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  The issue over deploying national missile defense (NMD) to counter strategic ballistic missiles has been on going since the 1950's. During the Cold War, the debate shifted from considering the viability of deploying territorial defense to counter the Soviet threat to one of agreement by both superpowers to limit missile defenses for fear they would undermine strategic stability and increase the chances for nuclear war. Without missile defenses, it was understood that the populations of both countries would be subject to mutual assured destruction (MAD) should a nuclear war ever break out between the sides. With the Cold War over, the debate has shifted once again. The issue is whether or not the threat posed by the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and their delivery systems warrants a reevaluation of Cold War arguments against NMD and MAD. Contrary to the views of the current administration, the author outlines that NMD deployment is needed now more than ever for the United States to effectively operate in the 21st Century and to ensure the American population is never again threatened by direct attack.

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Barrett, David K.

  1997-01-09
• Chapter 2: History of Chemical and Biological Warfare: An American Perspective

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  "Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary" defines the term "chemical warfare," first used in 1917, as "tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, poisonous, or asphyxiating gases." A working definition of a chemical agent is "a chemical which is intended for use in military operations to kill, seriously injure, or incapacitate man because of its physiological effects. Excluded from consideration are riot control agents, chemical herbicides and smoke and flame materials." Chemical agents were usually divided into five categories: nerve agents, vesicants, choking agents, blood agents, and incapacitates. This chapter focuses primarily on the development of chemical and biological weapons and countermeasures to them, thus setting the stage for Chapter 3, Historical Aspects of Medical Defense Against Chemical Warfare, which concentrates on medical aspects of chemical warfare. To avoid excessive duplication of material, protective equipment of the modern era is illustrated in Chapter 16, Chemical Defense Equipment.

  United States. Department of the Army. Office of the Surgeon General

  Smart, Jeffrey K.

  1997
• Missile Proliferation in the Information Age: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on International Security, Proliferation, and Federal Services of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, First Session, September 22, 1997

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  From the opening statement of Thad Cochran: "We live in a time of rapid technological change. The computers on our desktops have computational and storage capabilities that were not just unheard of, but undreamed of, only a generation ago. The Internet has magnified those advances by linking hundreds of thousands of computers and putting those resources at our fingertips. The fact is that the United States can be threatened by technology other than the most advanced. Older technology, in some cases 40 to 50 years old, is capable of presenting a severe threat to the United States. It was 40 years ago that the Atlas ICBM, America's first long-range missile, was built. Relatively old technology, now more easily available, should not be overlooked in its potential to threaten America and American interests. This hearing, then, will examine the extent to which technological information, materials, and other resources that make possible the proliferation of ballistic missiles are available, both on the open and the black markets." Statements, letters, and material submitted for the record include those of the following: Thad Cochran, Carl Levin, William R. Graham, W. Seth Carus, and Bernard A. Schriever.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1997
• Current and Projected National Security Threats to the United States, Hearing Before the Select Committee on Intelligence of the United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, First Session on Current and Projected National Security Threats to the United States, Wednesday, February 5, 1997

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  From the opening statement of Richard C. Shelby: "In recent years, the Intelligence Community has increasingly been asked to justify its budget and therefore its role to the American public. The pressure for greater openness will persist for a long time to come, and this is as it should be. To the fullest extent possible, consistent with the protection of sensitive sources and methods, Americans should be made aware of what the Intelligence Community is capable of accomplishing. This public hearing on the Intelligence Community's assessment of the national security threat to the United States is conducted in this spirit to inform the American public about the threat to their country and their country's interests." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Toby Gati, Orrin G. Hatch. Patrick M. Hughes, J. Robert Kerrey, Frank H. Lautenberg, Richard C. Shelby, George J. Tenet, John H. Moseman, and Barbara Larkin.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1997
• Ballistic Missile Defense: Responding to the Current Ballistic Missile Threat, Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Security, International Affairs, and Criminal Justice of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Second Session, May 30, 1996

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  From the opening statement of Robert L. Ehrlich, Jr.: "Today, we are here to discuss an immediate threat to our Nation's national security, the proliferation of ballistic missile technology and its ability in wrong hands to pose a personal threat to every American citizen. Several things bring us together at this time. First, there has been mounting evidence of a long- and shortrange ballistic missile threat, missiles that could carry conventional chemical, biological or nuclear weapons, over the past several years. Today, fully 25 countries possess or are actively developing ballistic missiles. Many of these countries are or have been hostile to the United States and some are even on record as having threatened the security of the United States of America. We will hear more about that later today. Second, recent events should sharpen our focus on this issue. In the past several weeks, we have seen Russia sell S8-18 or heavy ICBM technology to China. This is the same China that visibly threatened Taiwan with a military invasion in March and openly implied that Los Angeles could one day become a target. Meanwhile, Jordan has seized ballistic missile parts headed for Iraq-specifically gyroscopes and accelerometers, right; and we will hear more about that later today, I am sure-again from Russia. And we have now confirmed that North Korea has a ballistic missile development program. In fact, we heard just this past week, from the pilot who defected, that North Korea has both a plan and the means for overwhelming its southern neighbor." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Robert L. Ehrlich, Jr., Keith B. Payne, Michael Krepon, R. James Woolsey, Curt Weldon, and Frank J. Gaffney, Jr.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1997
• Afghanistan: A Country Study

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  The material on Afghanistan in this document represents preliminary drafts of three chapters of the unpublished volume on Afghanistan in the Federal Research Division's Area Handbook/Country Studies Series. This volume was one of several books in the process of research and writing when funding for the Series was eliminated in 1998. Had it been published, the book would have superceded Afghanistan: A Country Study, fifth edition (1986). Chapter 1, Historical Setting, completed in 1995 by Craig Baxter, provides an historical overview of Afghanistan from the Pre-Islamic period through the period of Soviet intervention in the country, which ended in February 1989. Chapter 2, The Society and Its Environment, completed in 1997 by Nancy Hatch Dupree and Thomas E. Gouttierre, describes the Afghan natural and social environment, and includes, among other subjects, discussion of ethnic groups, religion, education, health, and the country's refugee problem. Chapter 4: Government and Politics, written by Richard S. Newell in 1997, provides additional historical background and analyzes the development of the Taliban regime and opposition to it.

  Library of Congress. Federal Research Division

  Blood, Peter R., 1952-

  1997
• Common Defense Against Uncommon Threats: The Federal Role in Critical Infrastructure Protection

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  This report by the President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection discusses the federal role in critical infrastructure protection. The study places special emphasis on cyberinfrastructure as a new potential threat area that foreign adversaries may more easily exploit than traditional physical infrastructure.

  United States. President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection

  1997
• S. Hrg. 105-285: Debate on NATO Enlargement: Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations United States Senate One Hundred Fifth Congress First Session, October 7, 9, 28, 30 and November 5, 1997

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  S. Hrg. 105-285: The purpose of this Senate hearing is to discuss the expansion of NATO to include Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. Issues discussed include the of the cost of expansion to the U.S. and how NATO expansion will affect relations with Russia. Statements, witnesses and submissions: Madeleine Albright, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Jonathon Dean, Jeane Kirkpatrick, Michael Mandelbaum, William Roth, Stephen Cambone, Marc Grossman, Franklin Kramer, Stephen Larrabee, John Micgiel, Ivan Eland, Stephen Hadley, Richard Kugler, Walter Slocombe, Henry Kissinger, Jack Matlock, William Odom, Thomas Pickering, Dimitri Simes, David Acheson, Charles Ciccolella, Robert Doubek, Herbert Harmon, David Harris, John Joyce, Adrian Karatnycky, Mati Koiva, Frank Koszorus, Edward Moskal, Jan Nowak, Daniel Plesch, Alvin Rubinstein, Jack Shanahan, Paula Stern, Russell Feingold, Joseph Biden, Barbara Larkin, Jesse Helms, Richard Lugar, Chuck Hagel, Gordon Smith, Craig Thomas, John Ashcroft, Rod Grams, Bill Frist, Paul Sarbanes, Charles Robb, Dianne Feinstein, and Paul Wellstone.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1997
• Strategic Assessment 1997: Flashpoints and Force Structure

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  This strategic assessment discusses transnational problems such as terrorism, crime and refugees; troubled states of the Balkans, Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle Eastern Radicalism; threat assessment and force structures as well as regional flashpoints in Russia, Europe, China, Japan and North America.

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Desutter, Paula A., 1958-

  1997
• Terrorist Assets Report: 1996 Annual Report to the Congress on Assets Belonging to Terrorist Countries or International Terrorist Organizations

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  From the Summary: "More than 3.1 billion dollars in assets of seven state sponsors of terrorism are located within U.S. jurisdiction. Of that amount more than $3.0 billion are blocked by the U.S. Department of the Treasury pursuant to economic sanctions imposed by the United States against five of the terrorist countries. In addition, approximately $734,000 in assets of international terrorist organizations which were identified and blocked within the United States in 1995, remain blocked in 1996."

  United States. Office of Foreign Assets Control

  1997-01
• Why the US Must Pursue a Cooperative Japanese-US Theater Missile Defense Program

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  "Despite eight years of study on a proposed Japanese-United States multi-billion dollar theater missile defense (TMD) development program, recent reports indicate Japan may be reluctant to continue to participate in this effort for fear of offending China and overspending scarce military resources. Clearly, to preserve United States and Japanese enduring interests in the highly volatile, dynamic Asian security environment, the United States must continue to aggressively pursue Japanese cooperative support for this essential defense program. Integrated TMD systems support our regional interests by maintaining a strong defensive posture to deter aggressors, protect our forces and freedom of navigation, and defeat or negate ballistic missile delivered weapons of mass destruction should diplomatic or deterrence efforts fail. Additionally, the program would further strengthen our bilateral security arrangement in major areas, such as enhanced technology transfer and improved interoperability. This essay explores the current and future ballistic missile threats to vital national interest in the region, describes the proposed TMD cooperation program, analyzes the major advantages and opposing views of this program, and outlines policy recommendations to ensure its success."

  National War College (U.S.)

  Hughes, Mark T.

  1997-01
• Congressional Presentation for Foreign Operations

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  America's national security depends on a strong national defense, effective intelligence capabilities, and proactive engagement in International Affairs. New global relationships, advances in technology and communications, new forms of regional instability, and an obligation to safeguard our nation from the dangers posed by weapons of mass destruction and preventable environmental degradation -- all form the basis of a new, more complex International Affairs policy agenda. Our success in pursuing this agenda will materially impact the lives of this and future generations of Americans. To succeed, America must lead. Although International Affairs programs and activities comprise barely one percent of all federal budget expenditures, they are the substance of US relationships with the rest of the world. Funds distributed over four cabinet departments, nine agencies, and several foundations and international organizations are the conduits of American influence. The Congressional Presentation for Foreign Operations provides the fiscal year 1998 budget request and justification for the Function 150 accounts of the federal budget within the jurisdiction of the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives Committees on Appropriations, Subcommittees on Foreign Operations. This Presentation includes an explanation of U.S. foreign policy objectives, strategies, resources, and performance indicators by function and region.

  United States. Department of State

  1997
• Kurdish Nationalism: American Interests and Policy Options

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  The Kurds are currently the largest nation of people without their own country. They are divided among several states, predominantly Iran, Iraq and Turkey where they constitute large minorities. They have persistently been used as pawns by these countries and others, including the United States; only to be ignored once supporting them has no longer been beneficial. The Kurdish struggle for an independent homeland has repeatedly erupted into violence throughout history. To date there has been no permanent solution that has been acceptable to both the Kurds and the states they live in. This thesis will examine the history of the Kurdish struggle in order to understand how their experiences have shaped the current conditions, and to help develop an effective, long term American policy to control the situation. It will examine how the lessons of the past can be applied to policies today. The Kurdish struggle has periodically disrupted the stability and security of three of the largest nations in the Middle East. In this area, which is of vital interest to the United States, these movements threaten the fragile stability of the region. The recurring nature of these rebellions implies that it is only a matter of time before one directly threatens our interests in the area. For this reason, a thorough understanding of the Kurdish struggle is necessary.

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Hooks, Elizabeth R.

  1996-12
• Counter-Organization Targeting: A Theoretical Framework for Analysis

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  "The purpose of this thesis is to present and substantiate a theory of counter-organization targeting. This thesis achieves this objective by creating and testing a framework for analysis which blends the principals of organization theory with classic counterinsurgency theory. The goal of this framework is to provide an analytical tool for operational-level targeting of adversary organizations during war, conflict, and stability and support operations. This study analyzes the historical precedents of counter-organization targeting to demonstrate its viability as a necessary condition for success in counterinsurgency campaigns. Additionally, by applying the framework against an unresolved case, this study validates its applicability against a broader spectrum of the operational continuum. As a result, this thesis offers an innovative framework allowing for a logical and common sense approach to observing, assessing, targeting, and interdicting adversary organizations. Finally, this thesis holds both predictive qualities with respect to understanding an organization's future behavior, as well as prescriptive qualities, in the sense of systematically attacking and neutralizing the same organization. This thesis also expands the concepts offered in U.S. Army Field Manual 100-20, 'Stability and Support Operations,' and bridges the gap between the strategic, and the tactical levels of campaign planning and execution."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Osborne, Joseph E.; Daoust, Daniel C.

  1996-12