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• Consequence Management: A Mission for the National Guard

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  There is growing concern of increasing terrorist threats in the United States. Terrorist organizations are gaining increased access to the technology necessary to develop and employ Weapons of Mass Destruction. No single military organization has been assigned responsibility for consequence management. Assigning this responsibility to a single military organization could focus effort and provide civil authorities with a fully coordinated and standardized response to terrorist threats. National Guard units are trained to respond quickly to domestic emergencies. They have established emergency response relationships with local and state organizations. This article explains how the National Guard can be organized, trained, and structured to assume the Department of Defense lead for consequence management.

  United States. National Guard Bureau

  Hara, Gary M.

  1998-02-12
• Defense Science Board Summer Study Task Force on DoD Responses to Transnational Threats, Volume III: Supporting Reports

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  In the study, the Task Force concludes that the Department should treat transnational threats as a major Department of Defense mission. Transnational actors have three advantages: I) they can have ready access to weapons of mass destruction; 2) we cannot easily deter them because they have no homeland; and 3) they respect no boundaries, whether political, organizational, legal or moral. Further, warning may be short and attribution may be slow or ambiguous. Since the United States is now the dominant military force in the world, potential adversaries will be driven to asymmetric strategies to meet their objectives. As such, transnational threats represent an important national security problem. Notably, the Department of Defense has the capacity to mitigate these threats with its extensive capabilities, training and experience. In the attached report, the Task Force suggests a multi-faceted strategy for the DoD to address this increasingly important class of threats. This strategy involves the development of an end-to-end systems concept, investment in critical technology areas, and the leveraging of similarities between civil protection and force protection. The Task Force concludes that the Department also needs to increase its emphasis on responding to this threat by more clearly assigning responsibilities and by providing mechanisms for measuring its readiness to respond. We hope this Summer Study provides insights on how to mitigate transnational threats to the Nation. It stops short, however, of providing a plan. We strongly encourage the Department to take on the task of developing an implementation plan that identifies the appropriate allocation of resources and areas for emphasis.

  United States. Defense Science Board

  Hermann, Robert; Welch, Larry

  1998-02
• Clinton Doctrine: An Unfinished Work of Strategic Art, 'A Call for a Strategy to Counter the Subnational WMD Warfare Threat Against the American Homeland'

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  "The Clinton Doctrine, in its current form, is not a finished piece of strategic art. First, its initial and preponderant focus rests explicitly on other nation states, it is not focused adequately on substantial entities. Second, as an emerging concept the Doctrine lacks an effective underlying strategy which successfully integrates this nation's resources and power into a cohesive and effective framework that deals not only with threats from other nation states, but with subnational threats as well. […]The author of this paper suggests that the post-Cold War organizing principle for our national security interests should be a 'strategy of homeland defense.' The challenge facing the United States national security community is to find a solution to the WMD threat facing our nation. Specifically, the paper focuses on the threat from subnational entities and proposes an initial and broad strategic framework on how the United States can integrate its available national power and resources into an effective strategy that will thwart the use of WMD against our homeland. The Clinton Doctrine is a start, but to keep America safe in the 21st Century, the Doctrine needs an underlying and supportive strategy for countering subnational WMD threats. The challenge of this paper is to prompt the reader to abandon the status quo, 'business as usual' approach to national security and consider a new perspective, a new paradigm, and a new strategic framework. In addition, this author hopes that the reader will become more aware of the nontraditional character of the 21st Century, and that this paper will stimulate further discussion and debate on how best to deal with the subnational WMD threat. Ultimately, the objective of this paper is to force people to consider the implications and consequences of inaction and to prompt others to take action - while time remains to do so."

  National War College (U.S.)

  Casey, Michael W.

  1998
• Current and Projected National Security Threats to the United States: Hearing Before the Select Committee on Intelligence of the United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, Second Session, January 28, 1998

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  This committee will hear the Intelligence Community's views regarding the nature and extent of the changing national security threats to the U.S. The identification and analysis of these threats are crucial to defining and conducting our nation's foreign policy. Our intelligence on these threats provides the basis for our defense strategy and planning, informs our budget and procurement choices, and supports our military forces when they go into action. "Many of the issues we will discuss bear directly on critical policy choices facing the administration and the Congress today and in the near future, and raise a number of complex questions. For example: Once again, Iraq is refusing to allow UN inspectors full access to its weapons programs. How strong is Saddam Hussein within his own country that he can defy the international community? Is he, in fact, better off than he was before he instigated the current crisis over weapons inspections? What is the status of the Iraqi weapons programs? How quickly could these programs be expanded or revived if sanctions were removed? Is it true, as has been suggested in the press, that Iraq tested biological and/or chemical weapons on human beings? Will Saddam Hussein ever comply with the UN resolutions? And on the other side of the Shatt al Arab, we have Iran. Many of us saw Iranian President Khatami's recent television interview. What do his remarks then and subsequently--and the response of his hardline opponents--mean for US-Iranian relations? Most critically, has the Intelligence Community seen any reduction in Iranian support for international terrorism, or slackening in Iran's pursuit of weapons of mass destruction, since the election? How soon will Iran deploy new ballistic missiles capable of threatening Israel and other U.S. allies? Iran of course is only one of more than a dozen or so countries which possess or are developing ballistic missile systems, and one of over two dozen nations that are developing weapons of mass destruction. How does the Intelligence Community assess the global ballistic missile threat to the United States--the greatest single threat to our national security?" Statements, letters, and material submitted for the record include those of the following: Wayne Allard, Max Baucus, Robert Bryant, Mike DeWine, Louis J. Freeh, John Glenn, Patrick M. Hughes, James M. Inhofe, J. Robert Kerrey, Richard G. Lugar, Phyllis E. Oakley, Charles S. Robb, Pat Roberts, Richard C. Shelby, and George J. Tenet.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1998
• Foreign Terrorists in America: Five Years After the World Trade Center, before the Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism, and Government Information of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, Second Session on Examining the Extent of and Policies to Prevent Foreign Terrorist Operations in America, February 24, 1998

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  From the opening statement of Jon Kyl: "Foreign terrorists gain unlawful entry into the United States by using false and stolen documents and by employing sophisticated alien smuggling rings. U.S. academic institutions are also at risk of being used as a cover for terrorists, who use student campuses to solicit money, recruit members, and espouse violent ideologies. In this hearing, today, we will learn what law enforcement is doing about these activities, including the Student Tracking Pilot Program that was to go into effect in January. We will also hear firsthand testimony about how radical Muslims are distorting the teachings of Islam and attempting to drive a wedge between the vast majority of Muslims of good will and the people and Government of the United States. Finally, our witnesses will confirm that there is a small but dangerous radical element pursuing their terrorist agenda here who pose a direct threat to Americans. And their activities seem to be growing. Some of these terrorists are affiliated with the same groups and state sponsors of terrorism that were involved in the World Trade Center conspiracy. Still others have their own agenda, quite distinct from the World Trade Center conspiracy." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Jon Kyl, Dianne Feinstein, Orrin G. Hatch, J. Gilmore Childers, enry J. DePippo, Patrick J. Colgan, Jr., Dale L. Watson, Walter D. Cadman, Richard A. Rohde, Benjamin Jacobson, Omar Ashmawy, Steven Emerson, Brian Michael Jenkins, Kenneth R. McKune, Louis J. Freeh, Doris Meissner, and Rick Santorum.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1998
• Strategic Assessment 1998: Engaging Power for Peace

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  This strategic assessment discusses security in Asia, the Middle East, Europe, Central Asia, and Africa. Other topics include asymmetric threat, nonstate threats, and preparing for change to meet these threats.

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  1998
• S. Hrg. 105-611: United States Policy Toward Iran, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, Second Session, May 14, 1998

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  S. Hrg. 105-611: This hearing discusses Iran as one of the world's largest exporters of terrorism, and highlights Iran's influence on the world, particularly in troubled regions such as North Africa and Central Asia. Testimony highlights the need to alert Iran that the United States will not tolerate the development of an Iranian nuclear program, and proposes that the US cannot support embracing a nation responsible for the deaths of so many Americans without proof positive that the terrorism has ended, the weapons programs have ended, and the foreign policy of hatred is behind them for good. Statements, letters, and material submitted for the record include those of the following: Michael Eisenstadt, Steven Emerson, Martin S. Indyk, and Richard W. Murphy.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1998
• Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Immigration of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, First Session on Examining Legislation That Will Provide Relief for Haitian Refugees, December 17, 1997

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  From the opening statement of Orrin G. Hatch: "First of all, in 1996 we passed legislation, the illegal immigration bill, which was designed to address a variety of specific problems with respect to illegal immigration. I believe many aspects of the legislation were very appropriate, and I think we're beginning to gain some positive benefits from that. Unfortunately, various sections of that legislation, woven together, whether it was the design or not of people who voted for the legislation in total, have had some perverse impacts on a variety of different fronts that have been, as a consequence, issues to be addressed by those of us in the 105th Congress. The combination of the changes to the suspension of deportation procedures and the cap of 4,000 per year on those who could be suspended and adjusted, was together a very devastating set of procedures with regard to people who had been in various processes seeking to have their status adjusted here in the United States." Materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Spencer Abraham, John Conyers, Jr., Peggy Demon, Lincoln Diaz-Balart, Bob Graham, Cheryl Little, Louiciana Miclisse, Alex Panelas, Grover Joseph Rees, Nestillia Robergeau, Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, Miraan Sa, and Thomas G. Wenski. Also included are letters to Senator Abraham and the prepared statement of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1998
• Department of Defense Plan for Integrating National Guard and Reserve Component Support for Response to Attacks Using Weapons of Mass Destruction

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  "This plan was developed by direction of the Deputy Secretary of Defense. Its aim is to improve the military capabilities required to effectively support local, state, and federal agency consequence management response to terrorist attacks. These attacks may include the use of nuclear, radiological, biological, and chemical weapons - Weapons of Mass Destruction. The Quadrennial Defense Review and National Defense Panel Report underscore the need to fully address the possibility that a future adversary will use biological or chemical weapons and integrate that threat into defense planning. Appropriate acquisition, intelligence and domestic response operations will result. Emerging doctrine, training and equipment requirements must be developed in concert with this theme. Recognizing the importance and understanding the complexities involved, we must provide the force with a capability to defend against and respond to asymmetric attacks at military installations or support the response to attacks on our homeland. The very nature of a WMD attack places tremendous pressure on the local response community. As a result, consequence management planning is just as demanding and even evolutionary in many respects. This plan outlines the concept to fill existing gaps in consequence management response capabilities. It defines the concepts, model, direction, and funding required for appropriate, substantive, integrated military support to local, state, and federal government authorities responding to the use of weapons of mass destruction. Specifically, the plan focuses on improving DoD's support for the response to a WMD attack."

  United States. Department of Defense

  1998-01
• In Touch with Industry: ICAF Industry Studies 1998: Transportation

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  The transportation industry continues to be central to the US economy. The greatest increases in productivity could all be negated if the goods don't get to market. Individually, the transportation modes cover the nation with a network of air routes, roads and highways, rail, canals and ports, and pipelines. There are advantages and disadvantages related to cost and global and domestic coverage. As such, it is critical that apportionment of funding relates to the anticipated volume of freight throughput at these facilities. Managing congestion, infrastructure upkeep and expansion problems associated with this industry are paramount to any future growth and realization of potential. The transportation industry can do more to compress time than any other industry, thus satisfying the manufacturer's need to make the product when it' s needed. Movement of the right product quantity, at the right time, to the right place will shorten the logistics time line.

  Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)

  1998
• Analysis of Unclassified Current and Pending Air Force Information Warfare and Information Operations Doctrine and Policy

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  "This study focuses on determining if unclassified current and pending Air Force information warfare and information operations doctrine and policy are moving in the direction it should in terms of being complete, consistent and cohesive based on what has been mandated and studied about these two phenomena. Investigative questions were developed in reference to the current state of unclassified Air Force information warfare and information operations doctrine and policy. Secondary data analysis was conducted along two paths. The hierarchical path included an examination of unclassified information warfare and information operations doctrine, policy and regulatory guidance. The academic path included an examination of studies and commentary on information warfare and information operations focusing on doctrine and policy. A model of unclassified current and pending Air Force information warfare and information operations doctrine and policy was developed. Then the model was analyzed for congruence in terms of completeness, consistency, and cohesiveness using the hierarchical and academic secondary data analysis as a diagnostic tool. The model was found to be partially incongruent in all three areas."

  Air Force Institute of Technology (U.S.)

  Peifer, Kenneth V.

  1997-12
• Strategy for a Middle East Peace - Is the US Acting in Its Own Best Interest?

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  The United States is not acting in its best interest with respect to Israel and the Middle East peace. Congress and many government officials have stated that Middle East peace is a vital national interest, yet the legislative and executive branches of government act to undermine the peace process through unconditional support for Israel and its policies. This paper uses the National Security Strategy (May 1997) and the pronouncements of state Department officials to outline US interests in the Middle East. Actions taken or not taken to advance the peace are then examined as well as the stated rationale for these actions and policies. As the examination unfolds, two things become clear: the US is acting to undermine justice for the Palestinian and peace in the region, and Israelis a pariah nation that violates every value that is the ethos of America. Israelis what we teach our children to abhor; a country that practices genocide and has no respect for the basic human rights of others. Six national interests are examined in making this evaluation: 1) the free flow of oil at reasonable prices; 2) the security of Israel and our Arab allies; 3) stability in the region; 4) combating terrorism and the spread of weapons of mass destruction; 5) promoting democracy and respect for human rights and the rule of law; 6) and enhancing business opportunities for American companies. The United States has the ability to achieve each of these interests and also to secure these interests, but chooses to jeopardize them by allowing Israel unrestrained latitude in dispossessing the Palestinian Arabs. The United States acts to marginalize the international community who seeks to force Israel to act like a responsible member of the global family. In doing so, the United States compromises its national values, its global leadership and its vital interest in the Middle East.

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Phillips, Michael A.

  1998
• Defense Science Board Force Protection Panel Report to DSB

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  "Khobar Towers, like Beirut more than a decade before, had a sobering effect on the US military, the event highlighted the difficulty of protecting forces and the potentially devastating consequences of an attack. To reduce risks, force protection must become a way of life for every member of the US Armed Forces, whether stationed in the United States or abroad. It must become part of the culture or state of mind in every day operations and a central component of mission planning and execution. What is it that has changed about this mission? Some argue that while the tactics and tools of force protection have changed very little, there has been a significant change in the nature of the threat. Today's forces face a new and more complex threat: the transnational threat. Transnational adversaries appear to be growing more sophisticated and appear to be increasingly interested in inflicting mass casualties and extensive destruction. Further, the inability of these adversaries to threaten the United States with traditional military force drives them to the use of other weapons - high explosives, chemical and biological agents, and potentially even nuclear devices. Moreover, the United States is no longer a sanctuary and is vulnerable on its own soil. This trend has implications both for force protection and protection of civilians at home."

  United States. Defense Science Board

  1997-12
• Crime Acts Report: 1998

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  This document records criminal incidents that took place against civil aviation aircraft and interests worldwide in 1998. A new appendix, Appendix G, appears in this year's Criminal Acts report. This appendix identifies which aviation incidents in the past five years are considered politically motivated acts. Incidents for 1998 in this category are so identified in the individual incident summaries contained in the geographic regional reports. Twenty-two incidents involving attacks against civil aviation interests worldwide were recorded in 1998. This is one fewer than the number of incidents recorded in 1997 and also the fewest recorded in Criminal Acts against Civil Aviation since the report was first published in 1986. The sub-Saharan Africa region recorded the most incidents in 1998 with seven, while Europe ranked second with six incidents. Latin America and the Caribbean geographical area accounted for five incidents, three were recorded in Asia, and one was recorded in North America. Neither Central Eurasia nor the Middle East and North Africa region had any incidents during the year. The Democratic Republic of the Congo experienced the most incidents (four) of any one country in 1998; three of these were commandeering's that occurred between August 2 and 4. The highest percentage of incidents in 1998 (41% or nine incidents) were hijackings.

  United States. Transportation Security Administration

  1998
• Gold, Not Purple: Lessons from USAID-USMILGP Cooperation in El Salvador, 1980-1992

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  "The United States faces a continuing need to conduct interagency operations, especially between the military and USAID. Surprisingly, however, this field has been treated much too casually in light of its merits as a potential force multiplier-and as a source of serious operational problems. US leaders will continue to choose the interagency approach (over unilateral options) to solve the sorts of complex problems that demand action and systematic intervention, yet allow room for political maneuver. By studying the activities of two inherently adversarial bureaucracies (USAID and the USMILGP) which needed to work together to solve a complex counterinsurgency problem in El Salvador, I have been able to determine which factors are most important for unity of effort in future interagency operations. In El Salvador the mission was to combat insurgents, but the principles and many of the tasks required to succeed then and there, apply today and elsewhere in waging the wars against drugs, terror, and other post-Cold War security threats."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Moore, Scott W.

  1997-12
• Central American Asylum Seekers: Impact of 1996 Immigration Law [Updated November 21, 1997]

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  "In enacting the Illegal Immigrant Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) of 1996 (Division C of P.L. 104-208), Congress rewrote provisions in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) that pertain to the circumstances under which certain aliens subject to expulsion from the United States may become legal residents. How aliens are affected by these statutory changes is being played out most vividly in the cases of Central Americans who first came to seek asylum the United States in the 1980s. As many as 300,000 Nicaraguans, Salvadorans, and Guatemalans are potentially affected by these revisions. The Attorney General has the discretionary authority under the INA to grant relief from deportation and adjustment of status to otherwise illegal aliens who meet a certain set of criteria. This avenue, formerly known as suspension of deportation, is now called cancellation of removal. In addition to changing the name, IIRIRA established tighter standards for obtaining this relief. IIRIRA also established a cap on the number who could receive cancellation of removal -- 4,000 each fiscal year. It appears that the Nicaraguans, Salvadorans, and Guatemalans were fleeing civil conflicts in their native countries throughout the 1980s. Nonetheless the Central Americans came as 'illegal' immigrants crossing the southern U.S. border without proper documents; most were denied asylum and placed in deportation proceedings. Yet, policy decisions -- notably the creation of the Nicaraguan Review Office in 1987 and an out-of-court settlement of the American Baptist Churches v. Thornburgh case in 1990 -- enabled these otherwise deportable aliens to remain in the United States with employment authorizations."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Wasem, Ruth Ellen

  1997-11-21
• NATO Counterproliferation Policy: A Case Study in Alliance Politics

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  This paper studies NATO's noncounterproliferation initiative and its attempt to develop an agreed alliance policy regarding this issue of concern. NATO's future holds the likelihood of more bilateral or multilateral actions under the umbrella of NATO approval, without necessarily being a consensual NATO activity. In addition, while NATO's core function will remain--to guarantee the freedom and physical security of its members--its day-to-day functions will change to lower level aspects of a broad range of security issues. As one analyst put it, this bodes a shift "from collective defense to collective responsibility sharing," with important ramifications for future non- or counterproliferation activities by the Alliance.

  USAF Institute for National Security Studies

  Larsen, Jeffrey Arthur, 1954-

  1997-11
• Defense Science Board Summer Study Task Force on DoD Responses to Transnational Threats, Volume I: Final Report

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  "In response to joint tasking from the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology and the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, the 1997 DSB Summer Study Task Force addressed the Department's Responses to Transnational Threats. In the study, the Task Force concludes that the Department should treat transnational threats as a major Department of Defense mission. Transnational actors have three advantages: 1) they can have ready access to weapons of mass destruction; 2) we cannot easily deter them because they have no homeland; and 3) they respect no boundaries, whether political, organizational, legal or moral. Further, warning may be short and attribution may be slow or ambiguous. Since the United States is now the dominant military force in the world, potential adversaries will be driven to asymmetric strategies to meet their objectives. As such, transnational threats represent an important national security problem."

  United States. Defense Science Board

  1997-10
• Defense Science Board 1997 Summer Study Task Force on DoD Responses to Transnational Threats, Volume II: Force Protection Report

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  Transnational actors have three advantages: 1) they can have ready access to weapons of mass destruction; 2) we cannot easily deter them because they have no homeland; and 3) they respect no boundaries, whether political, organizational, legal or moral. Further, warning may be short and attribution may be slow or ambiguous. Since the United States is now the dominant military force in the world, potential adversaries will be driven to asymmetric strategies to meet their objectives. As such, transnational threats represent an important national security problem. Notably, the Department of Defense has the capacity to mitigate these threats with its extensive capabilities, training and experience. In the attached report, the Task Force suggests a multi-faceted strategy for the DoD to address this increasingly important class of threats. This strategy involves the development of an end-to-end systems concept, investment in critical technology areas, and the leveraging of similarities between civil protection and force protection. The Task Force concludes that the Department also needs to increase its emphasis on responding to this threat by more clearly assigning responsibilities and by providing mechanisms for measuring its readiness to respond.

  United States. Defense Science Board

  Hermann, Robert; Welch, Larry

  1997-10
• 1997 Report to Congress on Ballistic Missile Threat

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  This report describes the overall Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) strategy and details the distinct programs and projects included in the overall effort, addresses international participation in BMD research, discusses the certification status of compliance of planned development and testing programs with existing arms control agreements, and provides details of current and planned funding for BMD.

  United States. Department of Defense. Office of the Secretary of Defense

  1997-09-30
• Immigration's Impact on U.S. National Security and Foreign Policy

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  This paper examines the relationship between U.S. immigration, foreign policy, and national security. It assumes that the primary interest of the United States is its national security and that the ultimate goal of U.S. foreign policy is to promote U.S. national security. The paper outlines the ways in which immigration has been affected by the national security interests and foreign policies of the United States as well as the way in which immigration has affected national security concerns and resulting foreign policy.

  U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform

  Franzblau, Kenneth J.

  1997-10
• Joint Force Quarterly: Summer 1997, Issue 16 [August 1997]

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  "NDU Press produces Joint Force Quarterly in concert with ongoing education and research at National Defense University in support of the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. JFQ is the Chairman's joint military and security studies journal designed to inform and educate national security professionals on joint and integrated operations; whole of government contributions to national security policy and strategy; homeland security; and developments in training and joint military education to better equip America's military and security apparatus to meet tomorrow's challenges while protecting freedom today."

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Marks, Edward, 1934-; Eisenhour, John Howard

  1997-08
• Countering the Proliferation and Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction

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  The USAF Institute for National Security Studies, in cooperation with HQ USAF Nuclear and Counter proliferation Directorate, sponsored it, 5th annual Tropical Conference, entitled Countering the Proliferation and Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction held on 29-30 July 1997 at the National Defense University. The purpose of this conference was to examine emerging asymmetric strategies an capabilities made Counter proliferation increasingly more difficult for the United States, Major Gen. Neary said: This, the United States Air Force, under Gen. Ronald Fogleman's guidance, adopted a new structure to counter the proliferation of WMD.

  United States Air Force Academy

  1997-07-30
• U.S. National Security: Beyond the Cold War

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  U.S. national security is a subject that has been under intense scrutiny since the end of the Cold War. What constitutes such security for the United States as this country approaches the new century? Are the ends, ways, and means of our national security and national military strategies sufficient to provide for the nation's future? And above all, as this country celebrates the 50th anniversary of the National Security Act of 1947, are the institutions that resulted from that act still sufficient for the post-Cold War era? With these questions in mind, the Strategic Studies Institute and Dickinson College's Clarke Center co-sponsored the series of lectures on American national security after the Cold War which are contained in this volume. The lectures take four different, yet complementary, perspectives. Professor Ronald Steel reminds us of the intellectual revolution embodied in the act that moved America from the concept of "defense" to one of "national security" and relates this concept to our attempts to define post-Cold War national security interests. Dr. Lawrence Korb reviews the evolution in our national security establishment since the 1947 act. Dr. Morton Halperin's focus is the continuing tension between secrecy in the name of national security and the openness required in a democratic society, with a commentary on continuing threats to civil liberties. In the concluding essay, Ambassador Robert Ellsworth surveys the key strategic challenges facing the United States as we enter the 21st century.

  Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute

  Jablonsky, David; Ellsworth, Robert F.; Halperin, Morton H. . . .

  1997-07-26
• Modern U.S. Civil - Military Relations: Wielding the Terrible Swift Sword

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  A December 1995 article in the Washington Times examined the "huge say" U.S. military leaders had had in crafting the provisions of the Dayton agreement. It quoted several anonymous administration officials as believing that the agreement "was carefully crafted to reflect demands from the military . . . . Rather than be ignored.., the military, as a price for its support, has basically gotten anything it wanted." The article also speculated that the administration had listened so intently to its military leaders for reasons that were "part political cover, part lessons learned from the Somalia debacle and Haiti, part reflection of the mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina." This essay will argue that the demands placed by military officers on the provisions of the Dayton agreement reflect a steady increase in the influence of military officers in crafting defense policy, rather than the recognition of any lessons learned in Somalia or Haiti. Furthermore, this increased authority of the military--and the resultant deterioration in civil-military relations--is largely the result of the lessons drawn by the military from the American experience in Vietnam.

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Johnson, David E.

  1997-07
• Joint Force Quarterly: Spring 1997, Issue 15 [June 1997]

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  "NDU Press produces Joint Force Quarterly in concert with ongoing education and research at National Defense University in support of the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. JFQ is the Chairman's joint military and security studies journal designed to inform and educate national security professionals on joint and integrated operations; whole of government contributions to national security policy and strategy; homeland security; and developments in training and joint military education to better equip America's military and security apparatus to meet tomorrow's challenges while protecting freedom today."

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Grange, David L.; Johnson, Rodney L.

  1997-06
• Economic Espionage, Technology Transfers and National Security: Hearing before the Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, First Session, June 17, 1997

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  The Joint Economic Committee sits in a very unique position and I would suggest an ideal position to evaluate past policy and to evaluate those policies' impact on our economy, particularly, in the context of the legislative intent of the authors of the policies. The areas of concern occurred across several administrations in both the areas of high technology transfer and economic espionage. The goal is to shed light on these problems. I am sure that those responsible for these policies formulated them with the best of intentions. However, those intentions may not have manifested themselves as expected in this new and changing reality of a former Soviet Union, an emerging Asia and a struggling, unstable Third World. Opening statement for this hearing prepared by Jim Saxton. Witnesses include: Robert L. Schweitzer, Peter M. Leitner, John J. Fialka, and Kenneth Flamm.

  United States. Congress. Joint Economic Committee

  1997-06
• Perspective Series: Guatemala: Democracy and Human Rights

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  "This paper has been particularly written to address the information needs and issues of concern to U.S. Asylum Officers and other Immigration Officers. […].Despite these historic developments, Guatemala still has a long way to go to create a society and polity capable of safeguarding the most basic human rights of its citizens. That is particularly true of its historically oppressed indigenous majority. Well over a hundred thousand Mayan peasants perished in the civil war, almost all at the hands of the armed forces, who frequently massacred entire villages. Though the war has receded, the racism that fed its savagery has not. As documented in this report, incidents of discrimination and violence directed at members of indigenous ethnic groups continue to be widespread."

  INS Resource Information Center

  Reding, Andrew

  1997-06
• Information Operations - A New Tool for Peacekeeping

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  From the thesis abstract: "This monograph discusses the application of information operations to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of peace missions ranging from peacekeeping to peace imposition. Using a variety of models and an examination of the components of information operations this monograph demonstrates the applicability of these operations to peace missions. Examples from recent history provide a backdrop for evaluating previous applications and investigating other potential uses of information operations to support peace missions. […] The monograph first examines the status of international relations as a result of the demise of the Soviet Union and the rise of information technology. The impact of these two earthshaking events have forever changed the face the world. As the nations of the world seek a new geometry of relationships without the Soviet Union the level of violence continues to rise. Without the unifying ideologies of the Cold War, many nations are seeking identity through ethnicity. This factor in conjunction with a freedom to act completely in promotion of national interests without the specter of a global nuclear war has led to a very unstable world. […] Information operations allow cost effective solutions to violence by reducing the resources required to keep the peace. Peace missions can use information operations to reduce forces necessary to make peace, bypass belligerent leaders to inform populations about alternatives to violent solutions, and control the ability of belligerents to continue conflict. The maturation of the information age provides an opportunity to establish a 'Pax Informationus' and retain sufficient national resources to address domestic problems."

  U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies

  Phillips, Gary E.

  1997-05-22
• Operation Order 1-97 (Operation Bold Leap)

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  The United States military is facing increased political pressure to adjust itself to the emerging realities of a post-Cold War world while trying to recapitalize within flat defense budgets. Internationally, while dangers abound, serious threats to the homeland or our vital interests remain vague. Domestic priorities such as budget balancing and entitlement programs have not only eclipsed a needed national debate on defense, but made continued economic growth increasingly a matter of national security if; for no other reason, for the tough choices between defense and baby boomer pensions it permits us to avoid. Nowhere are all these pressures more evident than in the Army, the one service that has seen its operational mission load increase over 300% since 1989 while its budget has dropped 40% in real terms. In this report LTC McClure argues in a novel format, an adapted operations order, that the Army should downsize more now, muster resources, and 'skip' a generation to the weapons, equipment and organizations needed to confront America's next near peer land power competitor beyond 2010.

  Army War College (U.S.)

  McClure, Robert L.

  1997-05-14