Advanced search Help
Searching for terms: ALL (presidential AND directive AND homeland) in: full text and any metadata
Clear all search criteria
Only 2/3! You are seeing results from the Public Collection, not the complete Full Collection. Sign in to search everything (see eligibility).
-
U.S. Coast Guard's National Security Role in the Twenty-First Century
"This report addresses the Coast Guard's National security role in the next century by interviewing current and former policy & decision makers involved in the maritime aspects of national security. The report attempts to define the relationship between the Navy and the Coast Guard in the Post Cold War era when the requirements for the Coast Guard to act as Commanders of Maritime Defense Zones (MDZs) and to provide ASW capable cutters has been dramatically lessened. The author suggests the definition of national security needs to expand and that the Coast Guard provide increased support for US CINCS especially in security assistance and low order crisis response. The role of the US Coast Guard as the force manager/force provider for coastal patrol boats is also studied. The need for a viable national defense role for the Coast Guard is examined and the implications of a lack of a well-defined, needed role assessed."
Naval War College (U.S.). Center for Naval Warfare Studies
Stubbs, Bruce B.
1992-09-01
-
Monitoring Limits on Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles
Beginning with a hypothetical arms control regime for nuclear SLCMs, this Report examines in detail ways in which compliance with such a regime might be monitored. Surveying the life-cycle of SLCMs from development testing through deployment and storage, the assessment identifies the 'indicators' by which the missiles might be tracked and accounted for. It also assesses the paths of evasion that a determined cheater might take to avoid the proposed monitoring measures.
United States. Government Printing Office
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1992-09
-
Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1991
"Terrorism in 1991 was marked by three major features. First, the number of international terrorist incidents increased 22 percent, from 456 in 1990 to 557 last year. This increase is solely attributable to terrorism associated with the Persian Gulf war. Second, 1991 was the second straight year in which there was no terrorist spectacular. Third, 1991 clearly demonstrated the role of state sponsorship in international terrorism. A central part of US Government counterterrorism policy is to press countries that sponsor terrorism to cease such support. This is what the international community did last year with great success against Iraq when Saddam Hussein threatened the world with a wave of terrorism following his invasion of Kuwait. The threat failed in large part because of the firm response by the United States and its allies and cooperation among them. The expulsion of Iraqi operatives, cooperation among law enforcement and intelligence services, and enhanced security countermeasures proved effective. In April the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 687 requiring a commitment from Iraq not to engage in acts of terrorism or support terrorist groups. Another part of US counterterrorism policy is to work with other governments to identify, apprehend, and prosecute terrorists. […]. A third part of our policy is to refuse to make deals with terrorists, and our firm adherence to this was rewarded in 1991 as the last remaining American hostages were freed from captivity in Lebanon."
United States. Department of State
1992-04
-
Drugs and Terror: A Threat to U.S. National Security
"One of the most ominous developments in recent years is the union of drug traffickers and terrorists. This growing problem, called narcoterrorism, threatens U.S. national security. This threat causes corruption at every level of government and society. In 1989 President Bush declared that drug abuse was the gravest domestic problem facing our nation and was a national security threat. There has been little or no improvement since then. Secretary of Defense Cheney has stated that the detection and countering of the production, trafficking, and the use of illicit narcotics is a high priority national security mission of the Department of Defense. The social impact of the widespread drug abuse in the United States, the staggering effect on the economy, and Third World instability all have substantial national security implications. Narcoterrorism links the drug problem with the terrorist problem, and it is an international and domestic security threat."
Army War College (U.S.)
Cantrell, Alvin D.
1992-03-23
-
National Security, Papers Prepared for GAO Conference on Worldwide Threats
"On October 30,199 1, GAO sponsored a conference designed to provide insight into potential military threats to US national security interests and necessary modifications to current and planned U.S. forces to meet those threats. Conference participants, including defense analysts and retired military officers, discussed and analyzed the possibility of U.S. and allied involvement in various regional contingencies in Europe and the Soviet Union, the Near East and South Asia, and East Asia. Topics ranged from the possibility of nuclear war to a general discussion of low-intensity conflict. We commissioned the papers in this supplement prior to the conference to serve as the starting point for discussion. They represent a wide range of perspectives and do not necessarily represent GAO'S views and opinions."
United States. General Accounting Office
1992
-
East Bay Hills Fire: Oakland-Berkeley, California
"The largest dollar fire loss in United States history occurred in the East Bay Hills, within the California cities of Oakland and Berkeley, between October 19 and 22, 1991. Twenty-five lives were lost and more than 3,000 structures were destroyed by a wildland-urban interface fire in one of the most heavily populated metropolitan areas of the North American continent. The fire completely over-whelmed the firefighting forces of the area, consuming everything in its path, and was only stopped when the Diablo wind conditions abated. The wind had threatened to drive the fire across the entire city of Oakland. The factors that set the stage for this disaster were identified long before the fire occurred, and the potential consequences had been predicted by fire officials. Nevertheless, their warnings went unheeded, and the measures that could have reduced the risks were not implemented. More than one billion dollars in damage resulted from a fire that exceeded the worst expectations in the most concerned fire professionals. It was a fire that demonstrates how natural forces may be beyond the control of human intervention and should cause a renewed look at the risk of wildland-urban inter¬face fire disasters."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1991-10
-
Security Environment in the Post-Cold War World: A Short-, Mid- and Long-Term Assessment
"Interprets events unfolding in the post-Cold War era within the context of United States security concerns and military missions and extrapolates short-, mid- and long-term trends. More than seventy countries are subjects of research and analysis in this report."
Library of Congress. Federal Research Division
Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon), 1946-; Burnham, Ly; Cutter, Melissa
1991-09
-
Emerging Shield: The Air Force and the Evolution of Continental Air Defense 1945-1960
"The volume begins with the U.S. Army Air Service's involvement with air defense in World War I and traces the story through to the late 1950s and early 196Os. At that time, the intercontinental ballistic missile supplanted the bomber as the most dangerous long-range threat to North America, precipitating a dramatic decline in bomber defenses over the next two decades. A number of important themes emerge: the development of technology, particularly for command, control, and communications systems; roles and missions debates; interpretations and analysis of the threat; and Air Force theories and approaches to offensive and defensive strategic warfare. The last is by far the most pervasive theme. In the period covered by this volume, the Air Force consistently held true to its belief that 'the best defense is a good offense,' despite the rise of air defense as a national priority. For most of history, military organizations have favored offensive strategies, for taking the offense is a way of planning and structuring the battle. Assuming the initiative by striking the first blow offers clear benefits as opposed to waiting and reacting defensively. The offense is usually viewed by military organizations as a positive force to achieve victory, whereas defense seems to seek only a negative goal-that of preservation."
United States. Air Force. Office of Air Force History
Schaffel, Kenneth, 1953-1988
1991-07-02
-
Technology Against Terrorism: The Federal Effort
This report investigates the status of research on technological means used to protect ourselves against terrorist threats. It deals with the Federal research and development effort in countering terrorism, and with the state of attempts to use technology to aid in detecting and preventing attempts to introduce explosives aboard aircraft.
United States. Government Printing Office
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1991-07
-
Verification Technologies: Cooperative Aerial Surveillance in International Agreements
This report examines the potential and limitations of cooperative aerial surveillance as a means of supporting the goals of a variety of international agreements. It surveys the types of aircraft and sensors that might be used. It reviews the status of and issues raised by the Open Skies Treaty negotiations as an extended example of an aerial surveillance regime. The report concludes with a quantitative analysis of one possible use of cooperative overflights: the search for potential arms control violations.
United States. Government Printing Office
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1991-07
-
U.S. Maritime Strategy in the North Atlantic and the Norwegian Sea: An Evolving Strategy in Need of Reassessment
"This thesis examines the evolution, and theoretical basis of the United States' maritime strategy in the North Atlantic and what is referred to as 'NATO's [North Atlantic Treaty Organization] Northern Flank.' The strategy associated with past Secretary of the Navy, John Lehman, is no longer considered applicable in the context of today's East-West relationship and is in need of reassessment. The paper then assesses the current, post Cold War situation and looks at future security interests the United States may have in the region. Additionally, the security and defense capabilities of our allies in the region are examined. Given the United States will remain closely linked with European security issues, by examining the successes and failures of past strategies and the strengths and weaknesses of our allies, one will be better able to develop a new strategy."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Woodard, Jimmy C.
1991-06
-
Economics of War Planning: An Addition to the Clausewitzian Trinity
From the thesis abstract: "The attached monograph seeks to analyze in general terms the economic dimension in war planning. It focuses on the causes and implications of the often inescapable incompatibility between political/economic objectives and military aims. Much of what the monograph argues has only recently been discerned from Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. It was a modern war of the kind whose effects we anticipated in AirLand Battle, but resulted in compressing the doctrine into ways never before visualized. One preliminary use of this monograph is to help CINCs [Commander in Chief] and senior staff planners gain insight about economics as a vital element in military strategy and campaign plan formulation. Principally, the monograph seeks to analyze the economic domain through Clausewitz's framework of war. The author examines Clausewitz's trinity and suggests a modified version to his theory. Although the spectrum of the economic domain encompasses political, psychological, and military elements, the paper emphasizes the latter. This can be seen in the utility of finding economic features which may lead a planner to economic decisive points. The economic dimension is discussed to some degree, but only as a vehicle for continuity or for demonstrating the economic impact on military activities. The result of this research led the author to conclude that one cannot limit himself to the destruction of the enemy's forces as the main effort. Without considering other possible centers of gravity such as their economic capacity to wage war. Jean de Bloch once wrote that 'military writers look upon future war only from the point of view of attaining certain objects by destroying the armies of the enemy.' Switch his word writers for planners and you sense the issue before us. Bloch probably had Karl von Clausewitz or Henri de Jomini in mind when he wrote these words. It is time modern practitioners expand their thinking about the art of war to include economics."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Karhohs, Jeffrey W.
1991-05-15
-
DoD 5200.08-R: Physical Security Program [Updated April 9, 2007]
"In accordance with the requirements of DoD Instruction 5200.08, (Reference (b)), this Regulation implements DoD policies and minimum standards for the physical protection of DoD personnel, installations, operations, and related resources."
United States. Department of Defense
1991-05
-
U.S.- Japan Security Alliance: Will it Survive in the New World Order?
From the thesis abstract: "When George Bush took office in January 1989, he spoke of a new world order. The characteristics of this new world order may be more physical than the ideological Cold War. Some characteristics are emerging--resurfacing of old rivalries, greater interdependence between major powers, more weapons of mass destruction, information revolution, and the ascendancy of economic power over military power to name a few. These changes mandate a review of old alliances designed to implement a national security strategy or containment. One candidate is the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan commonly referred to as the U.S.-Japan Security Alliance. Now that the Cold War is over, is this treaty still relevant? Given Japan's economic miracle, should the United States continue to provide Japan's national security and protect Japan's vital interests? This paper examines the treaty from three perspectives: -Is the U.S.-Japan Security Alliance still relevant in the emerging world order from a military perspective?"
Army War College (U.S.)
Gilbert, Russell L.
1991-04-01
-
Patterns of International Terrorism: 1990
"The continuing decline in the number of international terrorist incidents during 1990 is encouraging, From a peak of 856 in 1988, the number of incidents decreased to 455 in 1990. Even more encouraging are the increasing counterterrorist cooperation among governments and our numerous successes in bringing the rule of law to bear on terrorists. As part of our overall counterterrorist strategy, the United States works with other governments to identify, apprehend, and prosecute terrorists. Many terrorist trials were successfully completed in 1990, and many more cases are still in progress. Through training provided under the Department of State's Anti-Terrorism Training Assistance Program, we have improved the ability of other governments to preempt, or to investigate and prosecute, terrorist attacks. The program has been extremely successful, and in 1990 for the first time law enforcement officials from the newly democratic East European states participated. Another important element of our counterterrorist effort, the Rewards for Terrorism Information Program, received a significant boost in 1990. This program provides rewards for information that leads to the 'prevention, frustration, or favorable resolution of terrorist acts against US persons or properties overseas.' Late in 1989, Congress increased the ceiling for an individual reward to $2 million. Rewards of more than $500,000 have been paid under this program. In 1990, the Air Transport Association (AT A) and the Air Line Pilots' Association (ALPA) matched the reward ceiling with $2 million to create a potential $4 million reward for information about attacks on civil aviation."
United States. Department of State
1991-04
-
NATO's Out-of-Area Dilemma
"NATO has a legitimate right to project force beyond the geographical boundaries of the NATO alliance. That NATO has been unwilling or unable to do so since 1949 results from a combination of factors relating to disagreements between the members over the geographical scope of the alliance, shifts in allied foreign policies and inter-allied tensions brought on by the Cold War. Iraq's invasion of Kuwait moved NATO's out-of-area problem from a subordinate position to the primarily threat facing the alliance. Historically, the Alliance felt that responses to out-of-area security threats should be dealt with on a unilateral basis, even when the Alliance has agreed that their collective vital interests are threatened. The dilemma for NATO is the lack of a unified approach to the out-of-area problem. NATO's boundaries are boundaries of obligation and not boundaries of confinement. Through a review of the language of the treaty and problems inherent in alliance relationships, this thesis will explore the differing perceptions of alliance members regarding the scope of the alliance and why NATO has survived for 40 years yet been unable to deal with the out-of-area problem."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Theodorelos, Susan Lynn
1990-12
-
Sheltering the Genie: The LIC Threat to Nuclear Systems
"The decreasing tension between the United States and the Soviet Union obscures a harsh reality, in a world where the probability of a nuclear exchange between the two superpowers is at its lowest point since the early 1950s, [American nuclear] weapons are more [vulnerable] than ever to 'low intensity' threats. Some terrorist organizations have become sophisticated enough to actually steal or destroy a warhead, while the Special Purpose Forces of the Soviet Union retain the [ability] to curtail the reliability of American strategic systems from within the United States or Europe. These two very real threats are derived from the same factors - the openness of American society, and the enormous difficulty of providing security for these weapons. Because it is difficult to separate terrorism issues, the analysis of possible outcomes goes beyond the weapons themselves to include nuclear materials and power plants."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Shemella, Paul
1990-08
-
Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1989
This document produced by the State Department in April 1990 provides graphs and analysis of international terrorist acts for the year of 1989. Topics discussed include assessments of acts of terrorism in the regions of the Middle East, Latin America, Europe and North America, Asia an Sub-Saharan Africa; chronology of major terrorist-related events in 1989 as well as background information the terrorist groups discussed the report.
United States. Department of State
1990-04
-
From Forward Deployment to Forward Presence: A New National Strategy for the Pacific
From the thesis abstract: "This thesis analyzes the changing strategic environment in East Asia and the Pacific. Despite sweeping foreign policy initiatives, the Soviets maintain a significant military capability. Even as the likelihood of the Soviet threat diminishes, low-intensity type conflict threaten U.S. regional interests. Additionally, changing regional perceptions are undermining traditional U.S. security arrangements. Rising Asian nationalism questions the need for forward deployment of U.S. forces within regional states. A policy of forward presence via maritime assets is the solution. U.S. naval assets would allow for a reasonable power projection capability in time of crisis, yet would meet fiscal constraints during peacetime through a scaling down of deployed assets. Other U. S. forces will maintain their ability to meet regional responsibilities through training exercises with regional forces and a build-up of the U.S. sealift capability. Now is the time to encourage regional states to assume greater responsibilities for their own defense. A regional maritime organization must be developed to maintain open trade routes. With a focused mandate, such an organization would not threaten individual national sovereignties and would promote regional cooperation and stability. An expansion of the U.S. Navy's peacetime mission will certainly serve the national interest. Increased port visits to economically less developed regions should be coordinated to support on-going or planned U.S. assistance programs"
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Smith, Michael Edward
1990-03
-
National Security Strategy of the United States [1990]
This report outlines the direction the United States will take to protect the legacy of the postwar era while enabling us to help shape a new era, 'one that moves beyond containment and that will take us into the next century'.
United States. White House Office
1990-03
-
Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1990
"The continuing decline in the number of international terrorist incidents during 1990 is encouraging. From a peak of 856 in 1988, the number of incidents decreased to 455 in 1990. Even more encouraging are the increasing counterterrorist cooperation among governments and our numerous successes in bringing the rule of law to bear on terrorists. As part of our overall counterterrorist strategy, the United States works with other governments to identify, apprehend, and prosecute terrorists. Many terrorist trials were successfully completed in 1990, and many more cases are still in progress. Through training provided under the Department of State's Anti-Terrorism Training Assistance Program, we have improved the ability of other governments to preempt, or to investigate and prosecute, terrorist attacks. The program has been extremely successful, and in 1990 for the first time law enforcement officials from the newly democratic East European states participated. Another important element of our counterterrorist effort, the Rewards for Terrorism Information Program, received a significant boost in 1990. This program provides rewards for information that leads to the 'prevention, frustration, or favorable resolution of terrorist acts against US persons or properties overseas.' Late in 1989, Congress increased the ceiling for an individual reward to $2 million. Rewards of more than $500,000 have been paid under this program. In 1990, the Air Transport Association (ATA) and the Air Line Pilots' Association (ALPA) matched the reward ceiling with $2 million to create a potential $4 million reward for information about attacks on civil aviation."
United States. Department of State
1990
-
United States-Japanese National Interests in Asia: Security in the 1990s
From the thesis abstract: "Perceptions of the bilateral security relationship between the United States and Japan are beginning to depart the post-war norm. Japan's economic competition is beginning to be seen by some in the United States as a greater threat to U. S. national security than the traditional threat of Soviet expansionism. A difference in fundamental values between the United States and Japan may exacerbate these diverging views during a period of dramatic East-West change. This thesis proposes that the U.S. and Japan re-examine their bilateral security relationship and replace it with a formal, rational division of burden and decision sharing by allocating primary areas of security responsibility in Asia within the alliance. It proposes that Japanese naval forces assume primary responsibility of stability and peace in Northeast Asia while the United States continues primary responsibility of stability and peace in the vital sea lanes of communication in the Indian Ocean and South China Seas. The flexibility of this strategy would permit coping with the uncertainty of United States-U.S.S.R. relations until the success or failure of Soviet reforms can be ascertained. Also, a revised security arrangement between the United States and Japan would diminish the prospects of an independent Japanese military posture in Asia."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Staples, Mark T.
1989-12
-
SDI and Arms Control
"President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, or SDI, and the pursuit of defenses to protect against ballistic missile attack are issues of significant debate. Some praise the proposal, first made in a presidential address to the nation on 23 March 1983, as a grand vision that will abolish nuclear blackmail by adopting a totally defensive posture. Others condemn it as being destabilizing, a Pandora's box of strategic transition that could precipitate armed conflict. To date, the focus primarily has been on questions of technology. Are defenses feasible? Will they work? How effective can they be? In addition, many have addressed the impact of defenses on US-Soviet stability. Will SDI defenses seem threatening? Will they destabilize the strategic equation? Is a shift toward defense necessarily away from offense? Perhaps the real questions to ask concern the strategic direction currently being pursued, how strategic defense will or should interact with strategic offense, and the relationship of strategic defense to arms control. The vision of SDI originally portrayed in March 1983-ultimately eliminating the threat of strategic nuclear missiles-is now a longer-term goal. Now deterrence is, as before, the byword; perfect defenses are recognized as being unattainable, and continued dependence on offensive ballistic missiles is envisioned. These considerations, once accepted, may precipitate further nuclear arms control agreements-with SDI as the catalyst."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Dewolf, Howard G.
1989-11
-
Urban Counterinsurgency: Case Studies And Implications for U.S. Military Forces
"This report examines five historical case studies to provide valuable insights for developing U.S. military counterinsurgency doctrine for urban areas. The report begins with an introduction to the nature of urban insurgency and then evaluates each case. The cases (Palestine [1944-19471, Algeria [1954-1957], Cyprus [1955-1958], Venezuela [1960- 19631, and Uruguay (1968-1972]) are diverse in many areas including causes, intensity, insurgent and counterinsurgent strategies and tactics, the role of cities in the overall terrorist campaign, and outcome. After discussion of the case as a whole, emphasis shifts to military forces. The role of military forces in a government's total counterinsurgency effort is examined as are the details about military execution of this role. Political, legal, and strategic factors, organization and command and control, tactics, and equipment are discussed in detail. The report develops findings and conclusions and addresses their implications for U.S. military forces in future urban counterinsurgency operations."
U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory
Miller, R.; McLaurin, R. D. (Ronald De), 1944-1995
1989-10
-
War on Drugs -- Can an Operational Artist Help Win It?
From the thesis abstract: "The purpose of this paper is to examine the current drug war and to determine if an operational artist's approach to planning and problem solving is applicable for the United States in its war against drugs. This paper is significant because the military's role in the drug war, while limited and sporadic in the past, is increasing, and if civilian agencies currently fighting the lion's share of the war continue to lose ground, then the military can expect to see its involvement significantly expanded. The following methodology was used to examine the drug war and to make a determination concerning the applicability of an operational artist's methods. First, a current estimate of the drug war is presented. Its purpose is to identify the drug war's major participants; present their goals, objectives, and strategies; identify their bases, lines of operation and current
use of available means and methods of operation; and discuss possible strengths and weaknesses. Second, the central concepts of operational art are identified and discussed and a determination is made concerning their applicability. The concepts examined are; operational art itself, centers of gravity, the relationship between ends, ways, means, and strategy, campaign planning, branches and sequels, culminating points, and operational
maneuver. In addition operational guidance for the design and conduct of an operational artist's campaign plan for the drug war is presented. This study concludes that the central concepts of operational art and an operational artist's planning methods are applicable and can help the U.S. turn the tide in its war on drugs."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies
Smith, Matthew L.
1989-05-06
-
Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1988
This document produced by the State Department in March 1989 provides graphs and analysis of international terrorist acts for the year of 1988. Topics discussed include U.S. counterterrorism policy, terrorism trends, states that support terrorism, the numbers of total deaths from acts of terrorism, geographic distribution of acts from 1968 to 1988, and a breakdown of the nationality of victims of terrorist attacks.
United States. Department of State
1989-03
-
Evolution and Impact of Terrorism in the 20th Century and the U.S. Response
"This document remarks on some of the historical developments in the phenomenon of modern international terrorism and the developing phenomenon of modern international terrorism and the developing U.S. policy response. It reviews the changing nature of terrorism in the 20th century, with particular emphasis on the 1960s to the present, while underscoring the resultant evolution of the American policy response. Some of the more predominant difficulties in coming to terms with the nature of modern terrorism and roadblocks to reducing the scope of international terrorism are identified."
Air University (U.S.). Air War College
Phillips, William M.F.
1989-03
-
Terrorist Group Profiles
"This study is designed to provide the American people detailed information about key terrorist groups and thereby strip away much of their mystique. We anticipate it will be useful to researchers, students, the media, and others who follow terrorist issues. The study is divided into geographic sections that begin with an overview, followed by coverage of the key regional terrorist groups. Information includes an estimate of each group's membership strength, identities of key leaders, ideological orientation, target audiences, a narrative description of the group's background, and a selected incident chronology."
United States. Office of the Vice President
1988-11
-
Vice President's Task Force on Combating Terrorism, 1988 Public Report
This document was released in November, 1988 as the public report of then Vice President George H.W. Bush's Task Force on Combating Terrorism. The report was designed to inform the American public of the nature of terrorism, the threats it poses to the national security of the United States, and what the U.S. government is doing to combat terrorism. "The study is divided into geographic sections that begin with an overview, followed by coverage of the key regional terrorist groups. Information includes an estimate of each group's membership strength, identities of key leaders, ideological orientation, target audiences, a narrative description of the group's background, and a selected incident chronology." The forward address by then Vice President Bush outlines the U.S. policy on terrorism as it was in 1988.
United States. Office of the Vice President
1988-11
-
Nuclear-Weapon Free Zone Proposals: Strategic Implications for the United States
"This study examines how the two existing nuclear-weapon free zones (NWFZ), one in Latin America and the other in the South Pacific, have affected US strategic interests in the two regions. It also considers the possibility of the establishment of NWFZs in other regions, including Scandinavia, the Balkans, Southeast Asia, Northeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. The information in this study was derived from a variety of open sources available at the Library of Congress."
Library of Congress. Federal Research Division
Katz, Rodney P.
1986
