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U.S. Military Presence in the Gulf: Challenges and Prospects
"The author considers the critical questions of U.S. military presence in the Gulf, the challenges it faces, and the prospects that lay ahead. He relies, in his presentation and analysis, on a variety of regional sources including newspaper reports and personal interviews conducted in the United States and the Gulf region, as well as government and academic sources. The result is a comprehensive study, including policy recommendations for U.S. military and civilian decisionmakers that makes intelligible the complex subject of U.S.-Gulf relations."
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Hajjar, Sami G., 1939-
2002-03
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Also Known as Indonesia: Notes on the Javanese Empire
Indonesia is of far greater strategic importance to the United States than we have yet realized. With an increase of Muslim infighting between moderates and fundamentalists, terrorist organizations are gaining hold and could become the new terrorist hotbed of the Islamic world. In sum, Islamic trends in Indonesia will have a significant effect on the security of the United States. Whatever happens, Indonesia--and Indonesians--will muddle through. But the direction in which their muddling will take them has yet to be decided. There are certainly limits to how much the United States can do to help, but, at present, we are doing virtually nothing. Valid issues, such as human rights abuses during the East Timor crisis, have nearly paralyzed relations between Washington and Jakarta. But it may be time to recognize the turbulent circumstances and governmental chaos that led to the excesses in East Timor. Indonesia desperately needs a second chance on many fronts. If we recognize how far this new democracy has come in a few short years--against enormous odds--we might find that we are squandering a historic opportunity we cannot afford to let slip away. American engagement alone will not determine Indonesia's future, but the lack of engagement is a gift to our mortal enemies.
United States. Department of Defense; Center for Emerging Threats and Opportunities (Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory)
Peters, Ralph, 1952-
2002-03
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International Narcotics Control Strategy Report - 2001 [Released March 1, 2002]
"In attempting to evaluate whether countries and certain entities are meeting the goals and objectives of the 1988 UN Drug Convention, the [State] Department has used the best information it has available. The 2002 INCSR covers countries that range from major drug producing and drug-transit countries, where drug control is a critical element of national policy, to small countries or entities where drug issues or the capacity to deal with them are minimal. The reports vary in the extent of their coverage. For key drug control countries, where considerable information is available, we have provided comprehensive reports. For some smaller countries or entities where only sketchy information is available, we have included whatever data the responsible post could provide. The country chapters report upon actions--including plans, programs, and, where applicable, timetables--toward fulfillment of Convention obligations. […]. Information concerning counternarcotics assistance is provided, pursuant to section 489(b) of the [Foreign Assistance Act (FAA)], in sections entitled 'FY 2001-2002 Fiscal Summary and Functional Budget' and 'Other USG Assistance Provided.' Major Illicit Drug Producing, Drug-Transit, Significant Source, Precursor Chemical, and Money Laundering Countries Section 489(a)(3) of the FAA requires the INCSR to identify: (A) major illicit drug producing and major drug-transit countries, (B) major sources of precursor chemicals used in the production of illicit narcotics; or (C) major money laundering countries."
United States. Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs
2002-03
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S. Hrg. 107-888: FEMA's Role in Terrorism Response: Hearing before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations United States Senate and the House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress Second Session, Special Hearing February 27, 2002
On February 27, 2002, the Senate Subcommittee on VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies of the Committee on Appropriations convenes to discuss and hear testimony regarding FEMA's Role in Terrorism Response. Testifying is John Allbaugh of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. "I called this hearing today to examine FEMA's role in responding to acts of terrorism...And today we want to know: What were the lessons learned from the last several months? What was FEMA's experience? What were the experiences that they gained from that? And what are their plans for dealing with this in the future?" "We want to listen to Mr. Allbaugh today to find out: Did the Federal response plan that FEMA is charged with really work? How did FEMA respond to September 11, and what were those crucial lessons learned? What can we say now about FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Team? And what changes, if any, do we need to improve the program or to expand the program? What is the role of the new Office of National Preparedness that Mr. Allbaugh began to work on last year? And what is the president proposing for FEMA's future?...we continue, along with our partners, to provide assistance to alleviate the suffering of those impacted by the September 11 terrorist attacks. While I can assure you that tremendous work has already been accomplished, there is much left to do, and we will continue to work hard to speed assistance to those still struggling to overcome losses from the tragic events of September 11."
United States. Government Printing Office
2002-02-27
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Budget Issues: Long-Term Fiscal Challenges, Statement of David M. Walker, Comptroller General of the United States, Testimony before the Committee on the Budget, U.S. Senate
"Today the challenges of combating terrorism and ensuring our homeland security have come to the fore as urgent claims on our attention and on the federal budget. While there are indications that an economic recovery is underway, the recession that began last spring has had real consequences for the budget. These are important changes in the last year. At the same time, the known fiscal pressures created by the retirement of the baby boom generation and rising health care costs remain the same. Absent substantive reform of the entitlement programs, a rapid escalation of federal spending for Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid beginning less than 10 years from now is virtually certain to overwhelm the rest of the federal budget. Indeed, the slowing economy and tax and spending decisions, including the increased spending levels necessary to respond to new security challenges, have increased pressures on the budget. Correspondingly, the ultimate task of addressing these needs without unduly exacerbating the long-range fiscal challenge has become much more difficult."
United States. General Accounting Office
2002-02-27
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Integrating Verses Merging of the Guard and Reserve: Should the United States Continue to Maintain Duplicate Federal and State Military Reserve Forces
"Since the founding of the Republic, the United States has always sought to secure for the American people a set of basic objectives: the protection of their lives and personal safety, both at home and abroad, the maintenance of the nation's sovereignty, political freedoms, and independence, with its values, institutions, and territory intact; their material well-being and prosperity. Never in the history of the United States has the Guard and Reserve played a more vital role in our National Defense. Since the end of the Cold War, the Army has increased its reliance on the Guard and Reserve. The increased reliance calls for an extraordinary assessment of the role and the politics of our National Security. There is a call for change in the Guard and Reserve business practices. This paper will mainly focus on the Army National Guard and Army Reserve. It will compare and contrast the Guard and Reserve by looking at the roles, missions, life cycle management, and significant contributions to Homeland Security; to include Weapons of Mass Destruction and the roles in Crisis Management and Consequence Management. This paper will address how the Guard and Reserve can best contribute to Homeland Security. It will address how the Guard and Reserve should partner together along with other agencies such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency, to carry out the mission of Homeland Security. Finally, it will provide the analytical basis and rationale for maintaining two separate federal military reserve forces, along with the Guard's state mission."
Army War College (U.S.)
Randle, Lawrence L.
2002-02-25
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Report to Congress on the Organization and Operations of the National Nuclear Security Administration
This Report to Congress on the Organization and Operations of the National Nuclear Security Administration describes NNSA's plans for assigning roles and responsibilities to headquarters and field units, as well as an overall strategy for operating an integrated national nuclear security enterprise. The main body of the report includes a summary of the NNSA strategic plan and our corporate strategy for improving performance. While the Naval Reactors work plan is included in this Organization Report, management of that NNSA component will not be modified by the activities described below. This is consistent with the clear intent of the Congress that the establishment of NNSA is not to alter the responsibilities of the Deputy Administrator for Naval Reactors. The unique organizational structure of Naval Reactors (with separate reporting responsibilities to NNSA and the Department of the Navy) and its outstanding record of performance exempt it from the planned reengineering. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, gave a renewed sense of urgency to ensuring that the NNSA is rapidly transformed into an organization capable of operating at peak effectiveness. Following those attacks, the Administrator established a series of task forces to improve the security of the NNSA complex and to maximize the ability of the NNSA to support other organizations in their counterterrorism mission. As part of the reengineering described in the report, the NNSA Management Council will ensure that internal processes are optimized for support to this emerging and urgent national security mission.
United States. National Nuclear Security Administration
2002-02-25
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Terrorism, the Future, and U.S. Foreign Policy [February 25, 2002]
"International terrorism has long been recognized as a foreign and domestic security threat. The tragic events of September 11 in New York, the Washington, D.C., area, and Pennsylvania have dramatically re-energized the nation's focus and resolve on terrorism. This issue brief examines international terrorist actions and threats and the U.S. policy response. Available policy options range from diplomacy, international cooperation, and constructive engagement to economic sanctions, covert action, physical security enhancement, and military force. The September 11th terrorist incidents in the United States, the subsequent anthrax attacks, as well as bombings of the U.S.S. Cole, Oklahoma City, World Trade Center in 1993, and of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998, have brought the issue of terrorism to the forefront of American public interest. Questions relate to whether U.S. policy and organizational mechanisms are adequate to deal with both state-sponsored or -abetted terrorism and that undertaken by independent groups. Terrorist activities supported by sophisticated planning and logistics as well as possible access to chemical, biological, or nuclear weaponry raise a host of new issues. Some analysts' long-held belief that a comprehensive review of U.S. terrorism policy, organizational structure, and preparedness is needed has now become a mainstream view."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lee, Rensselaer W., 1937-; Perl, Raphael
2002-02-25
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Serial No. 107-148: Improving Security and Facilitating Commerce at the Southern Border: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy and Human Resources of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, Second Session, February 22, 2002
The purpose of this hearing is to explore the status of border crossings in the Southeast Arizona region. This hearing focuses on what new resources are needed for the Federal Government to most effectively administer the border crossing, as well as what new policies could be pursued to ease the burden placed on commerce, travel, and tourism. We will also explore how the new emphasis on preventing terrorism may affect the ability of these agencies to carry out their other vital missions. Statements, witnesses and submissions: Ray Borane, Chris Roll, Larry Dever, Harlan Chapin, James Dickson, Donna De La Torre, David Aguilar, Jim Kolbe, John Shadegg, and Mark Souder.
United States. Government Printing Office
2002-02-22
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Intelligence to Counter Terrorism: Issues for Congress [February 21, 2002]
"For well over a decade international terrorism has been a major concern of the U.S. Intelligence Community. Collection assets of all kinds have long been focused on Al Qaeda and other terrorist groups. Intensive analytical expertise has been devoted to determining such groups memberships, locations, and plans. Intelligence agencies had been acutely aware of the danger for years. In February 2001, Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) George Tenet publicly testified to Congress that 'the threat from terrorism is real, it is immediate, and it is evolving.' Furthermore, '[Osama] bin Ladin and his global network of lieutenants and associates remain the most immediate and serious threat.' Nevertheless, the Intelligence Community gave no specific warning of the September 11, 2001 attacks. Although all observers grant that terrorist groups are very difficult targets and that undetected movements of small numbers of their members in an open society cannot realistically be prevented, serious questions remain. An extensive investigation by the two intelligence committees of the September 11 attacks was announced on February 14, 2002. Whatever the findings of the investigation, the roles and missions of intelligence agencies, their organizational relationships, and their operational capabilities will be reviewed to enhance capabilities against terrorism."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Best, Richard A.
2002-02-21
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Proposed Supplemental Guidance for the Department of Defense's Critical Infrastructure Protection Plan
This paper will argue that DoD's current policy and guidance in the area of Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) is not complete, and does not provide a systematic approach to accomplishing the program goals. Specifically, current guidance does not require subordinate CINCs and components to standardize and coordinate CIP planning. Because of the way DoD is structured, with the CINCs prioritizing CIP requirements along warfighting missions, and Service Components directing the budgets, CIP resource allocation decisions must be made at the DoD level. Current guidance does not provide for a feedback mechanism, so that in this time of uncertain DoD funding, our leaders can prioritize "top-down" funding allocation decisions. The current DoD CIP plan fails to provide this prioritization mechanism and therefore, our DoD leaders are not equipped to make the necessary strategic decisions. The paper recommends supplemental guidance for DoD to implement a prioritization and comparison system to justify the allocation of defense dollars to safeguard DoD operations and infrastructure from compromise or disruption. Clarification of terms and definitions, and the creation of a Critical Asset Master List (CAML) will provide "bottom-up" input in a standard manner to facilitate the DoD resource allocation feedback loop. This will allow our DoD leaders to provide timely and intelligent justification to their "top-down" funding allocation decisions. Additionally, it will ensure that the DoD CIP program goals to assure the readiness, reliability, and continuity of operations for all infrastructures supporting DoD missions are achieved.
Army War College (U.S.)
Koning, Thomas L.
2002-02-20
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Executive Order 13257: President's Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons
This executive order establishes the President's Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. It consists of the Secretary of State; the Attorney General; the Secretary of Labor; the Secretary of Health and Human Services; the Director of Central Intelligence; the Director of the Office of Management and Budget; the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development; and any additional officers or employees of the United States as designated by the President.
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-
2002-02-13
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Terrorism: Near Eastern Groups and State Sponsors, 2002 [Updated February 13, 2002]
"The Al Qaeda terrorist network founded by Osama bin Laden is believed to pose a continuing, although diminished, threat to the United States at home and to U.S. interests and allies abroad following the network's defeat in its base in Afghanistan. The goal of Al Qaeda is to destroy high profile U.S. targets in order to end what Al Qaeda claims is U.S. suppression of Islamic societies. Throughout its history, Al Qaeda has sought to oust pro-U.S. regimes in the Middle East and gain removal of U.S. troops from the region. The United States, in the past, differed with its allies, particularly on how to deal with state sponsors of terrorism; most allied governments believe that engaging these countries diplomatically might sometimes be more effective than trying to isolate or punish them. The United States has generally been more inclined than its European allies to employ sanctions and military action to compel state sponsors and groups to abandon terrorism. Differences with allies have begun to reemerge as the Bush Administration expands its 'war on terrorism,' indicating it will seek to prevent the emergence of threats by regimes - some of which also have ties to terrorist groups - that are developing weapons of mass destruction (WMD)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Katzman, Kenneth
2002-02-13
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Terrorism: Near Eastern Groups and State Sponsors, 2002
"The Al Qaeda terrorist network founded by Osama bin Laden is believed to pose a continuing, although diminished, threat to the United States at home and to U.S. interests and allies abroad following the network's defeat in its base in Afghanistan. As stated in taped appearances by its leaders since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the goal of Al Qaeda is to destroy high profile U.S. targets in order to end what Al Qaeda claims is U.S. suppression of Islamic societies. In these appearances, bin Laden virtually claimed responsibility for the September 11 attacks. […] The United States, in the past, differed with its allies, particularly on how to deal with state sponsors of terrorism; most allied governments believe that engaging these countries diplomatically might sometimes be more effective than trying to isolate or punish them. The United States has generally been more inclined than its European allies to employ sanctions and military action to compel state sponsors and groups to abandon terrorism. Post-September 11 developments seem to have validated the importance of both diplomacy and, in certain circumstances, more forceful responses in dealing with terrorism. Differences with allies have begun to reemerge as the Bush Administration expands its 'war on terrorism,' indicating it will seek to prevent the emergence of threats by regimes -- some of which also have ties to terrorist groups -- that are developing weapons of mass destruction (WMD). This report will be updated annually."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Katzman, Kenneth
2002-02-13
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Serial No. 107-83: Eco-Terrorism and Lawlessness on the National Forests: Oversight Hearing before the Subcommittee on Forests and Forest Health of the Committee on Resources, U.S. House of Representatives One Hundred Seventh Congress Second Session, February 12, 2002
On February 12, 2002, the House of Representatives Subcommittee on Forests and Forest Health of the Committee on Resources convenes to discuss and hear testimony regarding Eco-Terrorism and Lawlessness on the National Forests. Testifying are Richard Berman of the Center for Consumer Freedom, Gloria Flora of Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, Michael Hicks of Boise Cascade Corporation, James Jarboe of the Counterterrorism Division of the FBI, Dr. Michael Pendleton of the Government Accountability Project, Craig Rosebraugh of the Earth Liberation Front (formerly), William Wasley of the US Department of Agriculture, Porter Wharton III of Vail Resorts, Inc. Additional materials are supplied by Michael Conn, Ph.D. of the Oregon Health Sciences University, Robert Elde of the University of Minnesota, Jeffrey Kerr of the PETA foundation, and Nick Nichols of the Nichols-Dezenhall Communications Management Group. Chairman Scott McInnis condems "eco-terrorists," describing them as "hardened criminals. They are dangerous. They are well funded. They are savvy, sophisticated and stealthy. And if their violence continues to escalate, it is only a matter of time before their parade of terror results in loss of human life." Congressman Jay Inslee states that "we have a bipartisan consensus today on that score and on that belief. And that I hope today that our ultimate goal is to recognize that all these sources of violence are equally culpable and it is equally important for us to find a way to stop it." The representative from the ELF uses his Fifth Amendment privileges for all questions.
United States. Government Printing Office
2002-02-12
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Homeland Security: Roles and Responsibilities of the Army National Guard
The attack of the United States on September 11, 2001 elevated homeland security to a top priority of our nation. The aftermath of the tragedy has highlighted the importance of well defined roles and responsibilities of all organizations that are responsible for securing the United. States and responding to attacks. The Phase III Report of the United States Commission on National Strategy recommends that the Secretary of Defense, at the President's direction, should make homeland security a primary mission of the National Guard, and the Guard should be organized, properly trained, and adequately equipped to undertake that mission. What should the specific roles and responsibilities of the Army National Guard be in regards to this mission? This paper will answer this question as well as exploring the specific roles of the Governors, State Adjutant Generals, and the Director of the Army National Guard.
Army War College (U.S.)
Jensen, Daniel J.
2002-02-07
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S. Hrg. 107-229: Foreign Policy Overview and the President's Fiscal Year 2003 Foreign Affairs Budget Request: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations United States Senate One Hundred Seventh Congress Second Session, February 5, 2002
S. Hrg. 107-229: The purpose of this hearing is to review American foreign policy in the wake of the terrorist attacks on the United States. The essential objectives of the hearing is two-fold: to highlight the serious national security challenges facing this country, and to ensure that we are allocating our resources properly to meet those challenges. Secretary Powell addresses several key issues including: the situation in Afghanistan; the President's declaration that North Korea, Iran and Iraq comprise an "axis of evil"; the current state of U.S. strategic and nonproliferation policy; and the adequacy of the President's budget to protect our national security. Statements, witnesses and submissions for the record include those of: Joseph Biden, Sam Brownback, Russell Feingold, Colin Powell, Bill Nelson, Barbara Boxer, Gordon Smith, Paul Sarbanes, Paul Wellstone, Jesse Helms, Richard Lugar, Chuck Hagel, Lincoln Chafee, and Michael Enzi.
United States. Government Printing Office
2002-02-05
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State and Local Preparedness for Terrorism: Policy Issues and Options [February 5, 2002]
"The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 have prompted Members of the 107th Congress to consider enhancing state and local response capabilities to better prepare for terrorist attacks, particularly attacks involving weapons of mass destruction. At present, Congress authorizes several programs designed to help state and local responders enhance their preparedness for terrorist attacks. These programs cover a range of activities, including emergency planning; training and equipment; response to chemical and biological attacks; law enforcement; and public health. Since the September attacks, however, emergency managers and analysts have asked Congress to address several issues in federal policy on state and local preparedness."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Canada, Ben
2002-02-05
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Finding the Demons in Our Midst: Utilizing DoD ISR Assets to Combat Terrorist Use of CBRNE Weapons
The horrific terrorist attacks of September ii, 2001 on the U.S. homeland highlighted the threat that terrorism poses to U.S. national security. DoD operates globally a large network of Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) assets which could be brought to bear in the effort to combat terrorism. The geographic Commander's-in-Chief(CINCs) set the priorities for the intelligence networks in their Areas of Responsibility (AORs) according to their interpretation of the strategic guidance from the National Command Authority (NCA). A key tenet of the new strategic setting is the grave threat to national security posed by terrorism, potentially using Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, or Enhanced High Explosive (CBRNE) weapons. This fact, coupled with the new strategic mandate that sets defense of the homeland as the highest priority for the U.S. military, dictates that each of the geographic CINCs set combatting terrorist use of CRBRNE weapons as the highest priority for their intelligence networks. The success or failure of this operational intelligence effort could have major strategic effects.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Liedman, Sean R.
2002-02-04
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Keeping America on Top: Preventing Culmination in the War of Terrorism
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, marked the dawn of a new war for America, the War on Terrorism. To ensure that America reaches its stated objectives, senior leaders must recognize some of the factors that could cause premature culmination and apply controls to manage those factors.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Watson, Howard M.
2002-02-04
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How Now Shall We Fight? The Relevance of the Law of Armed Conflict to the United States and It's Coalition Members in Light of the Terrorist Attacks of 11 September 2001
The terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 and the war in Afghanistan that followed have presented situations never before encountered by the United States in armed conflict and have changed some of the ways in which the U.S. conducts warfare. The Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) has not kept up with those changes. As a result, the U.S. must examine whether the application of the LOAC is still relevant to how we fight wars and against whom we fighting in the twenty-first century, and make necessary adjustments so that operational commanders will have a framework to use in warfare that is current and relevant to helping them maintain superiority on the battlefield. This paper points to some of what has changed on the battlefield with regard to U.S., coalition and enemy forces since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. It discusses what issues those changes have created, and where the LOAC needs changes, suggests changes designed to make the LOAC more relevant to how the U.S. fights wars in order to provide operational commanders with an improved framework to use in armed conflicts. This paper also addresses the point that not as much has changed as one might think and that the LOAC will remain basically intact.
Naval War College (U.S.)
De Alicante, Tony F.
2002-02-04
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Terrorist Application of Operational Art
The terrorist attacks committed by Osama bin Laden illustrate that he has developed the ability to apply operational art and network centric warfare to terrorism. He has clearly defined policy objectives on which he bases his strategy and focuses his attacks on U.S. centers of gravity and critical vulnerabilities. He develops and protects his own centers of gravity. He employs network centric warfare to multiply the effectiveness of his limited forces by dispersing them into C2, intelligence, logistics, and tactical nodes. His use of operational art makes him more dangerous than previous terrorists and exposes critical weaknesses in the United States anti-terrorism posture.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Tranchemontagne, Marc G.
2002-02-04
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Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2003
Issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the Budget of the United States Government is a collection of documents that contains the budget message of the President, information about the President's budget proposals for a given fiscal year, and other budgetary publications that have been issued throughout the fiscal year. Other related and supporting budget publications, which may vary from year to year, may be accessed through the U.S. Government Publishing Office at the following link: [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=BUDGET]
United States. Office of Management and Budget
2002-02-04
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Homeland Security: Taking the Lead - Issues and Concerns for the Operational Commander
In response to the horrific terrorist events of September 11, 2001, America needs to reexamine what organization it charges to be the Lead Federal Agency (LFA) in Homeland Security. Currently, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Federal Emergency Management Agency are the lead agencies in dealing with terrorism. The Office of Homeland Security is the coordination element established by Executive Order. The United States Military, specifically the United States Joint Forces Command, is only allowed to play a supporting role, not one of leadership. The reason most often given for not allowing the Military Operational Commander to take the lead is the Posse Comitatus Act which in general prohibits the active military forces from conducting civilian law enforcement activities. The role of the Department of Defense and that of the United States Joint Forces Command in Homeland Security should be one of leadership and not of support. USJFCOM and that of any Commander of a Joint Task Force in charge of Homeland Security provides a better trained force equipped for dealing with this national crisis. Legal and traditional obstacles can be overcome to give the American people the security and safety they need and deserve by allowing USJFCOM to take a leadership role during this national crisis of fighting and countering acts of terrorism against the United States.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Feser, Brian R.
2002-02-04
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Department of Defense as Lead Federal Agency for Consequence Management - Poised for Success?
The events of September 11, 2001 brought home that the use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in the U.S. is a likely future event. In response to this potential threat, the federal government has built the federal response plan. This plan addresses both crisis response and consequence management. The Department of Defense (DoD) plays only a supporting role in these areas, being subordinate to the Federal Bureau of Investigation for crisis response and to the Federal Emergency Management Agency for consequence management. The local, state, and federal response systems may initially be overwhelmed and unable to respond in the event of multiple WMD strikes within the U.S. Given the personnel and assets possessed by DoD, it is likely in this case that DoD will be designated the lead federal agency for consequence management. DoD is not currently prepared for such an event. Questions of scope of authority to respond and scope of mission need to be answered before response efforts can begin. The current statutory regime is confusing and no there is no available plan within DoD that specifically contemplates DoD as the lead federal agency. The combination of these may well lead to confusion and a slow response by DoD assets at a time when speed is of the essence. These statutes should be rewritten to clarify the expected DoD mission and DoD should initiate a deliberate plan that specifically contemplates DoD as the lead federal agency for consequence management.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Wilson, Paul
2002-02-04
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Critical Infrastructures: Background, Policy, and Implementation [Updated February 4, 2002]
"The nations health, wealth, and security rely on the production and distribution of certain goods and services. The array of physical assets, processes and organizations across which these goods and services move are called critical infrastructures (e.g. electricity, the power plants that generate it, and the electric grid upon which it is distributed). Computers and communications, themselves critical infrastructures, are increasingly tying these infrastructures together. There is concern that this reliance on computers and computer networks raises the vulnerability of the nations critical infrastructures to 'cyber' attacks. In May 1998, President Clinton released Presidential Decision Directive No. 63. The Directive set up groups within the federal government to develop and implement plans that would protect government-operated infrastructures and called for a dialogue between government and the private sector to develop a National Infrastructure Assurance Plan that would protect all of the nations critical infrastructures by the year 2003. While the Directive called for both physical and cyber protection from both man-made and natural events, implementation focused on cyber protection against man-made cyber events (i.e. computer hackers). Those advocating the need for greater cyber security felt that this was a new vulnerability not fully appreciated by system owners and operators in either the private or public sectors. However, given the impact of the September 11 attacks on the communications, finance, and transportation infrastructures, physical protections of critical infrastructures may receive more attention."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Moteff, John D.
2002-02-04
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Appropriations and Authorization for FY2002: Defense [February 2, 2002]
From the Document: "The annual defense appropriations bill provides funds for military activities of the Department of Defense (DOD), including pay and benefits of military personnel, operation and maintenance of weapons and facilities, weapons procurement, and research and development, as well as for other purposes. This report is a guide to one of the 13 regular appropriations bills Congress considers each year. It is designed to supplement the information provided by the House and Senate Defense Appropriations Subcommittees. It summarizes the current legislative status of the bill, which includes its scope, major issues, funding levels, and related legislative activity. The report lists the key congressional research service (CRS) staff relevant to the issues covered and related CRS products."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Daggett, Stephen; Belasco, Amy
2002-02-02
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Homeland Security and the Unified Command Plan
From the thesis abstract: "Recent events have drawn into question the seams in responsibility that exist between the nations military Commanders-in-Chief (CINCs) for defense of the contiguous States. Currently military Homeland Defense responsibilities for regional boundaries on land, sea, air, and for infrastructure are divided specifically between four CINCs and NORAD [North American Aerospace Defense Command]. Legal implications, interagency and State/local coordination and a unique supporting role are all new realities in the militaries [sic] role of Homeland Security. A renewed look at the precepts of the military's organizational relationships and the existing adaptability inherently designed in existing organizational structures will show that sound UCP [Unified Command Plan] options exist for adapting to new missions while not requiring radical UCP changes or appointing a new CINC specifically for regional geographic responsibility of the lower 48 states."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Buzzell, Robert C.
2002-02-01
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Maritime Homeland Defense Command and Control: What is the Right Arrangement?
The terrorist attacks of September 11th proved that American Homeland Defense is inadequate. Many proposals have been offered to solve the Command and Control arrangement for the Maritime portion of Homeland Defense, but each is hampered by organizational prejudices and therefore lack sufficient unity of effort to ensure successful mission accomplishment. In order to successfully deter terrorism and meet the operational goals of Maritime Homeland Defense, an integrated Command and Control structure must be established. The commander must have access to a fused intelligence picture that incorporates all sources of intelligence. Once the commander is provided this Maritime Domain Awareness, the assets must not only be in place to act on the intelligence, but the commander must have sufficient control over those forces for execution of the Maritime Homeland Defense mission.
Naval War College (U.S.)
McGrath, III, James P.
2002-02-01
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Cuba: Issues for Congress [Updated February 1, 2002]
"Cuba remains a hard-line Communist state, with a poor record on human rights. Fidel Castro has ruled since he led the Cuban Revolution, ousting the corrupt government of Fulgencio Batista from power in 1959. With the cutoff of assistance from the former Soviet Union, Cuba experienced severe economic deterioration from 1989-1993. There has been some improvement since 1994 as Cuba has implemented limited reforms. […] Legislative initiatives introduced in the 107th Congress reflect these divergent views on the direction of U.S. policy toward Cuba and also cover a range of issues including human rights, food and medical exports, travel restrictions, drug interdiction cooperation, and broadcasting to Cuba. On July 25, 2001, in action on the Treasury Department Appropriations for FY2002 (H.R. 2590), the House approved an amendment that would prohibit the Treasury Department from using funds to enforce restrictions on travel to Cuba. Ultimately, the Cuba travel provision was not included in the conference report to the bill. The Senate version of the 'Farm Bill,' S. 1731 (Harkin), would strike language from U.S. law that prohibits private financing of agricultural sales to Cuba."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Taft-Morales, Maureen
2002-02-01
