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Computer Security: Improvements Needed to Reduce Risk to Critical Federal Operations and Assets, Statement of Robert F. Dacey, Director, Information Security Issues, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Government Efficiency, Financial Management and Intergovernmental Relations, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives
"Dramatic increases in computer interconnectivity, especially in the use of the Internet, are revolutionizing the way our government, our nation, and much of the world communicate and conduct business. The benefits have been enormous. Vast amounts of information are now literally at our fingertips, facilitating research on virtually every topic imaginable; financial and other business transactions can be executed almost instantaneously, often 24 hours a day; and electronic mail, Internet web sites, and computer bulletin boards allow us to communicate quickly and easily with virtually an unlimited number of individuals and groups. In addition to such benefits, however, this widespread interconnectivity poses significant risks to our computer systems and, more important, to the critical operations and infrastructures they support. For example, telecommunications, power distribution, public health, national defense (including the military's warfighting capability), law enforcement, government, and emergency services all depend on the security of their computer operations."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2001-11-09
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Homeland Security: Challenges and Strategies in Addressing Short- and Long-Term National Needs, Statement of David M. Walker, Comptroller General of the United States, Testimony before the Committee on the Budget, House of Representatives
The United States now confronts a range of diffuse threats that put increased destructive power into the hands of small states, groups, and individuals. These threats include terrorist attacks on critical infrastructure and computer systems, the potential use of weapons of mass destruction, and the spread of infectious diseases. Addressing these challenges will require leadership to develop and implement a homeland security strategy in coordination with all relevant partners, and to marshal and direct the necessary resources. The recent establishment of the Office of Homeland Security is a good first step, but questions remain about how this office will be structured, what authority its Director will have, and how this effort can be institutionalized and sustained over time. Although homeland security is an urgent and vital national priority, the United States still must address short-term and long-term fiscal challenges that were present before September 11.
United States. General Accounting Office
2001-11-07
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Terrorism, the Future, and U.S. Foreign Policy [Updated November 2, 2001]
"International terrorism has long been recognized as a foreign and domestic security threat. The tragic events of September 11 in New York, the Washington, D.C., area, and Pennsylvania have dramatically re-energized the nation's focus and resolve on terrorism. This issue brief examines international terrorist actions and threats and the U.S. policy response. Available policy options range from diplomacy, international cooperation and constructive engagement to economic sanctions, covert action, physical security enhancement, and military force."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Perl, Raphael
2001-11-02
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Russia [Updated November 1, 2001]
"After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States sought a cooperative relationship with Moscow and supplied over $4 billion in grant aid to encourage democracy, market reform, and strategic threat reduction in Russia. Early hopes for a close partnership waned, in part because Russians grew disillusioned with perceived U.S. disregard for Russian interests, while Washington grew impatient with Russia's increasingly adversarial stance on issues in which their interests clash. Direct U.S. foreign aid to Russia, under congressional pressure, fell over the past decade. Indirect U.S. assistance, however, through institutions such as the IMF [International Monetary Fund], is very substantial. The United States has imposed economic sanctions on Russian organizations for exporting military technology and equipment to Iran and Syria. There are more restrictions on aid to Russia in the FY20- 01 foreign aid bill."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Goldman, Stuart D. (Stuart Douglas), 1943-
2001-11-01
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Computer Security [bibliography]
This bibliography, compiled by the Joint Forces Staff College Library, contains a list of books, documents, periodicals, doctrine, laws, and electronic resources pertaining to computer security and network defense. Call numbers are provided for books and documents, and links are provided for online access when available.
Joint Forces Staff College (U.S.)
2001-11
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Counterproliferation Imperative: Meeting Tomorrow's Challenges: A Report of the Center for Counterproliferation Research
This monograph is grounded in, but further elaborates on, the presentations
and discussion conducted in a conference in May of 2001, hosted by the Center for Counterproliferation Research, on counterproliferation plans, policies, requirements, and operations. The purpose of the conference was to identify and discuss a number of contemporary policy, organizational, technical, and operational issues; and highlight key facets of the Bush administration's emerging national security policy. The proliferation of nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) weapons poses major strategic and operational challenges to the United States and an important political challenge to the international community. Defense planning must now directly confront the possibility of asymmetric warfare with NBC weapons in future confrontations with actors unable to challenge U.S. conventional military dominance. The use of chemical and biological weapons must now be viewed as a "likely condition of future warfare". Major elements of counterproliferation include: maintaining a strong deterrent; developing capabilities to identify, characterize, destroy, and interdict the production, storage, and weaponization of NBC weapons; developing active defenses; training and equipping our forces to operate effectively in an NBC-contaminated environment; developing the ability to manage the consequences of NBC use; encouraging our allies and coalition partners to make counterproliferation a part of their military strategy; and supporting diplomacy through arms control and export control. While significant progress has been made in achieving these capabilities since 1993, much remains to be done. This monograph describes the current state of the field with respect to the intelligence, policy, operational, and programmatic issues related to counterproliferation. It seeks to present the counterproliferation imperative within the broader context of strategy and deterrence developing in the Bush administration and highlights key contemporary issues. Finally, the monograph suggests areas for future emphasis in improving our understanding of the NBC threat and in further developing appropriate responses.
National Defense University. Center for Counterproliferation Research
2001-11
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State-Sponsored Terrorism and Foreign Terrorist Organizations
The designation of state sponsors of terrorism by the United States -- and the imposition of sanctions -- is a mechanism for isolating nations that use terrorism as a means of political expression. U.S. policy seeks to pressure and isolate state sponsors so they will renounce the use of terrorism, end support to terrorists, and bring terrorists to justice for past crimes. Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Sudan and Syria continue to be the seven governments that the U.S. Secretary of State has designated as state sponsors of international terrorism. This fact sheet contains a list of terrorist groups presented in two sections. The first section lists the 28 groups designated by the Secretary of State on October 5, 2001 as Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs), pursuant to section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996. The designations carry legal consequences. The second section lists other terrorist groups that were active during 2000. Terrorist groups whose activities were limited in scope in 2000 are not included.
United States. Department of State
2001-11
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Russian National Security: Perceptions, Policies, and Prospects
This is an anthology of papers presented at a conference titled "Russian National Security: Perceptions, Policies, and Prospects" conducted from 4-6 December 2000. The book organizes the papers into six sections - The Russian National Security Community, Russia and Europe, Russian Policy Towards the Caucasus and Central Asia, Russia and Asia, Russia and the United States, and Russia's Military Transformation.
Army War College (U.S.). Center for Strategic Leadership
Crutcher, Michael H.
2001-11
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Protecting America Against Cyberterrorism
"Although the means and ends have evolved throughout history, the central elements of terrorism -- fear, panic, violence and disruption -- have changed little," says Paul Rodgers of the National Infrastructure Protection Center at the Federal Bureau of Investigation. "Today, tremendous destructive potential fits into easily transported packages (bombs, nerve gas and biological agents), and the computers that are connected to the Internet can be attacked from any point on the globe.... The need for the heightened security of critical operations has grown markedly in recent years as a result of the escalation in the use of information technology to improve performance, increased competitive pressures from deregulation and globalization, and the concentration of operations in a smaller number of facilities to decrease costs, with the resulting reduction in redundancy and reserve capacity." As the world enters the 21st Century, terrorism remains a vexing problem -- an anachronistic fixture of human relations as paradoxically human and inhuman in the Third Millennium as it was before the dawn of recorded history. While terrorists once generally used acts of terrorism as a means to publicize their causes, the operational objectives in the more recent attacks focused on producing the maximum destruction, casualties and impact. The threat of cyberterrorism will grow in the New Millennium, as the leadership positions in extremist organizations are increasingly filled with younger, "Internet-savvy" individuals. Most worrisome is a potential coordinated attack on national critical infrastructures. While the United States has not yet experienced this sort of attack, it is not hard to anticipate such a threat from the intrusions we have seen. Cyber attacks know no national boundaries and are truly international in scope and effect. International cooperation and information sharing is critical in order to more effectively respond to this growing threat.
United States. Department of State
Rodgers, Paul
2001-11
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President Discusses Economic Stimulus with National Association of Manufacturers [October 31, 2001]
In this statement, President Bush discusses the economic recession that occurred after the September 11th terrorist attacks. He assures Americans that the government is responding to stimulate the economy.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2001-10-31
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Terrorism: Threat Assessment, Countermeasures and Policy
"This 20th issue of U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda -- planned well before the tragic events of September 11th in New York, the Washington, D.C. area, and Pennsylvania -- explores major themes in international terrorism and its increasingly violent nature through a series of articles, fact sheets and references from experts within the United States Government and from the academic and private sectors."
United States. Department of State. Bureau of International Information Programs
2001-11
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Homeland Security Presidential Directive-2 [October 30, 2001]
This directive addresses combating terrorism through immigration policies. The United States has a long tradition of welcoming immigrants but must work aggressively to prevent aliens who engage in or support terrorist activity.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2001-10-30
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Homeland Security Presidential Directive-1 [October 30, 2001]
This directive refers to the organization and operation of the Homeland Security Council and records and communicates presidential decisions about homeland security policies of the United States.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2001-10-30
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Homeland Security Presidential Directive 2: Combating Terrorism through Immigration Policies
Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD) 2 implements policy to work aggressively to prevent aliens who engage in or support terrorist activity from entering the United States and to detain, prosecute, or deport any such aliens who are within the United States.
United States. Office of the Federal Register
2001-10-29
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Homeland Security Presidential Directive 3: Homeland Security Advisory System
Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD) 3 implements a Homeland Security Advisory System to provide a comprehensive and effective means to disseminate information regarding the risk of terrorist acts to Federal, State, and local authorities and to the American people.
United States. Office of the Federal Register
2001-10-29
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Fact Sheet on Increasing Immigration Safeguards and Improving Vital Information Sharing [October 29, 2001]
This fact sheet outlines a October 2001 presidential directive aimed to improve immigration policies and practices and make it more difficult for terrorists to enter or remain in the United States.
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2001-10-29
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Homeland Security Presidential Directive 1: Organization and Operation of the Homeland Security Council
This is the first in a series of Homeland Security Presidential Directives [HSPD] that shall record and communicate presidential decisions about the homeland security policies of the United States. The specific purpose of HSPD 1 is to set up and define the organization and operation of the Homeland Security Council. "Securing Americans from terrorist threats or attacks is a critical national security function. It requires extensive coordination across a broad spectrum of Federal, State, and local agencies to reduce the potential for terrorist attacks and to mitigate damage should such an attack occur. The Homeland Security Council (HSC) shall ensure coordination of all homeland security-related activities among executive departments and agencies and promote the effective development and implementation of all homeland security policies."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
2001-10-29
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Homeland Security Presidential Directive-2: Combating Terrorism Through Immigration Policies
"The United States has a long and valued tradition of welcoming immigrants and visitors. But the attacks of September 11, 2001, showed that some come to the United States to commit terrorist acts, to raise funds for illegal terrorist activities, or to provide other support for terrorist operations, here and abroad. It is the policy of the United States to work aggressively to prevent aliens who engage in or support terrorist activity from entering the United States and to detain, prosecute, or deport any such aliens who are within the United States."
United States. White House Office
Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-
2001-10-29
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Public Law 107-56: Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001
"An Act to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world, to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools, and for other purposes." The following Titles aim to increase and enhance domestic security: Title I--Enhancing Domestic Security Against Terrorism, TITLE II--Enhanced Surveillance Procedures, Title III--International Money Laundering Abatement and Antiterrorist Financing Act of 2001, Title IV--Protecting the Border, Title V--Removing Obstacles to Investigating Terrorism, Title VI--Providing for Victims of Terrorism, Public Safety Officers, and Their Families, Title VII--Increased Information Sharing for Critical Infrastructure Protection, Title VIII--Strengthening the Criminal Laws Against Terrorism, Title IX--Improved Intelligence, and so forth. Section 101 of Title I--Enhancing Domestic Security Against Terrorism addresses the Counterterrorism Fund. It states, "there is hereby established in the Treasury of the United States a separate fund to be known as the "Counterterrorism Fund."
United States. Government Printing Office
2001-10-26
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Homeland Security: Maritime Command and Control
This Naval War College Point Paper was prepared in response to the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001. The Naval War College commissioned more than thirty papers addressing strategy and policy, operational concepts, and national security decision making related to the terror war. These papers were intended as contributions to U.S. national security policy deliberations, and to assist the U.S. Navy as it planned its response to future terrorist threats. The purpose of this Point Paper was to examine "the maritime Command and Control (C2) Structure for Homeland Security." It provides a brief background and discusses the threat, joint and interagency requirements, the nature of the C2 problem for homeland security, common assumptions and potential command and control problems.
Navy Warfare Development Command (U.S.)
Critz, Michael; Ballard, John R., 1957-
2001-10-23
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Memorandum for Alberto R. Gonzales, Counsel to the President, and William J. Haynes, II, General Counsel, Department of Defense: Re: Authority for Use of Military Force to Combat Terrorist Activities Within the United States [October 23, 2001]
This opinion from the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel addresses the use of U.S. military forces in counterterrorism operations on U.S. soil. "You have asked for our Office's views on the authority for the use of military force to prevent or deter terrorist activity inside the United States. Specifically, you have asked whether the Posse Comitatus Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1385 (1994), limits the ability of the President to engage the military domestically, and what constitutional standards apply to its use. We conclude that the President has ample constitutional and statutory authority to deploy the military against international or foreign terrorists operating within the United States. We further believe that the use of such military force generally is consistent with constitutional standards, and that it need not follow the exact procedures that govem law enforcement operations."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
Delahunty, Robert J.; Yoo, John
2001-10-23
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Director Ridge, Leaders Discuss Homeland Security [October 18, 2001]
In these remarks, Homeland Security Director Tom Ridge and other government officials discuss the current situation regarding homeland security. Topics discussed include the anthrax attacks and subsequent hoaxes, penalties for sending a biological toxin by mail, Homeland Security Office and FBI mutual support in counter-terrorism, and the governments response to bioterrorism. Director Ridge reassures the American people that the threat from anthrax is minimal and a supply of antibiotics is plentiful.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2001-10-18
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Combating Terrorism: Considerations for Investing Resources in Chemical and Biological Preparedness: Statement of Henry L. Hinton, Jr., Managing Director, Defense Capabilities and Management, Testimony before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate
Since the attacks against the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the terrorist threat has risen to the top of the national agenda. Preparing for all possible contingencies is impractical, so a risk management approach should be used. This would include a threat assessment to determine which chemical or biological agents are of greatest concern. The federal government has various programs to prepare for and respond to chemical and biological terrorism, including response teams, support laboratories, training and equipment programs, and research efforts. Evaluations of chemical and biological preparedness have identified several problems and their solutions. Congress faces competing demands for spending as it seeks to invest resources to better prepare our nation for chemical and biological terrorism. Given the uncertainty of the chemical and biological threat, Congress may want to initially invest resources in efforts with broad applicability rather than in those that are applicable to a specific type of chemical or biological attack.
United States. General Accounting Office
2001-10-17
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H. Rept. 107-250, Part 1: Financial Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001, Report together with Dissenting Views to Accompany H.R. 3004, October 17, 2001
This document provides an assessment of the constitutionality and legality of H.R. 3004, the Financial Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001, by the House Committee on Financial Services. "H.R. 3004, the Financial Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001, provides the United States government with new tools to combat the financing of terrorism and other financial crimes. The legislation contains provisions to strengthen law enforcement authorities, as well as enhance public-private cooperation between government and industry in disrupting terrorist funding. […] The Committee on Financial Services, to whom was referred the bill (H.R. 3004) to combat the financing of terrorism and other financial crimes, and for other purposes, having considered the same, report favorably thereon with an amendment and recommend that the bill as amended do pass. H.R. 3004, the Financial Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001, provides the United States government with new tools to combat the financing of terrorism and other financial crimes. The legislation contains provisions to strengthen law enforcement authorities, as well as enhance public-private cooperation between government and industry in disrupting terrorist funding. […] The Committee on Financial Services, to whom was referred the bill (H.R. 3004) to combat the financing of terrorism and other financial crimes, and for other purposes, having considered the same, report favorably thereon with an amendment and recommend that the bill as amended do pass."
United States. Government Printing Office
2001-10-17
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Executive Order 13231: Critical Infrastructure Protection in the Information Age
The order created a federal "critical infrastructure protection" board and charged it with recommending policies and coordinating programs for protecting information systems for critical infrastructure. The Board's wide ambit includes outreach to the private sector and state and local governments, information sharing, incident coordination and crisis response, recruitment of Executive Branch security professionals, coordination of research and development, law enforcement coordination, and international cooperation. Executive Order 12472 is revoked.
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-
2001-10-16
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Executive Order on Critical Infrastructure Protection [October 16, 2001]
In this executive order, President Bush orders policies to ensure protection of information systems for critical infrastructure, including emergency preparedness communications, and the physical assets that support such systems.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2001-10-16
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Homeland Security: Need to Consider VA's Role in Strengthening Federal Preparedness, Statement of Cynthia A. Bascetta Director, Health Care--Veterans' Health and Benefits Issues, Testimony before the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, House of Representatives
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) aims to provide backup medical resources to the military health system and local communities. VA supports federal agencies that provide lead responsibilities for responding to disasters, including terrorism. The areas of responsibility also include disaster simulation exercises and maintaining medical stockpiles. VA's efforts in these areas have enhanced national emergency preparedness by improving medical response procedures and by strengthening the security of federal pharmaceutical stockpiles to ensure rapid response to local authorities. VA has resources that could play a role in future federal homeland security efforts. Its assets include the bricks, mortar, and human capital components of its health care system; graduate medical education programs; and expertise involving emergency backup and support activities. In managing large-scale medical emergencies arising from terrorist attacks, VA's emergency response capabilities have strengths and weaknesses. Determining how VA can best contribute to homeland security is especially timely given the extraordinary level of federal activity underway to manage large-scale disasters.
United States. General Accounting Office
2001-10-15
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H. Rept. 107-236, Part 1: Provide Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (PATRIOT) Act of 2001, Report together with Additional Views to Accompany H.R. 2975, October 11, 2001
This U.S. House of Representatives report provides an official assessment of the constitutionality and legality of H.R. 2975, the PATRIOT ACT of 2001. "H.R. 2975, the 'Provide Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (PATRIOT) Act of 2001,' provides enhanced investigative tools and improves information sharing for the law enforcement and intelligence communities to combat terrorism and terrorist-related crimes. The enhanced law enforcement tools and information sharing-provisions will assist in the prevention of future terrorist activities and the preliminary acts and crimes which further such activities. To protect the delicate balance between law enforcement and civil liberties, the bill provides additional government reporting requirements, disciplinary actions for abuse, and civil penalties. […] The Committee on the Judiciary, to whom was referred the bill (H.R. 2975) to combat terrorism, and for other purposes, having considered the same, reports favorably thereon with an amendment and recommends that the bill as amended do pass."
United States. Government Printing Office
2001-10-11
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Bioterrorism: Review of Public Health Preparedness Programs: Statement of Janet Heinrich Director, Health Care--Public Health Issues, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives
Research is currently being done to enable the rapid identification of
biological agents in a variety of settings; develop new or improved
vaccines, antibiotics, and antivirals to improve treatment and vaccination
for infectious diseases caused by biological agents; and develop and test
emergency response equipment such as respiratory and other personal
protective equipment. Federal agencies are developing interagency response plans, participating in various interagency work groups, and entering into formal agreements with each other to share resources and capabilities. The U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO), however, found that coordination of federal terrorism research, preparedness, and response programs is fragmented, which raises concerns about the ability of states and localities to respond to a bioterrorist attack. Issues include poor state and local planning and the lack of hospital participation in training on terrorism and emergency response planning. This report summarizes the September 2001 report (GAO-01-915).
United States. General Accounting Office
2001-10-10
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Homeland Security: The Presidential Coordination Office [October 10, 2001]
"As part of his response to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington, DC, President George W. Bush announced in his September 20 address to a joint session of Congress that he was creating, within the White House Office, an Office of Homeland Security (OHS), headed by a director who would have Cabinet rank and would report directly to the President. OHS, as subsequently chartered with E.O. 13228 of October 8, 2001, is an agency of the Executive Office of the President. The success of this office as a coordinator of a comprehensive national strategy to safeguard the nation against terrorism may be guided by past experience with similar such entities. This report reviews past experience--principally with the Office of War Mobilization and its successor, the Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion--and its possible significance for OHS; it will be updated as events recommend."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Relyea, Harold
2001-10-10
