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S. Hrg. 107-677: Examining the Nuclear Posture Review: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, Second Session, May 16, 2002
S. Hrg. 107-677: This hearing discusses the Nuclear Posture Review, a classified, legislatively mandated document in which the Department of Defense and the Department of Energy set forth a strategy for the maintenance and possible use of our nuclear forces. Highly respected witnesses help the Committee understand the Nuclear Posture Review and its implications for U.S. strategic and foreign policy. Statements, letters, and material submitted for the record include those of the following: Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Joseph Cirincione, Russell D. Feingold, John S. Foster, Jr., William A. Owens, Loren B. Thompson, and Steven Weinberg.
United States. Government Printing Office
2002
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National Communications System Annual Report: Fiscal Year 2002: Ensuring Essential Communications for the Homeland
This document reports on national security and emergency preparedness activities and telecommunications events and highlights the agency's innovations, programs and achievements during fiscal year 2002. The report also focuses strongly the NCS response to the events of September 11, 2001.
National Communications System (U.S.)
2002
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MORS Workshop - Chem-Bio WMD: Understanding the Problem, Operations Analysis Working Group, Low Spectrum Conflict Subgroup
This report documents the insights developed by the Low Spectrum Conflict Subgroup of the Operations Analysis Working Group at the 30 January - 1 February 2001 Military Operations Research Society (MORS) Workshop titled Chemical-Biological Weapons of Mass Destruction (CB WMD): Understanding the Problem. The overall goal of the workshop was to develop a comprehensive and improved understanding of the CB WMD analysis problem confronting the United Sates at home and abroad and to assess the military operations research community's capabilities to support military and civil CB WMD defense crisis response, and consequence management efforts. The Operations Analysis Working Group addressed analysis issues ranging from major theater warfare to small- scale contingencies (SSCs), counterterrorism, and homeland security. The Low Spectrum Conflict Subgroup primarily focused on SSCs, to include continental United States (CONUS) civil support missions.
Center for Army Analysis (U.S.)
Andreozzi, Greg
2001-12
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Milestones in Strategic Arms Control 1945-2000: United States Air Force Roles and Outcomes
As a strategy instrument, arms control is an integral element of national efforts to enhance security, in this case as both a complement to and a substitute for more confrontational strategy elements. Second, and related, it establishes that security strategy involves both conflict and cooperation, side by side and often simultaneous, as overlapping stages of a single continuum. In such a deliberately ambivalent world, primary national security organizations can find themselves caught in the middle of these seemingly incompatible policy threads, and this was often the fate of the United States Air Force (USAF) across the Cold War and through to today. An examination of arms control and its implications for the USAF entails establishing the policy context of national security strategy and national military strategy, particularly nuclear strategy and USAF development to support that strategy. The story of United States national security policy across the Cold War and into its immediate aftermath is very much the story of the continuous framework of containment. And the central dimension of containment was the US-Soviet strategic relationship. Thus, implementation of United States national security policy focused on evolving nuclear strategy and, as the Cold War matured, on the accompanying process of arms control. This strategic dimension of policy and practice was also the central force shaping much of the development of the organization charged with employing most of the United States nuclear capability and with creating the infrastructure of nuclear force management, the USAF.
USAF Institute for National Security Studies
2002
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Is the U.S. Navy Prepared to Counter Biological Warfare Threats?
The biological warfare (BW) threat to U.S. Naval Surface Forces (NSF) is real but not well understood. Greater awareness about the threat is essential for U.S. NSF to establish key competencies to counter its effects. Commanding Officers (COs) and Officers in Tactical Command (OTCs) will be placed in positions where they must combat challenges from adversaries who will seek to use BW. This thesis identifies what can be done to enhance NSF capabilities to counter BW. Having neglected the BW threat, the U.S. Navy seeks to improve its preparedness by exploiting the development of key bio-defense systems. While some of these systems including Joint Portal Shield and the Joint Biological Point Detection System will soon be deployed, the Navy still lacks the doctrine, organizational modifications, training, education, and leadership to take advantage of these new technological systems. This thesis suggests that Local Unit Practices (LPs) prescribed by COs and OTCs should be established to match each unit's capability and sustainability to the threat. To do so, U.S. NSF require an institutional revolution that maximizes doctrine and Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) which tie directly into LPs to provide the means for BW defense and protection.
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Richardson, Scott Nathan
2001-12
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Department of Defense and Homeland Security
This monograph provides an examination of the legal and traditional aspects of Homeland Security in the U.S. and the current framework for managing a domestic Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) incident. This monograph examines the DoD's (Armed Forces) historical role in the defense of the nation as well as its role in domestic support operations. The monograph begins with a brief analysis of the emerging threats that the United States faces, and offers a proposed definition for Homeland Security. This is followed by an examination of the evolution of legal considerations when employing federal military forces in a domestic support capacity. It addresses the Posse Comitatus Act and recent refinements to the Act that circumvent its provisions in instances of clearly identified threats to the Nation's interests. The second chapter includes an analysis of Civil Defense and the DoD's participation in past Civil Defense missions. The monograph outlines the current DoD supporting role to both the FBI for Crisis Management and to the FEMA for Consequence Management during a WMD incident. The monograph argues that the current system is adequate and the DoD should not be designated as the LFA for WMD incidents. The monograph recommends the creation of a new Commander-in-Chief (CINC) for Homeland Security. Additional recommendations include some minor changes to both Joint and Army doctrine in regard to Homeland Security, and that the DoD maintain a receptive attitude towards new domestic missions, advocating the temporary execution of non-traditional missions.
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
McAteer, Timothy
2002
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Making a U.S.-India Strategic Partnership Work
"A new strategic relationship between the United States and India is inevitable. Even before the 11 September 2001 attacks, the Bush administration was striving to improve relations with India. After the attacks, this action has become a U.S. priority. India, too, is devoting unprecedented energy to improving relations with the United States. This thesis examines the prospects for an enduring U.S.-India strategic partnership. It analyzes the history of U.S.-India relations, and describes the conditions that impeded the development of strong relations between the two countries. It describes the negative impact of Pakistan and Kashmir on U.S.-India relations. It demonstrates that a new reality, based upon capability and cooperation, has replaced the Cold War reality of power and bloc alignment, and why that bodes well for the future of U.S.-India relations. And it recommends that: the U.S.-India Defense Planning Group and its subsidiaries are revived; the Memorandum of Understanding be reviewed and simplified; and the Joint Working Group on Counterterrorism is enhanced."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Goldschmidt, Brian P.
2001-12
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Operational Framework for Homeland Security: Primary Mission for National Guard
Before 11 September 2001, the U.S. military's responsibilities for homeland security focused on providing support to civilian authorities during the aftermath of natural and manmade disasters. The terrorist attacks against the United States on 11 September changed the nation's perceptions of and the U. S. military's role in homeland security. The primary operational construct must remain support to civilian authorities; however, the U.S. military must take the lead in shaping and fostering unity of effort among the many federal, state and local agencies with homeland responsibilities. The U.S. military's homeland security responsibilities at the tactical level flow from the traditional support to civilian authorities in disaster relief operations and the Office of Homeland Security's mission to detect, prepare for, prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from the terrorist attacks. The Department of Defense must establish an operational-level structure within the U.S. Northern Command to tie these tactical missions to the President's strategic objectives for homeland security. An effective operational-level framework for the land and maritime homeland security requirements within US Northern Command is a joint, multi-component command and control organization structured at the national, regional and state level. The U.S. National Guard draws on its historical experience in support to civilian authorities and established relationships in the local communities to provide the leadership for this operational framework.
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Coffin, William J.
2002
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Improving CIA Analytic Performance: Analysts and the Policymaking Process
"The present paper addresses the challenge of establishing effective analyst-policymaker relations. It reviews five post- mortem critiques: (1) Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on the Future of Intelligence, In from the Cold (1996); (2) Independent Task Force of the Council on Foreign Relations, Making Intelligence Smarter: The Future of U.S. Intelligence (1996); (3) Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community, Preparing for the 21st Century: An Appraisal of U.S. Intelligence( 1996); (4) Report of the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States (1998); (5) Working Group on Intelligence Reform of the National Strategy Information Center, The Future of US Intelligence (1996)."
United States. Central Intelligence Agency
Davis, Jack
2002
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Asymmetric Warfare and the Will to Win
This thesis explores the will to win in asymmetric war. Asymmetric war, in which one side has an overwhelming advantage over its opponent, will likely be the war of the future for the United States in the post-Cold War uni-polar world. To win an asymmetric war, the individual and then the masses must be motivated to fight and, ultimately, the will to win must be cultivated and sustained for victory. Religion is a highly effective motivator for both the individual and the masses. This motivation, when properly directed, can provide the will to win in the face of overwhelming odds. This thesis focuses on religion as the primary motivator in an asymmetric war. Religion is a strong motivator for the individual because of four factors: appropriateness, identity, rationality, and religion's strength as an internally consistent logic. With a highly motivated individual, an organization gains specific advantages by focusing on the religious aspects of the conflict. These advantages are: commitment, legitimacy, membership, and longevity. These are the measurable elements that create a strong will to win. Three case studies - Iran and Iraq, Hezbollah and Israel, and the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) and Algeria - are explored as examples of contemporary asymmetric conflict. These case studies are used to examine the asymmetries between the countries in conflict and test the validity of our theory about the significance of the will to win.
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Quinn, Matthew D.; Herrera, Cary A.
2001-12
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Use of National Guard Assets for Counterdrug Operations in the War on Drugs
This study explores the continued use of the National Guard in support of drug law enforcement agencies (DLEAs) and community based organizations (CBOs) in counterdrug operations. The National Guard, or militia, has been involved since its founding in what senior military leadership today calls non-traditional missions or military operations other than war (MOOTW). Civil support is not new for the National Guard, and neither is counterdrug operations. The National Guard has been involved in counterdug operations since 1977, and this role increased after President Reagan declared a War on Drugs in 1983, involving all of DOD. The use of the National Guard to provide domestic support to DLEAs and CBOs has grown into a mission that is relied upon by the DLEAs to perform their mission, and is mutually beneficial to the National Guard and the supported agencies. The National Guard provides countless hours of manpower support, and loans advanced technological equipment, which enhances the DLEAs as they perform their mission. The National Guard also benefits in this support because the missions enforce the skills necessary to perform their wartime mission. This study acknowledges the difficulty in measuring the success of National Guard involvement, but its continued participation is necessary to domestically protect the security of the United States.
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
2002
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National Missile Defense - Major Obstacles Still Remain
The events of September 11, 2001 demonstrated that weapons can be used to create mass destruction on the U.S. homeland. The actual use of weapons of mass destruction, however, would create much more casualties and damage than that inflicted by the planes used by the terrorists last fall. In short, the rise of terrorism to the people of the U.S. and its interest, both at home and abroad, does not eliminate the requirement to protect our country from the growing ballistic missile threat. Yet, despite the December 2001 announcement by the President that the U.S. would withdraw from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, a National Missile Defense System that is capable of protecting the country from a limited ballistic missile attack is a long way from becoming a reality. While this paper will address five major obstacles to fielding a limited National Missile Defense system, the obstacles of recognizing the restrictions created by the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and understanding and solving the global political ramifications of fielding the system are the major focus. They are of great concern due to the political obstacles to the proposed National Missile Defense system, specifically, solving the bilateral diplomatic gamesmanship created by the present Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty between the U. S. and Russia and the diplomatic and political dilemmas that fielding a limited NMD system creates with Russia and other states of the world.
Army War College (U.S.)
Larkin, Jeffrey S.
2002
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Russia's Military and Operation Enduring Freedom
The Russian government, on orders of President Vladimir Putin, has cooperated with the United States in Operation Enduring Freedom. Measures include: issuing statements of support for U.S. policy; encouraging (or, at least, not discouraging) the nations of Central Asia to provide military bases for U.S. operations; and according to newspaper reports, sharing intelligence on Afghanistan with the United States and providing weapons to the Northern Alliance. Many Western observers have described President Putin's decision to side with the United States in the 'war on terrorism' as a radical departure from the established course of Russia's national security policy. This observation, however, is a bit superficial. Putin's desire to be accepted by the West dates back to the very beginning of his presidency, and is rooted in his political views and personal preferences.
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Contemporary Conflict
Tsypkin, Mikhail
2002
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Transnational Organized Crime and Conflict: Strategic Implications for the Military
In the immediate aftermath of September 11, 2001, transnational threats were revisited with a new urgency. The terrorist attacks on America's economic and military centers of power awakened the nation to the dangers posed by asymmetric and non-traditional threats. Transnational organized crime, in particular, is now recognized as one of the most dangerous and pervasive threats to national and international security. Profits from drug trafficking, smuggling, and other illegal activities fuel terrorism, violent conflict, and corruption around the world. Moreover, transnational crime is undermining military assistance programs, and peace operations in several regions. Law enforcement agencies have the lead role in combating organized crime, but current trends demand a close examination of how transnational crime is changing the national and international security environments and the strategic implications for the military. The growth of transnational criminal activity cannot be ignored and a greater support role by the military is vital and necessary. This paper will examine the nature of transnational organized crime, the principal criminal activities that contribute to violence and armed conflict; the impact of transnational crime on nation assistance programs and peace operations; and the strategic implications for the military.
Army War College (U.S.)
Tunstall, Stanley Q.
2002
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Asia-Pacific Economic Update 2002, Volume One: Economic Strategy, Context and Performance
"Financial turmoil was prevalent throughout the 1990s. Financial crises broke out in Europe, Latin America, and Asia. High current account deficits and rigid exchange rate regimes contributed to financial turbulence and a disorderly freefall of Asian foreign exchange rates. Floating exchange rate regimes are needed to optimize free international capital markets. Meanwhile, Asia's economic roller coaster shows no signs of stopping. The past five years have seen an economic crisis in 1997, recession in 1998, a bounce-back in 1999-2000, and a downturn and recession in 2001. Much of the Asian bounce-back reflected a surging U.S. economy in 1999 and
2000. But the fuel for this U.S. growth disappeared in 2001 when the global information technology (IT) sector went from boom to bust. During the boom too many Asian economies became complacent and avoided painful structural reforms. That made them increasingly vulnerable to the U.S. recession and global slowdown. Asian states will remain economically insecure until they become more serious about implementing structural economic reforms. The terrorist attacks of I 1 September 2001 worsened an already weak U.S. and global economy. After 9-11, the USG faced economic issues on at least three fronts: reconstruction in New York City, fighting recession at home, and using economic diplomacy to help the U.S. coalition in the war on terrorism. All three issues required immediate crisis action. But a long-term strategy in each area is also needed to put the United States and the global economy on a sustainable path toward long-term economic growth."
United States. Pacific Command
Rosenberger, Leif
2002
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Transforming Defense, 2001
"From April 17-20, 2001, the U.S. Army War College sponsored a major conference to examine the many issues and questions surrounding the transformation of the U.S. Armed Forces from a Cold War paradigm into a defense establishment ready to meet the complex challenges of the future. The conference brought together at Carlisle Barracks over 230 American and foreign academic, business, government, media, and military representatives. A series of enlightening-and sometimes troubling- discussions highlighted the many opportunities and challenges involved in executing long-term and extensive defense reform. The conference focused on five general themes: an historical overview of defense transformation, change and organizational dynamics, global perspectives on American defense reform, financing the process, and service plans to execute it. This collection regroups papers and presentations from the conference into three categories: Historical Overviews of Transforming Defense, Transformation Plans and Barriers, and External Views of Transformation. Each section contains an introduction describing the essays that follow, as well as summarizing other relevant conference presentations and discussions bearing on the topic. If presenters did not produce a formal article for publication, their key arguments are still described in the introduction."
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Crane, Conrad C.
2001-12
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Annual Report on International Religious Freedom 2001, Report Submitted to the Committee on International Relations, U.S. House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate by the Department of State in Accordance with Section 102 of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998
"This report is submitted to the Congress by the Department of State in compliance with Section 102(b) of the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) of 1998. The law provides that the Secretary of State shall transmit to Congress by September 1 of each year, or the first day thereafter on which the appropriate House of Congress is in session, ''an Annual Report on International Religious Freedom supplementing the most recent Human Rights Reports by providing additional detailed information with respect to matters involving international religious freedom.'' This Annual Report includes 195 reports on countries worldwide."
United States. Government Printing Office
2001-12
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2001 Futures Project: Whither Deterrence: Conference Presentations, November 30, 2001
"The Center for Global Security Research, in collaboration with other security study centers, universities, and governmental and non-governmental organizations, and accessing the significant technical capabilities of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, probes issues at the intersection of technology and policy. Our goal is to provide fresh insight into important national security issues. While most of our projects focus on present international security concerns, this futures projects looks out beyond the next decade in order to guide current actions toward a more secure world."
Center for Global Security Research
Vergino, Eileen S.
2001-11-29
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President Says U.S. Attorneys on Front Line in War [November 29, 2001]
These are the remarks of President Bush on November 29, 2001 in which he discusses U.S. Attorneys and their role in cutting gun crime across the nation. "We must help people reclaim their neighborhoods and their streets. We must help those who want to live in a comfortable environment feel safe. That's one of our primary jobs. And so I proposed a program called Project Safe Neighborhoods. And you have a clear charge to fight gun violence in America. U.S. Attorneys will work with state and local authorities in an all-out campaign, in a focused and vigorous effort to cut gun crime. By September of this year -- of next year, 2002, we hope to have 200 new attorneys hired to prosecute crimes committed with a gun, 200 new attorneys to help you stay focused on an important mission, which is the safety of our citizens."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2001-11-29
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S. Hrg. 107-364: Anthrax Decontamination: Hearing before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress First Session, Special Hearing November 28, 2001
On November 28, 2001, the Senate Subcommittee on VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies of the Committee on Appropriations convenes to discuss and hear testimony regarding Anthrax Decontamination. Testifying are Christine Todd Whitman of the Environmental Protection Agency and John Marburger III of the Doffice of Science and Technology Policy of the Executive Office of the President. Chairwoman Barbara Mikulski explains that "The VA-HUD Subcommittee wanted to act very quickly to convene this timely hearing to discuss the issues of decontamination of anthrax both at the Hart Building, the Brentwood postal facility, and other private sector buildings that are exposed. This is to discuss the role of EPA and the Office of the Science Advisor to the President in terms of decontamination process." She continues "I would like to know really who is in charge in the decontamination effort for the Federal Government, and who is in charge of the Capitol, Brentwood, and other facilities. Who is in charge of the science, to know what is the best methodologies for decontamination? Who is in charge of identifying the decontamination methods? Who is in charge of implementing them, and then who is in charge of telling us the criteria for how clean is safe?" Ranking Minority Member Christopher Bond submits: "While we have received periodic reports from the Capitol Police about the progress of decontamination efforts on the Hill, I think there are a lot of questions that we all have about exactly how the Federal Government is responding to these very unusually difficult circumstances, and how responses will be handled in the future for both the public and private sector."
United States. Government Printing Office
2001-11-28
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Cuba: Issues for Congress [Updated November 20, 2001]
"There appears to be broad agreement among those concerned with Cuba on the overall objective of U.S. policy toward Cuba--to help bring democracy and respect for human rights to the island. But there have been several schools of thought on how to achieve that objective. Some advocate a policy of keeping maximum pressure on the Cuban government until reforms are enacted, while continuing current U.S. efforts to support the Cuban people. Others argue for an approach, sometimes referred to as constructive engagement, that would lift some U.S. sanctions that they believe are hurting the Cuban people, and move toward engaging Cuba in dialogue. Still others call for a swift normalization of U.S.-Cuban relations by lifting the U.S. embargo. Policy debate in the past several years has focused on whether to maintain U.S. restrictions on food and medical exports as well as on travel to Cuba. Legislative initiatives introduced in the 107th Congress reflect these divergent views on the direction of U.S. policy toward Cuba and also cover a range of issues including human rights, food and medical exports, travel restrictions, drug interdiction cooperation, and broadcasting to Cuba. On July 25, 2001, in action on the Treasury Department Appropriations for FY2002 (H.R. 2590), the House approved an amendment that would prohibit the Treasury Department from using funds to enforce restrictions on travel to Cuba. Ultimately, the Cuba travel provision was not included in the conference report to the bill."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Taft-Morales, Maureen
2001-11-20
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Public Law 107-71--Aviation and Transportation Security Act
Public Law 107-71 provides the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) the jurisdiction across all modes of transportation.
United States. Congress. Senate; United States. Congress. House
2001-11-19
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Public Law 107-71: Aviation and Transportation Security Act
"An Act to improve aviation security, and for other purposes."
United States. Government Printing Office
2001-11-19
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Unfunded Mandates Reform Act: History, Impact, and Issues [November 18, 2011]
"The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) established requirements for enacting certain legislation and issuing certain regulations that would impose enforceable duties on state, local, or tribal governments or on the private sector. UMRA refers to obligations imposed by such legislation and regulations as 'mandates' (either 'intergovernmental' or 'private sector,' depending on the entities affected). The direct cost to affected entities of meeting these obligations are referred to as 'mandate costs,' and when the federal government does not provide funding to cover these costs, the mandate is termed 'unfunded.' UMRA incorporates numerous definitions, exclusions, and exceptions that specify what forms and types of mandates are subject to its requirements, termed 'covered mandates.' Covered mandates do not include many federal actions with potentially significant financial impacts on nonfederal entities. This report's primary purpose is to describe the kinds of legislative and regulatory provisions that are subject to UMRA's requirements, and, on this basis, to assess UMRA's impact on federal mandates. The report also examines debates that occurred, both before and since UMRA's enactment, concerning what kinds of provisions UMRA ought to cover, and considers the implications of experience under UMRA for possible future revisions of its scope of coverage. […] Also, solely for legislation that would impose covered intergovernmental mandates, UMRA establishes a point of order in each house of Congress through which the chamber can decline to consider the legislation. This report examines UMRA's implementation, focusing on the respective requirements for mandate cost estimates on legislation and regulations, and on the point of order procedure for legislation proposing unfunded intergovernmental mandates."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dilger, Robert Jay, 1954-; Beth, Richard S.
2001-11-18
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Computer Attack and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress [Updated November 15, 2007]
"Cybercrime is becoming more organized and established as a transnational business. High technology online skills are now available for rent to a variety of customers, possibly including nation states, or individuals and groups that could secretly represent terrorist groups. The increased use of automated attack tools by cybercriminals has overwhelmed some current methodologies used for tracking Internet cyberattacks, and vulnerabilities of the U.S. critical infrastructure, which are acknowledged openly in publications, could possibly attract cyberattacks to extort money, or damage the U.S. economy to affect national security. In April and May 2007, NATO and the United States sent computer security experts to Estonia to help that nation recover from cyberattacks directed against government computer systems, and to analyze the methods used and determine the source of the attacks.1 Some security experts suspect that political protestors [sic] may have rented the services of cybercriminals, possibly a large network of infected PCs, called a 'botnet,' to help disrupt the computer systems of the Estonian government. DOD officials have also indicated that similar cyberattacks from individuals and countries targeting economic, political, and military organizations may increase in the future.2 Cybercriminals have reportedly made alliances with drug traffickers in Afghanistan, the Middle East, and elsewhere where profitable illegal activities are used to support terrorist groups. In addition, designs for cybercrime botnets are becoming more sophisticated, and future botnet architectures may be more resistant to computer security countermeasures.3"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Wilson, Clay
2001-11-15
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S. Hrg. 107-255: Emergency Operations Planning and Response in the Metropolitan Washington Area: Hearing before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress First Session, Special Hearing November 14, 2001
On November 14, 2001, the Senate Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations convenes to discuss and hear testimony regarding Emergency Operations Planning and Response in the Metropolitan Washington Area. Testifying are Mayor Anthony Williams, Margret Medelkoff Kellems, Peter LaPorte, Richard White, Michael Rogers, Ronnie Few, Charles Ramsey, and Dr. Ivan Walks of the District of Coumbia; Richard White, and Linda Crop. Chairwoman Mary Landrieu explains that "Given its importance as a national symbol, and as the anthrax attacks of recent weeks have shown, Washington, D.C. remains a target for terrorism" and that "that the District does have hazmat equipment to handle isolated chemical spills or accidents, but it is not equipped for large-scale chemical or biological attacks or the destruction of the scale of which we saw in New York City." Ranking minority member Mike Dewine states that "In the next few weeks, we will be considering an emergency supplemental appropriations bill that will provide additional funds so that we may continue to recover, rebuild, and reassess our Nation's ability to respond to future terrorist attacks."
United States. Government Printing Office
2001-11-14
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China's Maritime Territorial Claims: Implications for U.S. Interests [November 12, 2001]
"The collision on April 1, 2001, of a Chinese jet fighter with a U.S. navy reconnaissance plane over the South China Sea drew unusual public attention to the ocean areas south and east of the People's Republic of China (PRC): the South China Sea and the East China Sea. These relatively shallow, resource-rich waters are of growing economic and strategic importance, yet they often remain invisible in the American policy process. The United States, along with most of the international community, regards these as international waters. According to one estimate, more than half of the world's sea-going commercial shipments pass through this area each year, including the bulk of inter-Asian trade and most of Japan's annual oil imports. Consequently, a primary U.S. economic and strategic objective in the region has been the maintenance of freedom-of-navigation through these waters. This report provides an overview of which islands and reefs are in dispute and who claims them; background on Chinese assertions and justifications about the extent of Chinese sovereignty in these waters; the economic and strategic significance of the relevant sea lines of communication, both for Asia and for U.S. interests; an analysis of PRC military activity and interests in the region, as well as an overview of confrontations in the area; and an analysis of international legal interpretations of these issues. Finally, the report discusses the implications of competing South/East China Sea claims for U.S. economic and strategic interests, and the implications that U.S. treaty obligations to claimant states have for resolution of these claims."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Ackerman, David M.; Cronin, Richard P.; Dumbaugh, Kerry
2001-11-12
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Computer Security: Improvements Needed to Reduce Risk to Critical Federal Operations and Assets, Statement of Robert F. Dacey, Director, Information Security Issues, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Government Efficiency, Financial Management and Intergovernmental Relations, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives
"Dramatic increases in computer interconnectivity, especially in the use of the Internet, are revolutionizing the way our government, our nation, and much of the world communicate and conduct business. The benefits have been enormous. Vast amounts of information are now literally at our fingertips, facilitating research on virtually every topic imaginable; financial and other business transactions can be executed almost instantaneously, often 24 hours a day; and electronic mail, Internet web sites, and computer bulletin boards allow us to communicate quickly and easily with virtually an unlimited number of individuals and groups. In addition to such benefits, however, this widespread interconnectivity poses significant risks to our computer systems and, more important, to the critical operations and infrastructures they support. For example, telecommunications, power distribution, public health, national defense (including the military's warfighting capability), law enforcement, government, and emergency services all depend on the security of their computer operations."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2001-11-09
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Homeland Security: Challenges and Strategies in Addressing Short- and Long-Term National Needs, Statement of David M. Walker, Comptroller General of the United States, Testimony before the Committee on the Budget, House of Representatives
The United States now confronts a range of diffuse threats that put increased destructive power into the hands of small states, groups, and individuals. These threats include terrorist attacks on critical infrastructure and computer systems, the potential use of weapons of mass destruction, and the spread of infectious diseases. Addressing these challenges will require leadership to develop and implement a homeland security strategy in coordination with all relevant partners, and to marshal and direct the necessary resources. The recent establishment of the Office of Homeland Security is a good first step, but questions remain about how this office will be structured, what authority its Director will have, and how this effort can be institutionalized and sustained over time. Although homeland security is an urgent and vital national priority, the United States still must address short-term and long-term fiscal challenges that were present before September 11.
United States. General Accounting Office
2001-11-07
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Terrorism, the Future, and U.S. Foreign Policy [Updated November 2, 2001]
"International terrorism has long been recognized as a foreign and domestic security threat. The tragic events of September 11 in New York, the Washington, D.C., area, and Pennsylvania have dramatically re-energized the nation's focus and resolve on terrorism. This issue brief examines international terrorist actions and threats and the U.S. policy response. Available policy options range from diplomacy, international cooperation and constructive engagement to economic sanctions, covert action, physical security enhancement, and military force."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Perl, Raphael
2001-11-02
