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Centralizing Border Control Policy Under the Supervision of the Attorney General, Letter Opinion for the Deputy Counsel to the President [March 20, 2002]
"In general, the President may not transfer the functions of an agency statutorily created within one Cabinet department to another Cabinet department without an act of Congress. The President may not delegate his presidential authority to supervise and control the executive departments to a particular member of the Cabinet where no statutory authority exists to do so. The President may exercise his own power to establish a comprehensive border control policy for the federal Government and direct a single Cabinet member to lead and coordinate the efforts of all Cabinet agencies to implement that policy."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
2002-03-20
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Mexico-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 107th Congress [Updated March 20, 2002]
"The United States and Mexico have a special relationship under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which removes trade and investment barriers between the countries. The friendly relationship has been strengthened by President Bush's meet- ings with President Fox in Mexico, Canada, and the United States. Major issues of concern to Congress are trade, immigration, drug trafficking, and political rights. [...] On March 4-5, 2002, Homeland Security Director Tom Ridge and other U.S. officials visited Mexico to explore opportunities to improve border security. On March 9, 2002, Mexican authorities announced the arrest of drug lord Benjamin Arellano-Felix and the probable death of his brother Ramon Arellano Felix in a police shoot-out a month earlier. On March 14, 2002, the authorities announced the arrest of Manuel Herrera Barraza, another key figure in the Arellano Felix organization. On the days prior to President Bush's upcoming visit to Monterrey, Mexico, on March 22, 2002, to attend the International Conference on Financing for Development and to discuss bilateral issues with President Fox, press accounts suggest that he was considering proposals to create a new border control agency and that he would offer to provide $30 million in U.S. assistance for poor areas in Mexico under the U.S.-Mexico Partnership for Progress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
2002-03-20
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Threat of Transnational Crime in East Asia
This research project examines the problem of transnational organized crime and identifies it as a rising threat to national security. It defines and summarizes trends in five types of transnational organized crime: trafficking in drugs and precursor chemicals, trafficking in persons and alien smuggling, conventional weapons smuggling, illegal sale of nuclear materiel, and money laundering. The regional focus of the study is East Asia and it highlights the two most significant criminal organizations in the region - the Chinese triads and the Japanese yakuza. Both organizations have global reach and their activities in the United States are noted. It shows the direct link between transnational organized crime and terrorism. The project briefly reviews United States and United Nations strategies and policies related to organized crime. It concludes with policy recommendations including the dedication of additional resources to counter transnational organized crime and increased coordination between the United States and the international community.
Army War College (U.S.)
Miller, Rose M.
2002-03-19
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Israeli-United States Relations [Updated March 19, 2002]
"Israeli-U.S. relations are an important factor in U.S. policy in the Middle East, and Congress has placed considerable importance on the maintenance of a close and supportive relationship. The main vehicle for expressing support for Israel has been foreign aid; Israel currently receives about $3 billion per year in economic and military grants, refugee settlement assistance, and other aid. Congress has monitored the aid issue closely along with other issues in bilateral relations, and its concerns have affected Administration's policies. U.S.-Israeli relations have evolved from an initial American policy of sympathy and support for the creation of a Jewish homeland in 1948 to an unusual partnership that links a small but militarily powerful Israel, dependent on the United States for its economic and military strength, with the U.S. superpower trying to balance competing interests in the region. Some in the United States question the levels of aid and general commitment to Israel, and argue that a U.S. bias toward Israel operates at the expense of improved U.S. relations with various Arab states. Others maintain that democratic Israel is a strategic ally, and that U.S. relations with Israel strengthens the U.S. presence in the Middle East."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mark, Clyde R.
2002-03-19
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Palestinians and Middle East Peace: Issues for the United States [Updated March 19, 2002]
"The United States began contacts with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in December 1988, after the PLO accepted Israel's right to exist, accepted U.N. Resolutions 242 and 338 that call for an exchange of land for peace, and renounced terrorism. The United States continues its contacts with the PLO and the Palestinian Authority elected in January 1996, and is an active broker in the continuing Middle East peace process. […] On May 4, 1994, Israel and the PLO signed an agreement providing for the Israeli withdrawal from Gaza and Jericho (withdrawal completed May 11, 1994). The Interim Agreement signed on September 28, 1995 (also called Oslo II or the Taba Agreement), provided for elections for the 88-seat Palestinian Assembly, the release of Israeli-held prisoners, Israeli withdrawal from six West Bank cities, and other issues. The Israelis withdrew from the West Bank cities by the end of 1995, and the Palestinian Assembly was elected on January 20, 1996, and sworn in on March 7, 1996. Israel and the Palestinians agreed to an Israeli withdrawal from Hebron in January 1997, and on October 23, 1998 signed the Wye agreement to meet previous commitments. The peace talks stalled at Camp David in July 2000, and remain suspended since the Palestinian uprising began in September. Some 600 Palestinians and 150 Israelis have died in the continuing confrontation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mark, Clyde R.
2002-03-19
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Combating Terrorism: Emergency Supplemental Appropriations - Distribution of Funds to Departments and Agencies [Updated March 18, 2002]
"In response to the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, Congress passed the $40-billion 2001 Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Recovery from and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States, P.L. 107-38 (H.R. 2888). The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) developed guidelines and criteria (presented in this report) for use of these funds. Tables in this report detail distribution of the terrorism emergency supplemental funds by department/agency, by date, and present a ranking of departments/agencies receiving funds. [...] This report tracks only dispersal of funds from the emergency supplemental. It does not track all federal costs or expenditures that may be associated with the attacks and the response to them."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Riehl, James R.
2002-03-18
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Drug Control: International Policy and Approaches [March 18, 2002]
"Efforts to reduce the flow of illicit drugs from abroad into the United States greatly have so far not succeeded. Moreover, over the past decade, worldwide production of illicit drugs has risen dramatically: opium and marijuana production has roughly doubled and coca production tripled. Also, street prices of cocaine and heroin have fallen significantly in the past 20 years, reflecting increased availability. A major area of ongoing concern is: how effective can international narcotics control programs be in helping to reduce consumption? […] P.L.106-246, 'Plan Colombia,' a $1.3 billion military assistance-focused initiative to provide emergency supplemental narcotics assistance to Colombia, was signed into law July 13, 2000. On April 9, 2001, President Bush unveiled an Andean Counterdrug Initiative (ARI) to succeed Plan Colombia, and requested $882 million in FY2002 funds for the program. On December 20, Congress appropriated $783 million for the program, $99 million below the President's request. Policy options addressed in this brief include: 1) Expansion of efforts to reduce foreign production at the source. 2) Expansion of interdiction and enforcement activities to disrupt supply lines. 3) Expansion of efforts to reduce worldwide demand. 4) Expansion of economic disincentives for international drug trafficking. For CRS [Congressional Research Service] products relevant to this subject, see CRS Issue Brief IB95025, 'Drug Supply Control: Current Legislation'; CRS Report 98-159, 'Narcotics Certification of Drug Producing and Trafficking Nations: Questions and Answers'; CRS Report RL30541, 'Colombia: U.S. Assistance and Current Legislation'; and CRS Report RL31016, 'Andean Regional Initiative (ARI): FY2002 Assistance for Colombia and Neighbors.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Perl, Raphael; Lee, Rensselaer W., 1937-
2002-03-18
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Financial Responsibility for Port Security: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, United States House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, Second Session, March 14, 2002
The purpose of this hearing is to examine who is responsible for implementing security procedures and consider ways to finance the new security equipment that individual ports and marine terminal facilities must install to address the increased terrorist threat to our Nation. The Subcommittee will receive testimony from the Administration, vessel and marine facility operators, as well as several local port authorities. Included is a review of Port Security Grants for critical national seaports. Statements include those of the following: William G. Schubert, Joseph Cox, Richard Steinke, Frederick R. Ferrin, and Paul F. Richardson.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure
2002-03-14
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FEMA's Mission: Policy Directives for the Federal Emergency Management Agency [Updated March 13, 2002]
"The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) assists states and localities overwhelmed by, or at risk from, disasters. FEMA also coordinates federal emergency management activities and planning for the continuity of government should national security be threatened. [...] This report identifies authorities drawn from public sources. It does not refer to classified authorities not available to the public, does not include references to temporary authorities that require FEMA to provide assistance for specific disasters or needs, and does not include information on plans, regulations, or operating manuals developed to implement these policies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Bea, Keith
2002-03-13
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Governor Ridge Announces Homeland Security Advisory System [March 12, 2002]
In these remarks, Director of Homeland Security Tom Ridge announces the creation of a national advisory system to disseminate information regarding the risk of terrorist attacks to federal, state, and local authorities and to the American people.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2002-03-12
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Homeland Defense: The Evolution, the Threat, and the Air Force Role
The terrorist attacks of 11 September brought homeland defense to the forefront. In its 2001 Quadrennial Defense Review, the DoD acknowledged homeland defense as its primary mission. This paper traces homeland defense from its origins until today, focusing on the military's role. The paper then takes a broad look at the threats facing the United States homeland. Finally, the paper highlights some Air Force capabilities that currently are, or could be, utilized in homeland defense. Using this approach, this paper attempts to show that history argues for a robust, persistent homeland defense. It advocates that the United States' homeland defense must counter a broad spectrum of threats, both current and emerging, and that the United States Air Force should play a key role in that effort.
Army War College (U.S.)
Rader, Neil E.
2002-03-11
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Bioterrorism and Health Care Disparities
"The recent cases of anthrax contamination have raised numerous questions regarding the nation's health care system, especially as it relates to the prompt emergency medical treatment of hundreds or perhaps thousands of individuals. Of special concern to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights is equitable treatment for all groups regardless of socioeconomic status, English-language proficiency, ethnicity, or race. With this review, the Commission's interest, focusing on the rights of protected classes, is that all Americans receive medical treatment that is equally prompt, sufficient, and systematic in the event of a biological attack on the United States. The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights has long been concerned with health care disparities, and recent events serve to make the urgency of the problem more stark. The following discussion incorporates some of the Commission's main concerns."
United States Commission on Civil Rights
Butler, Margaret
2002-03-08
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Bioterrorism: Summary of a CRS/National Health Policy Forum Seminar on Federal, State, and Local Public Health Preparedness [Updated March 8, 2002]
"The September 11th attack and subsequent intentional release of anthrax spores via the U.S. postal system have focused policymakers' attention on the preparedness and response capability of the nation's public health system. [...] Mending the gaps in the current public health fabric will require significant long-term commitments from the federal government, including investments and improvements in: laboratory capacity, regional planning, workforce training, epidemiology and surveillance systems, information systems, communication systems, and media relations. [...] It is imperative that all preparedness efforts be coordinated at all levels of government-federal, state, and local."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Strongin, Robin J.; Redhead, C. Stephen
2002-03-08
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Information Security: Actions Needed to Fully Implement Reform Legislation: Statement of Robert F. Dacey Director, Information Security Issues
In his statement, Robert F. Dacey discusses efforts by the federal government to implement provisions for Government Information Security Reform (the reform provisions) that were enacted as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001.1 Federal agencies rely extensively on computerized systems and electronic data to support their missions and critical operations. Concerned with reports that continuing, pervasive security weaknesses place federal operations at significant risk of disruption, tampering, fraud, and inappropriate disclosures of sensitive information, the Congress enacted the reform provisions to reduce these risks and provide more effective oversight of federal information security. In his testimony, Dacey first describes some of the improvement efforts and benefits that have resulted from this first year implementation of the reform provisions. He then describes the results of the evaluation of actions by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 24 of the largest federal agencies, and these agencies' inspectors general (IGs) to implement the reform provisions. He also summarizes the overall results of these actions and notes any challenges to effective implementation or oversight of the reform provisions.
United States. General Accounting Office
Dacey, Robert F.
2002-03-06
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Russia [Updated March 6, 2002]
"Vladimir Putin, who was catapulted into the Kremlin following Boris Yeltsin's resignation, was elected President on March 26, 2000 by a solid majority that embraced his military campaign in Chechnya. Parties backing Putin did well in the December 1999 Duma election, giving Putin a stable parliamentary majority as well. Putin has moved to strengthen the central government vis-a-vis regional leaders, to bring TV and radio under tighter state control, and to modernize the armed forces. Federal forces have suppressed large-scale military resistance in Chechnya, but face the prospect of prolonged guerilla warfare. The economic upturn that began in 1999 is continuing. The GDP [Gross Domestic Product] and domestic investment are growing after a decade-long decline, inflation is contained, the budget is balanced, and the ruble is stable. Major problems remain: one third of the population live below the official poverty line, foreign investment is very low, crime, corruption, capital flight, and unemployment remain high. Putin appears to seek simultaneously to tighten political control, introduce economic reforms, get major debt forgiveness, and strengthen the military."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Goldman, Stuart D. (Stuart Douglas), 1943-
2002-03-06
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Combating Terrorism: Key Aspects of a National Strategy to Enhance State and Local Preparedness, Statement of JayEtta Z. Hecker, Director, Physical Infrastructure Issues, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Government Efficiency, Financial Management, and Intergovernmental Relations, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives
Federal, state, and local governments share responsibility in preparing for catastrophic terrorist attacks. Because the national security threat is diffuse and the challenge is intergovernmental, national policymakers need a firm understanding of the interests, capacity, and challenges when formulating antiterrorism strategies. Key aspects of this strategy should include a definition and clarification of the appropriate roles and responsibilities of federal, state, and local entities. GAO's has found fragmentation and overlap among federal assistance programs. More than 40 federal entities have roles in combating terrorism, and past federal efforts have resulted in a lack of accountability, a lack of cohesive effort, and duplication of programs. This situation has led to confusion, making it difficult to identify available federal preparedness resources and effectively partner with the federal government. Goals and performance measures should be established to guide the nation's preparedness efforts. For the nation's preparedness programs, however, outcomes have yet to be defined in terms of domestic preparedness. Given the recent and proposed increases in preparedness funding, real and meaningful improvements in preparedness and establishing clear goals and performance measures are critical to ensuring a successful and a fiscally responsible effort. The strategy should include a careful choice of the most appropriate tools of government to best achieve national goals. The choice and design of policy tools, such as grants, regulations, and partnerships, can enhance the government's ability to (1) target areas of highest risk to better ensure that scarce federal resources address the most pressing needs, (2) promote shared responsibility by all parties, and (3) track and assess progress toward achieving national goals.
United States. General Accounting Office
2002-03-01
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Gathering Biological Warfare Storm -- Chapter 8: Assessment of the Emerging Biocruise Threat
Chapter 8 from the collection of essays, "The Gathering Biological Warfare Storm," addresses the potential for cruise missiles to be used in biological warfare as weapons of mass destruction.
USAF Counterproliferation Center
2002-03
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Gathering Biological Warfare Storm -- Chapter 9: Next Generation Bioweapons: Genetic Engineering and BW
Chapter 9 in the collection of essays, "The Gathering Bioligical Warfare Storm," addresses the "next-generation" of biological weapons: "The history of warfare and the history of disease are unquestionably interwoven. Throughout the history of warfare, disease and non-battle injury have accounted for more deaths and loss of combat capability than from actual battle in war itself. The most striking example is the great influenza pandemic during World War I that killed 20 million people or more worldwide in 1918. Although this was a naturally occurring event, what if a country could create a biological agent that could yield the same catastrophic loss of life on the enemy? That, in essence, is the potential effect of applying genetic engineering for biological warfare (BW) or bioterrorism (BT). In this century, it is widely predicted that advances in biology and biotechnology will revolutionize society and life as we know it. At the same time, the 'black biology' of biotechnology which can be used to create biological weapons, will be one of the gravest threats we will face. In this era when cloning and 'designer genes' are topics of the evening news, much has been written about biowarfare and bioterrorism resulting from genetically altered microbes, and it is often difficult to discern fact from fiction. This chapter has two purposes. The first part consolidates accounts of genetic engineering from sources close to the former Soviet Union's BW program. The remainder of the paper discusses near-term future capabilities of genetic engineering and biological warfare from an American perspective. The 'next generation' of biological weapons made possible through genetic engineering will be asymmetric weapons par excellence."
USAF Counterproliferation Center
Ainscough, Michael J.
2002-03
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New Condottieri and U.S. Policy the Privatization of Conflict and Its Implications
The increased privatization of conflict and the use of private military corporations challenge the traditional state monopoly on violence. While recognizing the challenges associated with their employment the United States should embrace the private military corporation as a means to further its strategic objectives. Private military corporations offer potential solutions to the United States for the application of force in situations that have limited objectives such as peacekeeping, humanitarian operations or combating transnational threats such as terrorism.
Army War College (U.S.)
Smith, Eugene B.
2002-03-01
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Serving the Congress and the Nation: Performance and Accountability Highlights
This annual performance and accountability report assesses GAO's accomplishments in fiscal year 2001 and describes the agency's plans for continued progress through fiscal year 2003. In the last year, GAO's work resulted in a number of significant improvements to government that will benefit all Americans. By acting on GAO's recommendations, the government achieved a number of significant improvements to government, including (1) protecting patients in mental health facilities, (2) reducing nuclear waste treatment costs, (3) controlling pollution, (4) informing the debate over aviation security, (5) improving accountability over defense inventory, (6) strengthening federal information security, (7) improving collection of nontax debt, (8) focusing attention on major management challenges and high-risk issues, (9) identifying strategies for a more cost-effective census, (10) strengthening relationships with GAO's clients and stakeholders, (11) aligning GAO's resources with its strategic goals, and (12) aligning human capital policies and practices to support GAO's mission. GAO also provided information critical to the public debate on counterterrorism efforts and called attention to looming problems, such as the human capital crisis facing the federal workforce and information technology issues. Taxpayers benefited from the $26 billion in savings identified through GAO's work--a $69 return on every dollar invested in GAO. GAO realigned its organization to better meet its goals and objectives, and it continued to institute new ways of doing business. Looking forward to fiscal year 2003, GAO plans to increase its investments in maximizing the productivity of its workforce by continuing to address two of its critical management challenges: human capital and information technology.
United States. General Accounting Office
2002-03-01
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U.S.-European Relations Pre- and Post September 11, 2001
From the thesis abstract: "Throughout the more than 50 years in which the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has secured peace and stability in Europe, relations between the US and its European allies remain a persistent paradox-unified, yet at considerable odds. It is a partnership that is consistent and strong, yet troubled and fragile. This thesis analyzes the emerging European-American relationships based on perceptions of key stakeholders, including pre- and post- September 11 attitudes, and persistent concerns Although history may repeat itself globalization of politics, finance and national security increasingly connect Europeans, Americans and other nations, The complexity of these relationships is studied to reveal common themes relevant to evolving European- American relations, This study reveals the following findings: France, Germany and the United Kingdom represent the overall voice of European policies; The interpersonal relations between prominent European and American stakeholders appear more substantial and influential than publicly acknowledged; European stakeholders perceive the current U.S. administration as generally reflective of a bygone era; The number of European partners are increasing and European voices are moving tentatively closer to a common voice on foreign and security issues; And important European domestic issues appear to dominate European concerns, often overshadowing the American preoccupation on terrorism."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Lange, Thomas
2002-03
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Homeland Security Presidential Directive-3
"The Nation requires a Homeland Security Advisory System to provide a comprehensive and effective means to disseminate information regarding the risk of terrorist acts to Federal, State, and local authorities and to the American people. Such a system would provide warnings in the form of a set of graduated 'Threat Conditions' that would increase as the risk of the threat increases. At each Threat Condition, Federal departments and agencies would implement a corresponding set of 'Protective Measures' to further reduce vulnerability or increase response capability during a period of heightened alert. This system is intended to create a common vocabulary, context, and structure for an ongoing national discussion about the nature of the threats that confront the homeland and the appropriate measures that should be taken in response. It seeks to inform and facilitate decisions appropriate to different levels of government and to private citizens at home and at work."
United States. White House Office
Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-
2002-03
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Protecting America's Critical Infrastructure
Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 63 was America's first strategy for protecting critical information infrastructures. It has been supplemented with other executive orders and directives. After three years of service PDD 63 has not worked as intended. In this Strategy Research Project I will outline the elements of critical infrastructures, the different policies and problems and challenges of PDD 63. From that I will offer different solutions for critical infrastructure protection.
Army War College (U.S.)
2002-03-01
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U.S. Department of Energy Audit Report: Cyber-Related Critical Infrastructure Identification and Protection Measures
"In recent years, critical infrastructure protection has taken on increasing national importance as attacks and resulting damage to the country's critical cyber interests have increased. In 1998, in response to these threats, the Administration issued a directive to demonstrate the Federal government's commitment to protecting critical assets. More recently, President Bush signaled his support for critical infrastructure protection efforts by issuing Executive Order 13231, Critical Infrastructure Protection in the Information Age. The President's order seeks to strengthen the protection of critical information systems, including emergency preparedness communications, and the physical assets that support those systems. The Office of Inspector General has undertaken a series of reviews designed to evaluate the security and performance of the Department's information technology programs. Based on this work, we concluded in our Special Report on Management Challenges at the Department of Energy, (DOE/IG-0538, December 2001) that security of cyber assets is one of the most significant challenges facing the Department. The objective of this audit was to determine whether the Department had identified and developed protection measures for its critical cyber and related physical infrastructure assets."
United States. Department of Energy. Office of Audit Services
2002-03
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Agricultural Bioterrorism: A Federal Strategy to Meet the Threat
Fears of anthrax, smallpox, and plague pervade the American consciousness, fueled by reports that some of the plane hijackers involved in the World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks had specific interest in crop duster aircraft that could be used to disseminate aerosols of pathogens. Because of this, the Nation is stepping up its defenses against bio-terrorism. Nevertheless, little attention has been given to agricultural bio-warfare and bio-terrorism or to the roles and responsibilities of the public and private sectors in deterring and responding to potential attacks. This point is exemplified in a General Accounting Office (GAO) report on combating terrorism released 9 days after the attacks of September 11. The report did not address threats to American agriculture, nor did it involve participation by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). This paper examines the threat of agricultural bio-terrorism and outlines a plan to counter this threat.
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Parker, Henry S.
2002-03
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Protecting US Facilities: A Framework for Defense
By executive order on 8 October 2001, President George W. Bush established the Office of Homeland Security, and directed six primary functions for that Office to coordinate for the executive branch. Within the function of protecting the US and its critical infrastructure from the consequences of terrorist attack is the sub-function of developing criteria for reviewing whether appropriate security measures are in place at major public and privately owned facilities. This paper examines this sub-function by exploring possible threats to domestic facilities, recommending a framework for evaluating security adequacy, and determining if DoD has a role within this framework.
Army War College (U.S.)
Hennes, Mark M.
2002-02-28
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Analysis on the Impact of the 1972 ABM Treaty and Its Affect on the Procurement of a National Missile Defense System
"For the last thirty years, many strategists have considered the 1972 Anti-ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty as the foundation for arms control. Others have insisted that its existence perpetuates American vulnerability to a ballistic missile attack. Since its inception, the ABM Treaty has been amended only once, but the geopolitical structure of the world has changed dramatically. The Cold War has ended and many new threats have emerged. The once bipolar world, which is reflected in the treaty, has transformed into a multithreat domain of instability. In response to these new threats, President George W. Bush has indicated that he strongly desires to procure a national missile defense (NMD) system. The terrorist attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade Center indicated that the United States has indeed become a target to extremists who are willing to use weapons of mass destruction (WMD) to harm American citizens. These events also strengthened President Bush's resolve to deploy a NMD system. However, the ABM Treaty acts as a roadblock. This thesis examines the impact of the ABM Treaty on the procurement of a NMD system and investigates the treaty's current utility."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
McDaniel, Donald B.
2002-03
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Interpretations of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty, 1949-2002
"This thesis analyzes various interpretations of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty since 1949. These variations reflect the evolving conceptions of the national security interests of the NATO Allies. Three historical periods are studied: the Cold War, 1949 to 1989; the post-Cold War, 1989 to 10 September 2001; and since 11 September 2001. The collective defense commitment in Article 5 was the foundation principle of the Alliance. During the Cold War, however, interpretations of collective defense necessarily required adaptation to remain relevant. The adaptability constructed during the Cold War yielded to broader concepts of threats and risks in the post-Cold War period. Following the first invocation of Article 5 due to the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, the actions taken by NATO and the individual Allies demonstrate the value of NATO's collective defense principles. The adaptability of Article 5 throughout NATO's history thus far suggests that in the future it will remain a highly valued and integral component of the Alliance's approach to security."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Klima, Kenneth T.
2002-03
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U.S. Military Presence in the Gulf: Challenges and Prospects
"The author considers the critical questions of U.S. military presence in the Gulf, the challenges it faces, and the prospects that lay ahead. He relies, in his presentation and analysis, on a variety of regional sources including newspaper reports and personal interviews conducted in the United States and the Gulf region, as well as government and academic sources. The result is a comprehensive study, including policy recommendations for U.S. military and civilian decisionmakers that makes intelligible the complex subject of U.S.-Gulf relations."
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Hajjar, Sami G., 1939-
2002-03
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Also Known as Indonesia: Notes on the Javanese Empire
Indonesia is of far greater strategic importance to the United States than we have yet realized. With an increase of Muslim infighting between moderates and fundamentalists, terrorist organizations are gaining hold and could become the new terrorist hotbed of the Islamic world. In sum, Islamic trends in Indonesia will have a significant effect on the security of the United States. Whatever happens, Indonesia--and Indonesians--will muddle through. But the direction in which their muddling will take them has yet to be decided. There are certainly limits to how much the United States can do to help, but, at present, we are doing virtually nothing. Valid issues, such as human rights abuses during the East Timor crisis, have nearly paralyzed relations between Washington and Jakarta. But it may be time to recognize the turbulent circumstances and governmental chaos that led to the excesses in East Timor. Indonesia desperately needs a second chance on many fronts. If we recognize how far this new democracy has come in a few short years--against enormous odds--we might find that we are squandering a historic opportunity we cannot afford to let slip away. American engagement alone will not determine Indonesia's future, but the lack of engagement is a gift to our mortal enemies.
United States. Department of Defense; Center for Emerging Threats and Opportunities (Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory)
Peters, Ralph, 1952-
2002-03
