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Critical Infrastructure Information Disclosure and Homeland Security [Updated August 31, 2002]
"Critical infrastructures have been defined as those systems and assets so vital to the United States that the incapacity of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact on the United States. One of the findings of the Presidents Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection, established by President Clinton in 1996, was the need for the federal government and owners and operators of the nations critical infrastructures to share information on vulnerabilities and threats. However, the Commission noted that owners and operators are reluctant to share confidential business information, and the government is reluctant to share information that might compromise intelligence sources or investigations. Among the strategies to help owners and operators share information with the federal government was a proposal to exempt the information they share from disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) was passed to ensure by statute citizen access to government information. Nine categories of information may be exempted from disclosure. Three of the nine exemptions provide possible protection against the release of critical infrastructure information: exemption 1 (national security information); exemption 3 (information exempted by statute); and exemption 4 (confidential business information). Congress has considered several proposals to exempt critical infrastructure information from the FOIA. Generally, the legislation has either created an exemption 3 statute, or codified the standard adopted by the D.C. Circuit in exemption 4 cases."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Moteff, John D.; Stevens, Gina Marie
2002-08-31
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Joint Staff Participation in Interagency Affairs
The purpose of this document is to clarify the role of the Joint Staff within the interagency process of US national security policy development and implementation. "The National Security Council (NSC), established by reference a, is the principal forum for considering national security policy issues requiring Presidential determination. The Homeland Security Council (HSC), established by reference b, provides a parallel forum for considering unique homeland security matters, especially those concerning terrorism within the United States."
United States. Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
2002-08-30
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Supplemental Appropriations for FY2002: Combating Terrorism and Other Issues [Updated August 30, 2002]
On March 21, 2002, President Bush requested $27.1 billion in emergency supplemental funding to continue the war on terrorism and provide additional assistance for New York City and aviation security as well as other homeland security needs. With the $1.3 billion FY2002 supplemental request for Pell grants in the President's February budget, the Administration's request was $28.4 billion. Although there was broad congressional support for the new supplemental, Congress debated the total spending level, the amount for homeland security, and inclusion of budget ceilings for FY2003, as well as other issues from the time that the bill was submitted in the spring to its final passage in late July. The initial draft conference version developed by the appropriators was rejected by the White House. A compromise package designed by Senate appropriators was then rejected by the House. House appropriators then put together a final $28.9 billion spending package that was acceptable to both houses and the Administration.
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Belasco, Amy; Nowels, Larry Q.
2002-08-30
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Cuba: Issues for the 107th Congress [Updated August 30, 2002]
"There appears to be broad agreement among those concerned with Cuba on the overall objective of U.S. policy toward Cuba--to help bring democracy and respect for human rights to the island. But there have been several schools of thought on how to achieve that objective. Some advocate a policy of keeping maximum pressure on the Cuban government until reforms are enacted, while continuing current U.S. efforts to support the Cuban people. Others argue for an approach, sometimes referred to as constructive engagement, that would lift some U.S. sanctions that they believe are hurting the Cuban people, and move toward engaging Cuba in dialogue. Still others call for a swift normalization of U.S.-Cuban relations by lifting the U.S. embargo. Policy debate in the past several years has focused on whether to maintain U.S. restrictions on food and medical exports as well as on travel to Cuba."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Taft-Morales, Maureen
2002-08-30
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Critical Infrastructures: What Makes an Infrastructure Critical? [August 30, 2002]
The Bush Administration's proposal for establishing a Department of Homeland Security includes a function whose responsibilities include the coordination of policies and actions to protect the nation's critical infrastructure. However, the proposal did not specify criteria for how to determine criticality or which infrastructures should be considered critical. Over the last few years, a number of documents concerned with critical infrastructure protection have offered general definitions for critical infrastructures and have provided short lists of which infrastructures should be included. Critical infrastructures now include national monuments (e.g. Washington Monument), where an attack might cause a large loss of life or adversely affect the nation's morale. They also include the chemical industry. Essentially the federal government will have to try to minimize the impact on the nation's critical infrastructure of any future terrorist attack, taking into account what those impacts might be and the likelihood of their occurring, and will set priorities for critical infrastructure protection based on a consistent methodology and an approach that will allow it to balance the cost and expected benefits.
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Moteff, John D.; Copeland, Claudia; Fischer, John
2002-08-30
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President Highlights Education Reform at Back to School Event [August 29, 2002]
These are remarks by President Bush at Parkview Arts and Science Magnet High School. Bush highlights education reform and the creation of the Center for State Scholars in Arkansas which allows the business community to get involved in the school. Bush also explains the big challenge of securing the homeland to the children. Bush explains what the government is doing to ensure a free society for generations to come including the creation of the Department of Homeland Security.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-
2002-08-29
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Israeli-United States Relations [August 29, 2002]
"Israeli-U.S. relations are an important factor in U.S. policy in the Middle East, and Congress has placed considerable importance on the maintenance of a close and supportive relationship. The main vehicle for expressing support for Israel has been foreign aid; Israel currently receives about $3 billion per year in economic and military grants, refugee settlement assistance, and other aid. Congress has monitored the aid issue closely along with other issues in bilateral relations, and its concerns have affected Administration's policies. U.S.-Israeli relations have evolved from an initial American policy of sympathy and support for the creation of a Jewish homeland in 1948 to an unusual partnership that links a small but militarily powerful Israel, dependent on the United States for its economic and military strength, with the U.S. superpower trying to balance competing interests in the region. Some in the United States question the levels of aid and general commitment to Israel, and argue that a U.S. bias toward Israel operates at the expense of improved U.S. relations with various Arab states. Others maintain that democratic Israel is a strategic ally, and that U.S. relations with Israel strengthens the U.S. presence in the Middle East."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mark, Clyde R.
2002-08-29
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Palestinians and Middle East Peace: Issues for the United States [Updated August 29, 2002]
"The United States began contacts with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in December 1988, after the PLO accepted Israel's right to exist, accepted U.N. Resolutions 242 and 338 that call for an exchange of land for peace, and renounced terrorism. The United States continues its contacts with the PLO and the Palestinian Authority elected in January 1996, and is an active broker in the continuing Middle East peace process. […] On May 4, 1994, Israel and the PLO signed an agreement providing for the Israeli withdrawal from Gaza and Jericho (withdrawal completed May 11, 1994). The Interim Agreement signed on September 28, 1995 (also called Oslo II or the Taba Agreement), provided for elections for the 88-seat Palestinian Assembly, the release of Israeli-held prisoners, Israeli withdrawal from six West Bank cities, and other issues. The Israelis withdrew from the West Bank cities by the end of 1995, and the Palestinian Assembly was elected on January 20, 1996, and sworn in on March 7, 1996. Israel and the Palestinians agreed to an Israeli withdrawal from Hebron in January 1997, and on October 23, 1998 signed the Wye agreement to meet previous commitments. The peace talks stalled at Camp David in July 2000, and remain suspended since the Palestinian uprising began in September. Some 1,493 Palestinians and 585 Israelis have died in the continuing confrontation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mark, Clyde R.
2002-08-29
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Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 107th Congress [Updated August 28, 2002]
"The basic U.S. law regulating immigration, the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), was enacted in 1952 and has been amended since then. The last major overhaul of the INA occurred in 1996 with the passage of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA; Division C of P.L. 104-208). The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) of the Department of Justice (DOJ) administers and enforces the INA. (For a basic introduction to immigration, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report RS20916, Immigration and Naturalization Fundamentals.) In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, congressional interest in immigration was focused primarily on security-related issues, such as border security, admissions policy, and the tracking of foreign nationals in the United States. Major legislation was enacted in these areas. While security-related issues remain on the agenda and have gained renewed prominence with the Administration's proposal to establish a homeland security department, the 107th Congress is also considering other immigration issues. Top immigration-related issues currently before Congress are the reorganization of INS, admissions policy, and noncitizen eligibility for federal benefits. These issues are discussed, in turn, in the initial sections of this report. These discussions are followed by coverage of various proposed mechanisms for unauthorized aliens to obtain legal permanent resident (LPR) status and other immigration issues of significant congressional interest. (The 'Legislation' section at the end of the report lists enacted legislation and selected bills receiving action.)"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Wasem, Ruth Ellen; Siskin, Alison; Ester, Karma . . .
2002-08-28
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Homeland Security: Side-by-Side Comparison of H.R. 5005 and S. 2452, 107th Congress [Updated August 26, 2002]
"Leaders within the United States are involved in developing a strategy for the prevention of further terrorist attacks and for effective response and recovery should an event arise. One aspect of the strategy is to consider how the federal government should be most effectively organized in order to carry out its role. H.R. 5005 and S. 2452 have emerged as the lead legislative proposals for the related reorganization of the federal government. H.R. 5005 would create a Department of Homeland Security. In addition to establishing a department, S. 2452 would also create the National Office for Combating Terrorism, a unit within the Executive Office of the President, and the National Strategy for Combating Terrorism and the Homeland Security Response. Both proposals would transfer the functions, responsibilities, personnel, and other assets of existing agencies into the departmental structure. Congress is considering the scope and efficacy of the proposals. This report provides a comparison of the two bills. The comparison briefly sets out the provisions in each title. It uses H.R. 5005, as passed by the House July 26, as an organization base for the side-by-side comparison. Committee action on S.2452 was completed July 25. That text is used for comparison with the other measure. Appendix A, a second comparison, is on the positions proposed to be created. Finally, in Appendix B, the report identifies the Homeland Security Team, and CRS analysts who have been researching and analyzing homeland security issues."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
2002-08-26
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Nonproliferation R&D: NNSA's Program Develops Successful Technologies, but Project Management Can Be Strengthened, Report to the Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development, Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives
The mission of the National Nuclear Security Administration's (NNSA) Nonproliferation and Verification Research and Development (R&D) Program is to conduct needs-driven research, development, testing, and evaluation of new technologies that are intended to strengthen the United States' ability to prevent and respond to nuclear, chemical, and biological attacks. In fiscal years 1998 through 2002, the Nonproliferation and Verification R&D program received an average of $218 million per year--a total of $1.2 billion. Nearly 75 percent of that total was distributed for R&D at three NNSA national laboratories. Two of the three research areas of the Nonproliferation and Verification R&D Program lack a formal process to identify users' needs, and the tools used to monitor project progress are inadequate. In terms of users, NNSA's role is to develop technologies for, and transfer them to, users in the federal government, the intelligence community, law enforcement, and others. The program requires that projects' life-cycle plans and quarterly reports contain detailed information on project time frames, milestones, users of technologies, and deliverables. Officials from federal, state, and local agencies that use the technology developed by NNSA's R&D program have found the technology useful, but some question whether the program is achieving the right mix of long-term and short-term research, especially after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
United States. General Accounting Office
2002-08-23
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Afghanistan: Current Issues and U.S. Policy [Updated August 23, 2002]
"The United States and its allies are helping Afghanistan emerging from more than 22 years of warfare, although substantial risk to Afghan stability remains. Before the U.S. military campaign against the orthodox Islamist Taliban movement began on October 7, 2001, Afghanistan had been mired in conflict since the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The Taliban ruled most of Afghanistan during 1996 until its collapse at the hands of the U.S. and Afghan opposition military campaign in November - December 2001. During its rule, the Taliban was opposed primarily by the Northern Alliance, a coalition of minority ethnic groups. During 1998 until its rule ended, the Taliban had come under increasing international pressure to cease hosting of terrorist leader Osama bin Laden and members of his Al Qaeda organization, the prime suspect in the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States. The defeat of the Taliban has enabled the United States and its coalition partners to send forces throughout Afghanistan to search for Taliban and Al Qaeda fighters and leaders that remain at large, including bin Laden himself. Afghan citizens are enjoying new personal freedoms that were forbidden under the Taliban, refugees are returning at a rapid rate, and women are returning to schools and their jobs and participating in politics."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Katzman, Kenneth
2002-08-23
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Homeland Security: Effective Intergovernmental Coordination is Key to Success, Statement of Paul L. Posner, Managing Director, Federal Budget Issues, Strategic Issues, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Government Efficiency, Financial Management, and Intergovernmental Relations, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives
This report focuses on "the challenges facing the federal
government in (1) establishing a leadership structure for homeland
security, (2) defining the roles of different levels of government, (3)
developing performance goals and measures, and (4) deploying
appropriate tools to best achieve and sustain national goals." In addition, it also examines the federal preparedness programs that were proposed and ongoing following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Information gathered from case studies that were being conducted in Baltimore, Maryland; Denver, Colorado; Los Angeles, California; New Orleans, Louisiana; and Seattle, Washington, including interviews of emergency management officials in these states, are also included.
United States. General Accounting Office
2002-08-22
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Safeguarding the Nation's Drinking Water: EPA and Congressional Actions [Updated August 22, 2002]
"The events of September 11 raised concerns about the security of the nation's drinking water supplies and their vulnerability to attack. Issues include the readiness of water utilities to prevent and respond to attacks on water systems, steps that can be taken to improve preparedness and response capabilities, and the availability of resources to help utilities enhance drinking water security. After a presidential commission on critical infrastructure protection identified vulnerabilities in the drinking water sector in 1997, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), along with other federal agencies, water utilities, and state and local governments, began taking steps to improve the security of water systems, although these efforts generally were not targeted to current concerns over terrorism. For several years, EPA has provided some research, information, and technical and financial assistance to improve preparedness and increase the security of drinking water systems and supplies. Some of these activities began pursuant to the 1998 Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 63 on protecting the nation's critical infrastructure, but PDD-63 efforts were focused almost entirely on computer security issues. Since September 11; however, EPA has substantially broadened and expedited its efforts to help drinking water utilities safeguard facilities and supplies from terrorist or other threats. Congress has taken significant steps to improve security in the water sector since September 11. In the emergency supplemental appropriations for FY2002 (P.L. 107- 117, H.R.3338), Congress provided EPA with $175.6 million for several counterterrorism activities, including enhancing drinking water security."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Tiemann, Mary
2002-08-22
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Homeland Security: Effective Intergovernmental Coordination is Key to Success, Statement of Patricia A. Dalton, Director, Strategic Issues, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Government Efficiency, Financial Management, and Intergovernmental Relations, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives
In my testimony today, I will focus on the challenges facing the federal
government in (1) establishing a leadership structure for homeland
security, (2) defining the roles of different levels of government, (3)
developing performance goals and measures, and (4) deploying
appropriate tools to best achieve and sustain national goals. My comments
are based on a body of GAO's work on terrorism and emergency
preparedness and policy options for the design of federal assistance, our
review of many other studies, and the Comptroller General's recent
testimonies on the proposed Department of Homeland Security (DHS). In addition, I will draw on GAO's ongoing work for this Subcommittee, including an examination of the diverse ongoing and proposed federal preparedness programs, as well as a series of case studies we are conducting that examine preparedness issues facing state and local governments. To date, we have conducted interviews of officials in five geographically diverse cities: Baltimore, Maryland; Denver, Colorado; Los Angeles, California; New Orleans, Louisiana; and Seattle, Washington. We have also interviewed state emergency management officials in these states.
United States. General Accounting Office
2002-08-20
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Afghanistan: Current Issues and U.S. Policy [Updated August 13, 2002]
"The United States and its allies are helping Afghanistan emerging from more than 22 years of warfare, although substantial risk to Afghan stability remains. Before the U.S. military campaign against the orthodox Islamist Taliban movement began on October 7, 2001, Afghanistan had been mired in conflict since the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. […] During 1998 until its rule ended, the Taliban had come under increasing international pressure to cease hosting of terrorist leader Osama bin Laden and members of his Al Qaeda organization, the prime suspect in the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States. […] Although the Northern Alliance has emerged as the dominant force in the country, the United States and United Nations mediators persuaded the Alliance to share power with Pashtun representatives in a broad-based interim government. On December 5, 2001, major Afghan factions, meeting under U.N. auspices in Bonn, signed an agreement to form an interim government that ran Afghanistan until a traditional national assembly ('loya jirga') was held June 11-19, 2002. The meeting selected a new government to run Afghanistan for the next eighteen months, with interim chairman Hamid Karzai, a Pashtun, to continue as leader for that time. As the war against remaining Al Qaeda and Taliban elements continues, the United States is working to stabilize the interim government, arrange humanitarian and reconstruction assistance, expand a new Afghan national army, and support the international security force (ISAF) that is helping the new government provide security. The United States has reopened its embassy in Kabul and allowed the Afghan administration to reopen Afghanistan's embassy in Washington. To help foster development, the United Nations and the Bush Administration are in the process of lifting U.N. and international sanctions imposed on Afghanistan since the Soviet occupation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Katzman, Kenneth
2002-08-13
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Networking, Coordinating, and Outreach: How 'Volusia Prepares'
"Volusia County Government is a Charter Government with a County Council and County Manager. The County Manager oversees six (6) Departments. Emergency Management is one of seven divisions that fall under the Public Protection Department. We have an extremely supportive Department head and County Manager and since 1997 have put over 500 Volusia County employees thru courses at FEMA's Emergency Management Institute in Emmitsburg, Maryland. As is the case throughout Florida, the communities of Volusia County are vulnerable to a wide range of physical, meteorological and technological disasters. This fact has been demonstrated by the very high human and economic costs of events that have recently (during the past 5 years) impacted this part of the state. A coastal county in east central Florida, Volusia with 48 miles of coastline and approximately 1,100 square miles of land has a major tourist attraction in a NASCAR racetrack and many special event venues bringing over 200,000 visitors each. County and city leaders along with Volusia County Emergency Management, in an effort to eliminate and/or minimize the impacts of future disasters, developed and implemented a hazard mitigation program or 'Local Mitigation Strategy' (LMS)."
Emergency Management Institute (U.S.)
Craig, Charles C.
2002-08-09
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Vice President Discusses the President's Economic Security Agenda [August 7, 2002]
The Vice President discusses President Bush's economic security agenda and highlights the need for terrorism risk insurance, a better energy policy, and increased global trade. The president's budget commits most new spending to national security and homeland defense. The war on terror can only be won with the complete and utter destruction of the enemy. The Vice President answers questions regarding Iraq, Saudi Arabia, policy towards the Middle East, the economy, and terrorism.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Cheney, Richard B.
2002-08-07
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Homeland Security: Department Organization and Management [Updated August 7, 2002]
"As these legislative developments have occurred, primary issues for Congress
and the President have been determining the program composition, administrative
organization, and management arrangements of the new department. Other issues
have included what to do with non-homeland security programs proposed for transfer to the department, personnel costs that may arise from pleas for pay equity among investigative and inspection positions within the department, reconsideration of the relationship of intelligence entities to the department, intelligence analysis by the department, and implementation of the transition to the new department. This report will be updated as events recommend."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Relyea, Harold
2002-08-07
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Middle East Peace Talks [Updated August 7, 2002]
"Since the founding of Israel, Arab-Israeli conflict marked every decade until the 1990s. With each clash, issues separating the parties multiplied and became more intractable. The creation of the State of Israel in 1948 provided a home for the Jewish people, but the ensuing conflict made refugees of thousands of Arab residents of the formerly British Palestine, with consequences troubling for Arabs and Israelis alike. The 1967 war ended with Israel occupying territory of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. Egypt and Syria fought the 1973 war, in part, to regain their lands. In 1982, Israel invaded southern Lebanon to prevent terrorist incursions; it withdrew in 1985, retaining control of a 9-mile 'security zone' over which Lebanon seeks to reclaim. Middle East peace has been a U.S. and international diplomatic goal throughout the years of conflict. The 1978 Camp David talks, the only previous direct Arab-Israeli negotiations, brought about the 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Migdalovitz, Carol
2002-08-07
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Terrorism, the Future, and U.S. Foreign Policy [August 6, 2002]
"International terrorism has long been recognized as a foreign and domestic security threat. The tragic events of September 11 in New York, the Washington, D.C., area, and Pennsylvania have dramatically re-energized the nation's focus and resolve on terrorism. This issue brief examines international terrorist actions and threats and the U.S. policy response. Available policy options range from diplomacy, international cooperation, and constructive engagement to economic sanctions, covert action, physical security enhancement, and military force. The September 11th terrorist incidents in the United States, the subsequent anthrax attacks, as well as bombings of the U.S.S. Cole, Oklahoma City, World Trade Center in 1993, and of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998, have brought the issue of terrorism to the forefront of American public interest. Questions relate to whether U.S. policy and organizational mechanisms are adequate to deal with both state-sponsored or -abetted terrorism and that undertaken by independent groups. Terrorist activities supported by sophisticated planning and logistics as well as possible access to unconventional weaponry raise a host of new issues. Some analysts' long-held belief that a comprehensive review of U.S. counterterrorism policy, organizational structure, and intelligence capabilities is needed has now become a mainstream view."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lee, Rensselaer W., 1937-; Perl, Raphael
2002-08-06
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Palestinians and Middle East Peace: Issues for the United States [Updated August 6, 2002]
"The United States began contacts with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in December 1988, after the PLO accepted Israel's right to exist, accepted U.N. Resolutions 242 and 338 that call for an exchange of land for peace, and renounced terrorism. The United States continues its contacts with the PLO and the Palestinian Authority elected in January 1996, and is an active broker in the continuing Middle East peace process. […] On May 4, 1994, Israel and the PLO signed an agreement providing for the Israeli withdrawal from Gaza and Jericho (withdrawal completed May 11, 1994). The Interim Agreement signed on September 28, 1995 (also called Oslo II or the Taba Agreement), provided for elections for the 88-seat Palestinian Assembly, the release of Israeli-held prisoners, Israeli withdrawal from six West Bank cities, and other issues. The Israelis withdrew from the West Bank cities by the end of 1995, and the Palestinian Assembly was elected on January 20, 1996, and sworn in on March 7, 1996. Israel and the Palestinians agreed to an Israeli withdrawal from Hebron in January 1997, and on October 23, 1998 signed the Wye agreement to meet previous commitments. The peace talks stalled at Camp David in July 2000, and remain suspended since the Palestinian uprising began in September. Some 600 Palestinians and 150 Israelis have died in the continuing confrontation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mark, Clyde R.
2002-08-06
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Public Law 107-206: 2002 Supplemental Appropriations Act for Further Recovery From and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States
"An Act making supplemental appropriations for further recovery from and response to terrorist attacks on the United States for the fiscal year ending September 30,
2002, and for other purposes."
United States. Government Printing Office
2002-08-02
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Memorandum for Alberto R. Gonzales, Counsel to the President: Re: Standards of Conduct for Interrogation Under 18 U.S. C. §§ 2340-2340A [August 1, 2002]
"You have asked for our Office's views regarding the standards of conduct under the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment as implemented by Sections 2340-2340A of title 18 of the United States Code. As we understand it, this question has arisen in the context of the conduct of interrogations outside of the United States. We conclude below that Section 2340A proscribes acts inflicting, and mat are specifically intended to inflict, severe pain or suffering, whether mental or physical. Those acts must be of an extreme nature to rise to the level of torture within the meaning of Section 2340A and the Convention. We further conclude that certain acts may be cruel, inhuman, or degrading, but still not produce pain and suffering of the requisite intensity to fall within Section 2340A's proscription against torture. We conclude by examining possible defenses that would negate any claim that certain interrogation methods violate the statute."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
2002-08-01
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Introduction to State and Local EOP Planning Guidance
The purpose of this guidance is to help State and local governments fine-tune their all-hazards EOPs and address the critical planning considerations listed above. States should also encourage regional planning initiatives among its jurisdictions. Updating EOPs will not only aid jurisdictions in assessing current capability, but it provides the basis for the preparation and refinement of State strategic plans and a foundation for mutual aid support. LLIS Core Capability: Emergency Management; State and Local Executive Offices; Planning; Planning
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2002-08
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Transforming America's Military
"Military transformation is the act of creating and harnessing a revolution in military affairs. It requires developing new technologies, operational concepts, and organizational structures to conduct war in dramatically new ways. The United States is undertaking such a transformation to tackle its 21st century missions. A properly transformed military can develop significant advantages over a potential enemy. But the process also introduces risks that, if not properly managed, could dangerously undermine military capability. This book, therefore, sets out the arguments for a purposeful and measured transformation that relies on sound experimentation as the basis for change, rather than the riskier strategy, proposed by some, of skipping a generation of technology. We argue that change must tie all of the services together in joint transformation efforts. Similarly, we must not neglect our coalition partners. A successful transformation will be one that has been conceived broadly to include homeland defense, space, cyberspace, and, though they may seem mundane, crucial reforms in weapons procurement and logistics. Historically, revolutions in military affairs have had a powerful impact on both society and the nature of warfare."
National Defense University Press
2002-08
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DoD XML Registration: Information Sharing & Homeland Security
The national strategy for Homeland Defense is to adopt common meta-data standards for electronic information relevant to homeland security. Various Homeland Security communities will adopt multiple standards (message, database, symbology). This will enable Homeland Security to understand what is available and where it can be found.
United States. Defense Information Systems Agency
Jones-Harewood, Alesia
2002-08
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Critical Infrastructure Protection: Commercial Satellite Security Should Be More Fully Addressed, Report to the Ranking Minority Member, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate
"Because the federal government
relies on commercial satellites,
security threats leading to their
disruption or loss would put
government functions (including
communications and information
transmission) at significant risk.
Accordingly, GAO was asked to
review, among other things, the
techniques used by federal
agencies to reduce the risk
associated with using
commercial satellite systems, as
well as efforts to improve
satellite system security
undertaken as part of federal
efforts in critical infrastructure
protection.
To ensure that these assets are
protected from unauthorized
access and disruption, GAO
recommends that steps be taken
to promote the appropriate
development and implementation
of policy regarding the security of
satellite systems. GAO also
recommends that commercial
satellites be identified as a critical
infrastructure (or as part of an
already identified one) in the
national critical infrastructure
protection strategy.
In commenting on a draft of this
report, agencies included in our
review concurred with our
findings and recommendations. In
addition, these agencies and
private-sector entities provided
technical comments, which were
included in the report, as
appropriate."
United States. General Accounting Office
2002-08
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Serial No. 107-220: Homeland Security: Keeping First Responders First: Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Security, Veterans Affairs and International Relations of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, Second Session, July 30, 2002
The purpose of this hearing is to discuss the needs of first responders in the event of a terrorist attack. Christopher Shays remarked, "Without access to sensitive intelligence reports, without rapid detection capabilities and without realistic training, local police, fire fighters and emergency medical personnel arrive at the front lines armed only with dedication and bravery, and a tremendous amount of expertise. Too often, they face the potential horrors of terrorism without the tools they need to survive and prevail." Issues addressed include communication needs, safety equipment, training, response plans, funding, and cooperation. Statements, witnesses and submissions: James Barry, Paul Clarke, Daniel Craig, Captain Buturla, William Cugno, Thomas De Martino, Frank Docimo, Diane Farrell, Harry Harris, Alex Knopp, Mr. Maglione, Mr. Baldwin, Paul Newman, William Schwab, Alan Yoder, Christopher Shays, and John Tierney.
United States. Government Printing Office
2002-07-30
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Proposed Transfer of FEMA to the Department of Homeland Security [Updated July 29, 2002]
"The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) assists individuals, states and localities, and certain non-profit organizations that have been overwhelmed by, or are at risk from, significant catastrophes, including terrorist attacks. FEMA also coordinates federal emergency management activities and planning for the continuity of much of the federal government should national security be threatened. Bills pending before the 107th Congress (H.R. 5005/S. 2452) would bring FEMA into the proposed Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to form the central component of the Emergency Preparedness and Response (EPR) division. The current discussion is a new manifestation of issues that have been debated for decades--how to organize and allocate resources between the tasks of managing natural disasters and homeland (national) security threats."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Bea, Keith
2002-07-29
