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Defense Science Board Summer Study Task Force on DoD Responses to Transnational Threats, Volume I: Final Report
"In response to joint tasking from the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology and the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, the 1997 DSB Summer Study Task Force addressed the Department's Responses to Transnational Threats. In the study, the Task Force concludes that the Department should treat transnational threats as a major Department of Defense mission. Transnational actors have three advantages: 1) they can have ready access to weapons of mass destruction; 2) we cannot easily deter them because they have no homeland; and 3) they respect no boundaries, whether political, organizational, legal or moral. Further, warning may be short and attribution may be slow or ambiguous. Since the United States is now the dominant military force in the world, potential adversaries will be driven to asymmetric strategies to meet their objectives. As such, transnational threats represent an important national security problem."
United States. Defense Science Board
1997-10
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Defense Science Board 1997 Summer Study Task Force on DoD Responses to Transnational Threats, Volume II: Force Protection Report
Transnational actors have three advantages: 1) they can have ready access to weapons of mass destruction; 2) we cannot easily deter them because they have no homeland; and 3) they respect no boundaries, whether political, organizational, legal or moral. Further, warning may be short and attribution may be slow or ambiguous. Since the United States is now the dominant military force in the world, potential adversaries will be driven to asymmetric strategies to meet their objectives. As such, transnational threats represent an important national security problem. Notably, the Department of Defense has the capacity to mitigate these threats with its extensive capabilities, training and experience. In the attached report, the Task Force suggests a multi-faceted strategy for the DoD to address this increasingly important class of threats. This strategy involves the development of an end-to-end systems concept, investment in critical technology areas, and the leveraging of similarities between civil protection and force protection. The Task Force concludes that the Department also needs to increase its emphasis on responding to this threat by more clearly assigning responsibilities and by providing mechanisms for measuring its readiness to respond.
United States. Defense Science Board
Hermann, Robert; Welch, Larry
1997-10
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Combating Terrorism: Federal Agencies' Efforts to Implement National Policy and Strategy: Report to Congressional Requesters
The threat of terrorist attacks against U.S. citizens and property both at home and abroad has been an issue of growing national concern. This report provides information on national policy and strategy to combat terrorism and federal agencies' roles and responsibilities in implementing them. More specifically, the report discusses agencies' programs and activities to (1) prevent and deter terrorism; (2) respond to terrorist threats or incidents; and (3) manage the consequences of a terrorist act, especially involving weapons of mass destruction. The report also provides information on interagency coordination mechanisms intended to facilitate information sharing and enhance operational links. Issues concerning the funding of federal agencies' terrorism-related programs and activities will be discussed in a separate report. Lastly, related work on Department of Defense programs will be reported separately in "Combating Terrorism: Status of DOD Efforts to Protect Its Forces Overseas" (GAO/NSIAD-97-207, July 21, 1997).
United States. General Accounting Office
1997-09-26
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Preliminary Report on the NATO/CCMS Environmental Security Conference
This study elaborates conclusions and recommendations to enhance environmental aspects in security deliberations, and to include security considerations in national and international environmental policies and instruments. It also analyzes the relationship between environmental change and security.
Army War College (U.S.). Center for Strategic Leadership
Butts, Kent Hughes
1997-09
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Formation of U.S. Security Assistance Policy: 1947-1959
Security assistance has played a vital role in the formation of foreign policy objectives throughout United States history. It is generally accepted that a formal security assistance program was initiated in the U.S. following the conclusion of World War II with the signing of the Greek-Turkish Aid Bill. From this point forward the U.S. would embark on a global attempt to shape the world political environment to suit our own national objectives and priorities. The period between 1947 and 1959 offers a unique look at the formative years of our national security assistance program both in terms of world events as well as debate surrounding the program. This thesis investigates the evolution of the program through an intensive historical literature review of major pieces of legislation and doctrines during the time period between 1947 through 1959.
Air Force Institute of Technology (U.S.)
Mazul, Gregory S.
1997-09
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United States-Russian Federation Cooperation on Natural and Technological Disaster Prevention and Response - A Status Report
"The signing of the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Natural and Technological Emergency Prevention and Response on July 16, 1996, heralded a new era of cooperation in building this partnership. In October 1996, FEMA and EMERCOM decided to focus partnership efforts on: region to region collaboration; exchange of training courses, exercise observers/ participants and scientific and technical information; and coordination of assistance in complex humanitarian emergencies. In April 1997, the Parties formalized a Work Plan for 1997 which includes 54 cooperative activities such as seminars, exercises, training courses, conferences and scientific exchanges. In preparation for 1998 and beyond, the Parties signed a Working Protocol in July 1997 expanding the regional cooperation to include EMERCOM's Siberian regions and FEMA's western regions. In addition, the Working Protocol increases exchanges for preparedness, training and exercises; addresses scientific and technological approaches for preparedness, mitigation and response; and expands the building of partnerships with business and industry. This Working Protocol establishes priorities for the 1998 and three year work plans."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1997-09
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Strategic Plan FY 1998 Through FY 2007, with Operational Objectives Through FY 2002: Partnership for a Safer Future
From the Foreword: "In the period covered by this Plan, we will identify four communities in high-risk areas that are committed to protecting their citizens, businesses, and infrastructure from disasters. Each community will address the hazard to which it is most vulnerable: flood, earthquake, hurricane, or fire. The experiences of these communities will enable us to begin the development of transferable models of disaster-resistant communities to the rest of the country. Other steps leading to the creation of disaster-resistant communities include (1) overhauling FEMA's public assistance process to reduce red tape and time, (2) establishing a Federal pre-disaster mitigation fund, and (3) continuing to establish and strengthen the public-private partnership for emergency management. This strategic plan includes revisions to FEMA's 1994 strategic plan. [...] This Plan also includes specific 5-year operational objectives for each major strategy employed to achieve each strategic goal."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1997-08-21
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Standard Format and Content for Emergency Plans
Emergency Management Programs for each DOE site/facility and Operations/Field Office are documented in an emergency plan, which describes the provisions for responses to Operational Emergencies. Recommended emergency plan format and content for both Operational Emergency Base Programs and Operational Emergency Hazardous Material Programs are provided in this chapter. Every DOE site/facility is required to have a Base Program. A site/facility with no Hazardous Material Program would develop an Emergency Plan for the Base Program; the Base Program requirements for a hazardous material site/facility should be seamlessly integrated with the Hazardous Material Emergency Plan. Section 2.2 contains a recommended format and content for a Base Program emergency plan. Section 2.3 addresses the format and content of the Hazardous Materials Program emergency plan. Both plans address the same topical and functional areas, but the Base Program plan only explicitly addresses the minimum requirements specified in the Order, while more extensive requirements of the Base Program derived from other sources (e.g., other DOE orders, Federal/state regulations, local ordinances) can be referenced. Base Programs with substantial response requirements (i.e., those having organizational structures and functions similar to a hazardous material program) may use the more detailed plan structure addressed in Section 2.3.
United States. Department of Energy
1997-08-21
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Introduction to the Emergency Management Guide
Comprehensive emergency management system, issued September 25, 1995, following approval of all DOE elements and the Directives Management Board, describes the Department of Energy (DOE) Emergency Management System (EMS). The Order establishes policy; assigns roles and responsibilities; and provides the framework for the development, coordination, control, and direction of the DOE EMS. The Order establishes requirements for emergency planning, preparedness, response, recovery, and readiness assurance activities and describes the approach for effectively integrating these activities under a comprehensive, all-emergency concept. DOE facilities/sites or activities, Operations/Field Offices, and DOE Headquarters offices are required to develop emergency management programs as elements of an integrated and comprehensive EMS. Together, these elements ensure that the DOE EMS is prepared to respond promptly, efficiently, and effectively to any emergency involving DOE facilities/sites, activities, or operations, to protect workers, the public, the environment, and national security.
United States. Department of Energy
1997-08-21
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Program Administration
The purpose of program administration is to establish and maintain effective organizational management and control of the emergency management program. Each
DOE organizational tier (Cognizant Secretarial Officer [CSO], operations/field office, and site/facility) has one position responsible for administering the emergency management program at that level. For effective program management, administrators are given authority and resources commensurate with the responsibility to develop, implement, and maintain an integrated and comprehensive emergency management program. Emergency management program administrators should use this guidance and that of other chapters in this document to define their responsibilities and identify activities they should implement to assure emergency planning and preparedness commensurate with facility hazards will result in an effective response should an emergency occur. This chapter describes the responsibilities at the facility, site, operations/field office and Headquarters levels for the emergency management program administrator. It also discusses the documentation necessary to support the emergency management program and the procedures necessary for administering the program.
United States. Department of Energy
1997-08-21
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Environmental Guide for Contingency Operations
This handbook summarizes the actions and responsibilities of engineer forces with respect to environmental operations associated with contingency situations. It discusses environmental management activities during predeployment, beddown, sustainment and redeployment time frames. These time frames are addressed in the context of deployments and exercises in the United States, deployments to overseas US installations and deployments to non-US installations overseas. By illustrating methods of integrating environmentally responsible practices into contingency operations, the handbook presents practices that can minimize adverse impacts to human health and the environment and maximize compliance during contingency operations. These strategies are designed to reduce or eliminate negative impact on mission accomplishment caused by health hazards and regulatory non-compliance. It outlines these strategies for exercises, deployments, military operations other than war (MOOTW), and armed conflict within the US, at overseas Department of Defense (DoD) installations, and at overseas non-DoD installations, though it does not address contingencies in response to natural or manmade disasters.
United States. Department of the Air Force
1997-08-01
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Joint Force Quarterly: Summer 1997, Issue 16 [August 1997]
"NDU Press produces Joint Force Quarterly in concert with ongoing education and research at National Defense University in support of the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. JFQ is the Chairman's joint military and security studies journal designed to inform and educate national security professionals on joint and integrated operations; whole of government contributions to national security policy and strategy; homeland security; and developments in training and joint military education to better equip America's military and security apparatus to meet tomorrow's challenges while protecting freedom today."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Marks, Edward, 1934-; Eisenhour, John Howard
1997-08
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Air Force Manual 32-4013, Hazardous Material Emergency Planning and Response Guide
This document provides guidance for establishing the Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT) Emergency Planning and Response Program at Air Force installations to meet Federal, state and local regulatory requirements. It also describes a recommended process for developing an installation-specific Hazardous Material Emergency Planning and Response Plan (HAZMAT Plan).
United States. Department of the Air Force
1997-08-01
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Emergency Management Guide Volume II - Hazards Surveys and Hazards Assessments
The purpose of this guide is to assist Department of Energy (DOE) Operations/Field Offices in complying with DOE Order 151.1. This order requires that emergency management efforts begin with the identification of hazards and that the scope and extent of emergency planning and preparedness at a DOE facility/site be commensurate with the hazards. In addition, the guide discusses health and safety precautions that need to be taken by workers working at nuclear facilities, as well as emergency responders responding to an event involving nuclear radiation.
United States. Department of Energy. Office of Nonproliferation and National Security. Office of Emergency Management
1997-08
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Personal Accountability for Force Protection at Khobar Towers
The threat of terrorism is not new to the United States military. Nor is the requirement for force protection new; force protection has always been an implied mission in all that our commanders do. We must ask whether the
lessons learned in the aftermath of the Khobar Towers tragedy were matters that should have been anticipated and addressed before the attack. This question requires a critical assessment of the roles key members in the chain of command played in developing the force protection measures in place at Khobar Towers at the time of the attack.
United States. Department of Defense
1997-07-31
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Countering the Proliferation and Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction
The USAF Institute for National Security Studies, in cooperation with HQ USAF Nuclear and Counter proliferation Directorate, sponsored it, 5th annual Tropical Conference, entitled Countering the Proliferation and Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction held on 29-30 July 1997 at the National Defense University. The purpose of this conference was to examine emerging asymmetric strategies an capabilities made Counter proliferation increasingly more difficult for the United States, Major Gen. Neary said: This, the United States Air Force, under Gen. Ronald Fogleman's guidance, adopted a new structure to counter the proliferation of WMD.
United States Air Force Academy
1997-07-30
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Hazardous Materials Response Overview
This presentation from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) focuses on responding to hazardous materials incidents. Included in this presentation are: National Oil and Hazardous Substances Response System (NRS); Authorities; Organization and Components (Headquarters Level)including Regional and Area Components (initial response process), Special Teams, Headquarters, and Additional Resources.
United States. Environmental Protection Agency
1997-07-28
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U.S. National Security: Beyond the Cold War
U.S. national security is a subject that has been under intense scrutiny since the end of the Cold War. What constitutes such security for the United States as this country approaches the new century? Are the ends, ways, and means of our national security and national military strategies sufficient to provide for the nation's future? And above all, as this country celebrates the 50th anniversary of the National Security Act of 1947, are the institutions that resulted from that act still sufficient for the post-Cold War era? With these questions in mind, the Strategic Studies Institute and Dickinson College's Clarke Center co-sponsored the series of lectures on American national security after the Cold War which are contained in this volume. The lectures take four different, yet complementary, perspectives. Professor Ronald Steel reminds us of the intellectual revolution embodied in the act that moved America from the concept of "defense" to one of "national security" and relates this concept to our attempts to define post-Cold War national security interests. Dr. Lawrence Korb reviews the evolution in our national security establishment since the 1947 act. Dr. Morton Halperin's focus is the continuing tension between secrecy in the name of national security and the openness required in a democratic society, with a commentary on continuing threats to civil liberties. In the concluding essay, Ambassador Robert Ellsworth surveys the key strategic challenges facing the United States as we enter the 21st century.
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Jablonsky, David; Ellsworth, Robert F.; Halperin, Morton H. . . .
1997-07-26
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Chemical Safety Audit Program: FY 1996 Status Report
"This is a comprehensive report on the status of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office's (CEPPO) Chemical Safety Audit (CSA) program since its inception in fiscal year (FY) 89, a review of the successful and problematic trends of CSA program implementation in FY 96, and a discussion of the current and future role of the CSA program in the CEPPO Prevention Strategy. The CSA program has evolved from the chemical accident prevention (CAP) efforts of CEPPO into a program that has encompassed the review of the chemical process safety management systems of over 300 facilities and the training of over 1000 federal, state, and local officials. In addition, the CSA program continued the development of a database of chemical safety audit information and supported numerous other related chemical accident prevention activities, including outreach and technical assistance for both the public and private sector. CEPPO's primary objectives are to identify the causes of accidental releases of hazardous substances and the means to prevent them from occurring, to promote industry initiatives in these areas, and to share the results with the community, industry, and other interested groups. […]This status report is intended to provide EPA headquarters and regional management with a better understanding of how the program is being implemented both at headquarters and in the regions, the purpose and goals of the audit program, and the type of information being generated and its uses. The following four topics are the focus of this report _ program activities, program results, regional program implementation, and analysis of audit results."
United States. Environmental Protection Agency
1997-07-10
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Oklahoma City Bombing: Immediate Response Authority and Other Military Assistance to Civil Authority (MACA)
"At 0902 on 19 April 1995, a massive car bomb, containing approximately 4000 pounds of ammonium nitrate and diesel fuel, destroyed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The blast killed 169 people and injured 467. By 1600 that afternoon, President Clinton had declared a federal emergency in Oklahoma City. Prior to that time, however, commanders at Fort Sill and Tinker Air Force Base (AFB), relying on the Immediate Response Authority, had already provided support to Oklahoma City civil authorities. Fort Sill released two medical evacuation helicopters, explosive ordnance personnel, and two bomb detection dog teams, while Tinker AFB dispatched two ambulances and a sixty-six person rescue team. In addition to that immediate support, the Secretary of the Army, through his Director of Military Support, subsequently coordinated the efforts of over 1000 Department of Defense (DOD) personnel to perform a myriad of support functions at the height of the operation."
United States. Department of the Army
Winthrop, Jim
1997-07
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Hurricane Fran Service Assessment
The primary purpose of this report is to document the National Weather Service's, (NWS) performance in fulfilling its mission of providing timely warnings and accurate forecasts, prior to and during Hurricane Fran.
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1997-07
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Use of Geographic Data in Emergency Response Decision Making System
"Geographic data have a number of key roles in emergency response systems focused on releases of hazardous material to the environment. Maps are a key element in allowing emergency response personnel to become oriented during a response and in presenting status information effectively to these personnel. Geographic data are essential for modeling to predict dispersal patterns during a release. It is also necessary to integrate model and measurement data with demographic information in order to assess the consequences of a release. Appropriate support for such capabilities is based on a number of evolving technologies including fast computers, large databases, network technology, remote sensing and geographic information systems."
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Walker, Hoyt
1997-07
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Modern U.S. Civil - Military Relations: Wielding the Terrible Swift Sword
A December 1995 article in the Washington Times examined the "huge say" U.S. military leaders had had in crafting the provisions of the Dayton agreement. It quoted several anonymous administration officials as believing that the agreement "was carefully crafted to reflect demands from the military . . . . Rather than be ignored.., the military, as a price for its support, has basically gotten anything it wanted." The article also speculated that the administration had listened so intently to its military leaders for reasons that were "part political cover, part lessons learned from the Somalia debacle and Haiti, part reflection of the mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina." This essay will argue that the demands placed by military officers on the provisions of the Dayton agreement reflect a steady increase in the influence of military officers in crafting defense policy, rather than the recognition of any lessons learned in Somalia or Haiti. Furthermore, this increased authority of the military--and the resultant deterioration in civil-military relations--is largely the result of the lessons drawn by the military from the American experience in Vietnam.
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Johnson, David E.
1997-07
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Nonlethal Weapons: Terms and References
The purpose of this paper is to promote an understanding of and research into a new category of weapons, designated "nonlethal" by the military services. These weapons are also classified as "less-than-lethal" or "less-lethal" by law enforcement agencies. National security experts consider these weapons increasingly important in the post-Cold War era. This type of weapon has been used throughout history, but was given new emphasis during the Vietnam War era. Law enforcement agencies and Army national guard units relying upon traditional forms of politico-military force were ineffective in countering US domestic civil unrest. As similar types of conflict, now many magnitudes greater, seem to dominate international politics since the end of the Cold War, this type of weapon takes on increasing importance. The Department of Defense defines these weapons as follows: Weapons that are explicitly designed and primarily employed so as to incapacitate personnel or materiel, while minimizing fatalities, permanent injury to personnel, and undesired damage to property and the environment. Unlike conventional lethal weapons that destroy their targets principally through blast, penetration and fragmentation, non-lethal weapons employ means other than gross physical destruction to prevent the target from functioning. Non-lethal weapons are intended to have one, or both, of the following characteristics: a. they have relatively reversible effects on personnel or materiel, b. they affect objects differently within their area of influence [229:1-2]. Our intent is to create an initial term and reference listing that will help support joint-force and dual-use initiatives focused on identifying the potential drawbacks of integrating nonlethal weapons into our military services and law enforcement agencies. Because of the limited objective of this paper, it consists solely of two sections: a list of terms that describes nonlethal weapons along with the concepts both surrounding and inhibiting their use and a comprehensive listing of references to facilitate further research. The category of nonlethal weapons that offers the capability for information warfare has not been included in this paper because of its association with that distinct form of conflict.
USAF Institute for National Security Studies
Bunker, Robert J.
1997-07
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Federal Emergency Management Agency Strategic Plan FY 1998-FY 2002: Partnership for a Safer Future
"The first Strategic Plan in the history of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was published in December 1994. As part of the process of FEMA's renewal, 'Partnership for a Safer Future' laid out the agency's mission and vision. We recognized that FEMA's role in making a safer future would require us to lay a solid foundation on which to build an effective organization of emergency management. We recognized that the organization would need to lead and support the Nation in a comprehensive, risk-based emergency management program. We also recognized that our mission to reduce the loss of life and property included protecting the Nation's institutions from all natural and man-made hazards. FEMA consequently began to direct efforts towards creating an agency that would restore the confidence of the American people and fulfill President Clinton's promise to 'be there' when America needed us. During the intervening four years, FEMA has enjoyed much success in its renewal. Internally, we improved management systems and streamlined operations to function more efficiently and with more accountability. […] This strategic plan includes revisions to FEMA's 1994 strategic plan. It fulfills the requirements of the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), and covers fiscal years 1998 through 2002."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1997-06-24
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Study of Inland Wind Effects of Hurricane Fran and Assessment of Inland Wind Model
"Hurricane Fran made landfall east of Cape Fear, North Carolina, at approximately 8:00 p.m. daylight savings time on September 5, 1996. The maximum sustained wind speed at the time of landfall was estimated by the National Weather Service (NWS) National Hurricane Center (NHC) to be approximately 115 miles per hour (mph). The maximum storm surge was reported to be approximately 12 feet. The storm was classified a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. Information about the storm's winds is still being compiled by the Hurricane Research Division (HRD) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA will not issue its findings for several more months. The effects of the storm were felt far into Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. While wind gusts were greater than 50 mph in Richmond, Virginia, the primary effect in the inland areas north of North Carolina was extensive rain and flooding. Fran was responsible for a total of 26 deaths in South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania (see Appendix A). Damages from the storm have not yet been totaled, as claims for damage are still being submitted. It is estimated that damage costs will exceed $3 billion. A total of 34 counties in North Carolina were declared eligible for public assistance programs."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Mitigation Directorate
1997-06-19
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Study of Inland Wind Effects of Hurricane Fran and Assessment on Inland Wind Model
"This report summarizes an investigation conducted to evaluate the damages resulting from inland winds associated with Hurricane Fran, verify and standardize the recorded wind data, compare wind information displayed by FEMA's [Federal Emergency Management Agency] Inland Wind Display Model with the recorded wind data, and ultimately assess the ability of the model to accurately display inland wind speeds."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1997-06-19
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Bill to Authorize Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1998 for Military Activities of the Department of Defense, for Military Construction, and for Defense Activities of the Department of Energy, to Prescribe Personnel Strengths for such Fiscal Year for the Armed Forces, and for Other Purposes
S. 936 is a "Bill To authorize appropriations for fiscal year 1998 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe personnel strengths for such fiscal year for the Armed Forces, and for other purposes."
United States. Government Printing Office
1997-06-18
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H. Rept. 105-135, Part 1: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998, Report together with Minority Views to accompany H.R. 1775, June 18, 1997
"The Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, to whom was referred the bill (H.R. 1775) to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 1998 for intelligence and intelligence-related activities of the United States Government, the Community Management Account, and the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System, and for other purposes, having considered the same, report favorably thereon with an amendment and recommend that the bill as amended do pass."
United States. Government Printing Office
1997-06-18
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S. Rept. 105-29: Authorizing Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1998 for Military Activities of the Department of Defense, for Military Construction, and for Defense Activities of the Department of Energy, to Prescribe Personnel Strengths for such Fiscal Year for the Armed Forces, and for Other Purposes, Report together with Additional Views to Accompany S. 924, June 17, 1997
This is a report "to accompany S. 924 on authorizing appropriations for fiscal year 1998 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe personnel strengths for such Fiscal Year for the Armed Forces, and for other purposes together with additional views."
United States. Government Printing Office
1997-06-17
