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Sabotage at Nuclear Power Plants
This paper discusses emerging threats and current methods of choice for sabotage. Potential consequences of sabotage acts, including economic and political, not just those that may result in unacceptable radiological exposure to the public, are also discussed. Applicability of risk-assessment methods and mitigation techniques are also presented.
United States. Department of Energy
1999-08-24
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Chemical and Biological Defense: Coordination of Nonmedical Chemical and Biological R&D Programs, Report to Congressional Requesters
This report examines the coordination of federal R&D efforts to develop nonmedical technology related to chemical and biological defense. GAO further (1) identifies federal programs that conduct nonmedical chemical and biological defense-related research and development, and (2) describes the existing mechanisms for coordinating these programs.
United States. General Accounting Office
1999-08-16
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Chemical and Biological Defense: Program Planning and Evaluation Should Follow Results Act Framework
This report examines the extent to which the Defense Department (DoD) has applied the principles of the Results Act to the chemical and biological defense program, focusing on research, development, testing, and evaluation efforts that lead to new technologies and defensive capabilities.
United States. General Accounting Office
1999-08-10
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Common Ground: Study of One-Call Systems and Damage Prevention Best Practices
"The purpose of the Study was to identify and validate existing best practices performed in connection with preventing damage to underground facilities. The collected best practices are intended to be shared among stakeholders involved with and dependent upon the safe and reliable operation, maintenance, construction, and protection of underground facilities. These best practices contain validated experiences gained that can be further examined and evaluated for possible consideration and incorporation into state and private stakeholder underground facility damage prevention programs."
United States. Office of Pipeline Safety
1999-08
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Joint Force Quarterly: Summer 1999, Issue 22 [August 1999]
"NDU Press produces Joint Force Quarterly in concert with ongoing education and research at National Defense University in support of the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. JFQ is the Chairman's joint military and security studies journal designed to inform and educate national security professionals on joint and integrated operations; whole of government contributions to national security policy and strategy; homeland security; and developments in training and joint military education to better equip America's military and security apparatus to meet tomorrow's challenges while protecting freedom today."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Murrey, Thomas, Jr.
1999-08
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Media Interaction with the Public in Emergency Situations: Four Case Studies
"This report provides an analysis of media coverage of four major emergency situations in the United States and the impact of that coverage on the public. The situations analyzed are the Three Mile Island nuclear accident (1979), the Los Angeles riots (1992), the World Trade Center bombing (1993), and the Oklahoma City bombing (1995). Each study consists of a chronology of events followed by a discussion of the interaction of the media and the public in that particular situation. Emphasis is upon the initial hours or days of each event. Print and television coverage was analyzed in each study; radio coverage was analyzed in one instance. The conclusion discusses several themes that emerge from a comparison of the role of the media in these emergencies. Sources consulted appear in the bibliography at the end of the report."
Library of Congress. Federal Research Division
Berry, LaVerle Bennette, 1942-; Jones, Amanda; Powers, Terence
1999-08
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How to Prevent Runaway Reactions, Case Study: Phenol-Formaldehyde Reaction Hazards
"EPA is issuing this Case Study as part of its ongoing effort to protect human health and the environment by preventing chemical accidents. Under CERCLA, section 104(e) and the Clean Air Act (CAA), EPA has authority to conduct chemical accident investigations. EPA is striving to learn the causes and contributing factors associated with chemical accidents to prevent their recurrence. Major chemical accidents cannot be prevented solely through command and control regulatory requirements, but by understanding the fundamental root causes, widely disseminating the lessons learned, and integrating them into safe operations."
United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office
1999-08
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NS/EP Implications of GPS Timing
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based positioning and navigation system that is funded and operated by the United States Department of Defense. Although originally developed for use by the U.S. military, GPS now supports thousands of civilian users worldwide and is employed in a wide range of applications. This technical note focuses on the use of GPS for telecommunications network timing and synchronization. The following sections describe the GPS system, how GPS calculates and transmits its timing signals, and how GPS timing is used in networks. Lastly, potential National Security/Emergency Preparedness (NS/EP) implications are discussed.
National Communications System (U.S.). Office of the Manager
Brutt, LeeAnne
1999-08
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Standards for Protection of Telecommunications Links
Public and Government attention has been focused not only on better methods of understanding stresses on public telecommunications networks, but also on protecting against these stresses. The development of new standards provides one method of understanding the issues of telecommunications stress. Likewise, these standards provide guidelines and data for building specifications to protect public telecommunications networks from stress threats.
National Communications System (U.S.). Office of the Manager
Bain, Greg
1999-08
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Guidance for Auditing Risk Management Plans/Programs under Clean Air Act Section 112(r)
"This document provides guidance for implementing agencies that are required by the Risk Management Program regulation (40 CFR 68.220) to conduct audits. It is designed as a tool for auditors reviewing industry compliance with the Risk Management Program regulation. However, this guidance does not reflect all requirements that a stationary source must meet to be in compliance with the regulation."
United States. Environmental Protection Agency
1999-08
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Hurricane Georges Assessment: Review of Hurricane Evacuation Studies Utilization and Information Dissemination
"Before Hurricane Georges, a comprehensive hurricane evacuation study had been done for many of the impacted areas. Since Georges directly affected areas where previous study data were available, there was an opportunity to find out whether previous information collected was accurate, how well products were utilized from past studies, and what improvements could still be made. This report addresses information on behavioral characteristics of evacuees, public shelters, evacuation decisions and transportation clearance times."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; United States. Army. Corps of Engineers
1999-08
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Department of Defense: Military Assistance Provided at Branch Davidian Incident, Report to the Secretary of Defense, the Attorney General, and the Secretary of the Treasury, Report to the Secretary of Defense, the Attorney General, and the Secretary of the Treasury
"In 1993, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) received assistance from the U.S. military, including counterdrug program support, while investigating violations of federal firearms laws by members of an obscure sect, the Branch Davidians, and their leader, Vernon Howell (also known as David Koresh), in Waco, Texas. On February 28, 1993, as the ATF tried to serve warrants on the sect's compound, a gunfight erupted, idling and wounding agents and Davidians. A standoff ensued that soon involved the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The military provided support to the two federal law enforcement agencies (LEA) throughout the 51-day standoff, which ended April 19, 1993, when the compound was destroyed by fire. In August 1996, the House Committees on Government Reform and Oversight and on the Judiciary issued a report, 'Investigation into the Activities of Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Toward the Branch Davidians' (Report 104-749). The report recommended that we review certain aspects of the military assistance provided to the LEAs in this incident. We have reviewed the nature and extent of the assistance, including that from counterdrug programs, provided to these operations, as well as the counterdrug aspects of ATF's plans to serve a search warrant at the Davidian compound. We pursued three specific objectives: Determine whether the ATF's requests for support from military counterdrug programs met requirements for authorizing that support; Identify the measures ATF took to deal with any drug activity it might find during its warrant service, and determine whether those measures were appropriate for such operations where a methamphetamine laboratory might be encountered. Account for the types, costs, and reimbursements of all military support, including that from counterdrug programs, provided to the ATF and the FBI."
United States. General Accounting Office
1999-08
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Guidelines for Incident Commander's Use of Firefighter Protective Ensemble (FFPE) with Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) for Rescue Operations During a Terrorist Chemical Agent Incident
"This report covers Man In Simulant Testing (MIST) of both new and used firefighter turnout gear. This testing examined how well turnout gear with SCBA protects the firefighter against vapor adsorption at the skin. Firefighters were exposed, while wearing turnout gear with SCBA, to a chemical agent simulant (methyl salicylate) to measure the Physiological Protective Dosage Factor (PPDF). An assessment was conducted using the measured PPDFs to determine quick rescue times for known living victims. The basic result is standard turnout gear with SCBA provides a first with sufficient protection from nerve agent vapor hazards inside interior or downwind areas of the hot zone to allow 30 minutes rescue time for known live victims."
U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command
1999-08
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Confrontation Analysis: How to Win Operations Other Than War
"This book presents a simple idea. A Peace Operations campaign (or Operation Other Than War) should be seen as a linked sequence of confrontations--in contrast to a traditional, warfighting campaign, which is a linked sequence of battles. The
objective in each confrontation is to bring about certain 'compliant' behavior on the part of other parties, until in the end the campaign objective is reached. This is a state of sufficient compliance to enable the military to leave the theater."
Command and Control Research Program (U.S.)
Howard, Nigel.
1999-08
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Video Called 'Drill Today: Survive Tomorrow' and a Study of Coalition Building and Alternative Funding
"It was a problem that there were no video-based programs currently being used to teach fire and tornado drill procedures in the elementary schools in Irondale, Alabama. The research questions were as follows: (a) What video-based programs were available? (b) Was funding a problem for principals in obtaining a video-based program that teaches fire and tornado drill procedures? (c) Could an alternative funding model be used to create a cost- effective, video-based fire and tornado drill procedure program. The answers to these questions all helped to develop a cost-effective and alternatively funded video-based program that teaches fire and tornado drill procedures in the elementary schools of Irondale, Alabama. Descriptive research surveys indicated that there were no video-based programs currently being utilized and that funding was the primary reason. The surveys also made evident the need for such a video. The final question explored alternative funding in a problem-solving model to determine if a video could be produced. Through action research, a professional quality video on fire and tornado drills was created, copied, and sent to all primary educational schools in Alabama utilizing a new funding model. Alternative funding, building coalitions, the utilization of video media, need validation, and creative exploration were all recommended in this project."
National Fire Academy
Lynch, Joe L.
1999-08
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Transition into Disaster Worker Stress Auditing: Orlando Moves to the Future
"This research project analyzed the factors that make up a disaster stress audit. The problem was that the Orlando Fire Department does not provide for assessing the stress levels of emergency workers during extended disaster operations. The purpose of the research project was to develop a disaster stress audit guideline to monitor the signs, symptoms, and behaviors exhibited by emergency workers effected by the stress of disaster operations. This research employed action research (a) to determine what items should be included in a stress audit, (b) what training should be provided to potential sector officers that will use the stress audit, (c) what is the current mind set among emergency workers relating to their susceptibility to stress during disaster operations, (d) what criteria should be used for not allowing an emergency worker to return to disaster operations, (e) what type of relationship should be initiated with the mental health community for support prior to a disaster striking a community, and (f) is there an acceptance of psychological duty related injury with the more commonly known and accepted forms of duty related injury? The principle procedure employed was review of published materials and a survey. Data were compiled in graphic form to facilitate a comparison of published materials and contemporary fire department applications of appraising stress in emergency workers. The major findings of this research were that few fire departments currently incorporate a stress audit into their disaster operations. Principle among those factors was that only 2.47% of surveyed departments even have a formal process in place for evaluating the stress in their emergency workers."
National Fire Academy
Sorenson, Robert L.
1999-08
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Hearing on Reauthorization of the Natural Gas and Hazardous Liquids Pipeline Safety Program: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, United States House of Representatives One Hundred Sixth Congress, First Session, July 27, 1999
The purpose of this hearing is to receive testimony on reauthorizing the natural gas and hazardous liquid pipeline safety program. Transportation by pipeline is one of the safest modes of transportation. However, there remains great potential for loss of life and significant damage to the environment. According to the Department of Transportation (DOT) records, in the five-year period from 1994 to 1998, 2,000 incidents were reported, involving over 120 fatalities, 2,000 injuries, and more than $450 million in property damage. These incidents leaked a total of 17.6 million gallons of hazardous liquids into the environment. Outside force damage is the leading cause of pipeline accidents involving fatalities or significant property damage, followed by corrosion. DOT maintains statistics on the industry categorized by year, by cause of incident, and by type of pipeline to monitor the industry record. Statements include those of the following persons: Kelley Coyner, James E. Hall, Steve Ball, John Zurcher, and Willard S. Carey.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure
1999-07-27
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Federal Executive Branch Continuity of Operations (COOP)
"This Federal Preparedness Circular (FPC) provides guidance to Federal Executive Branch departments and agencies for use in developing viable and executable contingency plans for the continuity of operations (COOP). COOP planning facilitates the performance of department/agency essential functions during any emergency or situation that may disrupt normal operations."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1999-07-26
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Combating the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction
"Congress established this Commission to assess the organization of the Federal Government with regard to WMD proliferation and to make recommendations for improvements. The task is formidable. Proliferation is related to catastrophic terrorism, infrastructure protection, and espionage. Many separate government agencies that have overlapping jurisdiction are involved. Combating proliferation requires actions both at home and abroad, both unilateral and with other nations and international organizations. The Commission finds that the US Government is not effectively organized to combat proliferation. This report makes many recommendations, including particular ones for each agency involved. Together, the recommendations aim to bring about four major changes: Presidential leadership […]; Central direction and coordination […]; Improved execution of policies and programs by responsible agencies […]; Integrated planning and budgeting of resources. […]. These plans should be designed to enable the Executive Branch and Congress to measure progress and assure that resources are applied effectively and flexibly to explicit program objectives and schedules. We believe the adoption of the Commission report will reduce the risks to the American people from WMD proliferation."
United States. Commission to Assess the Organization of the Federal Government to Combat the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction
1999-07-14
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Combating Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction
This report covers U.S. counterterrorism and chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons policy, written pursuant to Public Law 293 under the 104th Congress. The report is an assessment of the state of weapons proliferation amongst states and non-governmental sources which may represent national security threats. Topics include: government counter-proliferation activities; managing the interagency process; international cooperative efforts; export controls; and recommendations for Departments of State, Defense, Energy, Commerce, Treasury, Justice, Health & Human Services, Agriculture, the Intelligence Community, and other agencies.
United States. Commission to Assess the Organization of the Federal Government to Combat the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction
1999-07-14?
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Safeguarding American Plant Resources
A global marketplace is the future, and that future has arrived. In this marketplace, international travel and trade have not only made borders irrelevant, but also dramatically increased the risk of invasive plant pest introductions. The challenge to the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine (APHIS-PPQ) is defining its role in this environment, today and far into the future. To this end, APHIS-PPQ policies and procedures must be transformed to meet the demands of a world economy shaped by technological change, international economic integration, strategic alliances and partnerships, and domestic market maturation.
United States. Department of Agriculture
1999-07-01
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Northwest Florida Hurricane Evacuation Study: Technical Data Report
The purpose of this Hurricane Evacuation Study is to provide emergency management officials in Escambia, Santa Rosa, Okaloosa, Walton, Bay, Holmes, Jackson and Washington counties with information that could assist them in hurricane evacuation decision-making. County and state agencies can use the technical data presented in this report to supplement their hurricane evacuation plans and operational procedures in responding to future hurricane threats.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1999-07
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Anthrax: A Possible Case History
This is a fictional account of what could potentially happen in the event of an anthrax attack, presented at the First National Symposium on the Medical and Public Health Response to Bioterrorism, in Virginia, in 1999. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) offices in five U.S. cities have received warnings of an imminent bioterrorist attack. Each threat indicated that a 'shower of anthrax would rain on U.S. cities,' unless certain demands were met immediately. One of these calls was in Northeast, a large city on the Eastern Seaboard
with a metropolitan population of 2 million. The threats were credible, but no information was relayed to city officials in Northeast or elsewhere. This scenario is ominous. Such an epidemic would create extraordinary challenges for a
modern American city. However, there is no need to give in to the ending of this story. Practical, modest preparedness efforts could
make a difference and change the outcome. Many of the most useful efforts may be the result of ingenuity and depend on collaboration of experts from many disciplines.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
Inglesby, Thomas V.
1999-07
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DoD Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards [July 1999]
This Standard is issued under the authority of DoD Directive 6055.9, "DoD Explosives Safety Board (DDESB), and DoD Component Explosives Safety Responsibilities," July 29, 1996. It establishes uniform safety standards applicable to ammunition and explosives, to associated personnel and property, and to unrelated personnel and property exposed to the potential damaging effects of an accident involving ammunition and explosives during their development, manufacturing, testing, transportation, handling, storage, maintenance, demilitarization, and disposal
United States. Department of Defense
1999-07
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Chemical Safety Audit Program: FY 1998 Status Report
"This is a comprehensive report on the status of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office's (CEPPO) Chemical Safety Audit (CSA) program since its inception in fiscal year (FY) 89, a review of the successful and problematic trends of CSA program implementation in FY 98, and a discussion of the current and future role of the CSA program in the CEPPO Prevention Strategy. In these ten years, the CSA program has encompassed the review of the chemical process safety management systems of 372 facilities and the training of over 1100 federal, state, and local officials. In addition, the CSA program has developed a database of chemical safety audit information and supported numerous other related chemical accident prevention activities, including outreach and technical assistance for both the public and private sector. Chemical accident prevention involves identifying the causes of accidental releases of hazardous substances and the means to prevent them from occurring, promoting industry initiatives in these areas, and sharing the results with the community, industry, and other interested groups. […] This status report is intended to provide EPA headquarters and regional management with a better understanding of how the program is being implemented both at headquarters and in the regions, the purpose and goals of the audit program, and the type of information being generated and its uses. The following four topics are the focus of this report -- program activities, program results, regional program implementation, and analysis of audit results."
United States. Environmental Protection Agency
1999-07
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DOE Standard: Fire Protection Design Criteria
"The development of this Standard reflects the fact that national consensus standards and other design criteria do not comprehensively or, in some cases, adequately address fire protection issues at DOE facilities. This Standard provides supplemental fire protection guidance applicable to the design and
construction of DOE facilities and site features (such as water distribution systems) that are also provided for fire protection. It is intended to be used in conjunction with the applicable building code, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Codes and Standards, and any other applicable DOE construction criteria."
United States. Department of Energy
1999-07
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Reserve Component Employment Study 2005
In April 1998, Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen issued the Fiscal Years 2000-2005 Defense Planning Guidance, which directed the Department to conduct the Reserve Component Employment 2005 (RCE-05) Study. The study reviewed employment of the Reserve Component (RC), and developed several recommendations to enhance the role of the RC in the full range of military missions from homeland defense to major theater wars (MTWs). The study examined how to make the RC easier to access and use, and how to better train, equip, and manage it to ensure effective mission fulfillment. In examining the RC role in the future, the RCE-05 Study focused on three areas: homeland defense, smaller-scale contingencies, and MTWs. While the study evaluated several initiatives in each area, certain key themes emerged as particularly important to ensuring an effective future Total Force. Suggestions for new ways to involve the RC that are set forth in this report include: assisting in the management of consequences of attacks within the United States involving nuclear, chemical or biological weapons; protecting critical infrastructure throughout the United States from physical and information operations attacks; participating in manning a national missile defense system should one be deployed; providing additional high-demand/low-density capabilities for SSCS; assuming a greater role in sustained operations like the one being conducted in Bosnia; augmenting critical combat capabilities in specific warfighting areas; integrating the Reserve component more fully into the deliberate warplans; and developing post-mobilization training standards and deployment timelines for Army National Guard Divisions.
United States. Department of Defense
Wormuth, Christine
1999-07
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Department of Defense Response Capabilities for a Weapon of Mass Destruction
This document details the mission and duties of WMD-specific DoD agencies in case of a WMD terrorist event.
United States. Department of Defense
1999-07
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Addressing Bioterrorist Threats: Where Do We Go From Here?
"In discussing the threat of bioterrorism, planning, coordination, and preparedness are recurrent themes...A fundamental step toward addressing the threat of bioterrorism is comprehensive planning that focuses first and foremost on local preparedness and response capacity - integrating the role of state, regional, and federal governments, as well as state, regional, and national assets." The author discusses this integration with regard to public-health infrastructure, communication, legal issues, and education.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
Hamburg, Margaret A.
1999-07
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Serial No. 106-198: Y2K, Customs Flows and Global Trade: Are We Prepared to Meet the Challenges of the New Millennium?: Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Economic Policy and Trade of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives One Hundred Sixth Congress, First Session, June 29, 1999
On June 29, 1999, the House of Representatives Subcommittee on International Economic Policy and Trade of the Committee on International Relations convenes to discuss and hear testimony on "Y2K, Customs Flows and Global Trade". Testifying are John McPhee of the Commerce Department, SW Hall, Jr., of the US Customs Service, Jack Brock of the GAO, and Harold Bauner of Bauner International Corporation. Chairwoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen explains that "the Y2K bug, as it has been referred to, has been more difficult to exterminate than many had once thought. Today's international business and trade transactions are increasingly conducted via computerized and automated systems. That is surely true for the operations of our U.S. Customs Service which is the focus of our hearing today. Our U.S. Customs Service, in fact, relies heavily upon the use of automated systems to collect duties, taxes and fees on imports as well as to assist in the enforcement of our trade laws. The importance of information technology to this agency is evident in their automated commercial system which is used to process all of the commercial goods imported into the United States. Ranking minority member Menendez adds that "this hearing is also intended to look at the implementation of the Customs Modernization Act, particularly Customs modernization of our import and export systems." John McPhee explains the Commerce Departments strategies for dealing with Y2K security, as does SW Hall for the US Customs Service. Jack Brock of the GAO lauds the Customs Service's work, as does Harold Bauner.
United States. Government Printing Office
1999-06-29
