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• Nuclear Regulation: NRC Staff Have Not Fully Accepted Planned Changes, Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Clean Air, Wetlands, Private Property, and Nuclear Safety, Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate

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  "According to our survey results, the vast majority of NRCs staff feel personally responsible for the quality of their work and believe that their work contributes to protecting public health and safety. They also generally believe that NRCs management supports their efforts in this regard. With respect to NRCs efforts to change its regulatory approach, however, the staff expressed less favorable views. A large number of NRCs staff do not believe that management is effectively leading the change process or involving them in the changes being made. With respect to the change to risk-informed regulation, in particular, almost half of the staff who responded to the survey said that the approach could be effective, but only about one-fourth believe that NRCs staff have bought in to the process. Relatedly, many staff expressed concern about a central element of risk-informed regulation- the new oversight process to assess the performance of nuclear power plants. For example, 60 percent of the staff who expressed an opinion about the oversight process believe that it will reduce plant safety margins. Responding to a recommendation that we made in an earlier report, NRCs staff expect to provide the Commission with a draft comprehensive strategy for moving to a risk-informed regulatory approach in February 2000. NRC will then seek public comments on the strategy, and it may then take another year before NRC has an implementation roadmap. Until the roadmap is available, NRCs staff will not have a clear appreciation of their role in implementing the various activities, the type of training they will receive, and the interrelationship of the various activities."

  United States. Government Accountability Office

  2000-01
• Partnerships in Preparedness: A Compendium of Exemplary Practices in Emergency Management. Vol. IV

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  Outreach initiative to identify the innovative ideas, emergency management talent, and abundant resources that exist throughout the country. In keeping with its goals for building a strong and effective emergency management system, FEMA continues to search for and compile creative ways and means to better utilize the resources that are available at the Federal, State, and local levels of government, as well as in the private and volunteer sectors. With "Partnerships in Preparedness" as its theme, FEMA's Exemplary Practices in Emergency Management series provides an avenue for forging cooperation and leveraging emergency management talent and resources throughout the public and private sectors, and pays tribute to those who have developed such practices.

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  2000-01
• FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin: January 2000

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  The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin is a collection of criminal justice stories, reports and project findings. It provides a forum for the exchange of information, news, and commentary on various aspects of the field of law enforcement. The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin is an official publication of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the U.S. Department of Justice. Topics discussed in this issue include: Training for terrorism; Reducing violent bank robberies in Los Angeles; British policing and Ottawa shift system; Drug detection dogs; Planning for the future; Gang intelligence manual.

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  2000-01
• Police Response to Emotionally Disturbed Persons: Analyzing New Models of Police Interactions With the Mental Health System

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  "Police have always been key front line responders for mental health emergencies. They have been labeled variously as 'gatekeepers,' street comer psychiatrists and social workers. Empirical analyses of these law enforcement - mental health system interactions have focused mainly on street level interactions with persons who are possibly mentally ill and on interactions with emergency room staff, where police often bring people for psychiatric evaluation. More recently, data on an innovative police-based diversion program have also been added to the literature. […] The data reported here examine three program sites: Birmingham AL, Knoxville, TN, and Memphis, TN. These sites were selected based on results from a mail survey to urban police departments inquiring about strategies that departments use to handle incidents involving people with mental illness. Based on the survey results and a follow-up meeting with representative programs, a typology was developed that classified these programs into three main models: 1) police-based specialized police response; 2) police-based specialized mental health response and; 3) mental health-based specialized mental health response. […] A primary focus of this study was to examine the extent to which use of a pre-booking diversion program is associated with a 'specialized' response (i-e., as opposed to a general dispatcher call) and with reductions in the arrest of people with mental illness. Secondly, we were interested in how police officers perceived the specialized response used by their department and in what factors might be associated with their differential effectiveness ratings. As part of the descriptive nature of the study, we also wanted to document the types of incidents that occurred commonly and which incidents were more likely to result in police use of physical force and/or arrest."

  National Institute of Justice (U.S.)

  Borum, Randy; Steadman, Henry J.; Morrissey, Joseph F. . . .

  1999-12-29
• Final Exercise Report: Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant [October 5, 1999]

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  From the Executive Summary: "On October 5, 1999, an exercise was conducted in the plume exposure pathway emergency planning zone (EPZ) around the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Region V. The purpose of the exercise was to assess the level of State and local preparedness in responding to a radiological emergency. This exercise was held in accordance with FEMA's policies and guidance concerning the exercise of State and local radiological emergency response plans (RERPs) and procedures. The most recent exercise at this site was conducted on September 23, 1997. [...] This report contains the final evaluation of the biennial exercise. State and local organizations, except where noted in the report, demonstrated knowledge of their emergency response plans and satisfactorily implemented them. There were no Deficiencies identified. There was initially one Area Requiring Corrective Action [ARCA] identified in both Kewaunee and Manitowoc Counties, as described in the Narrative Report provided to the State and Counties during the participants briefing on October 8, 1999. The ARCAs for both Counties were cleared after discussion and further review of the issues."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  1999-12-17
• Integration of the Army National Guard in Force Projection Operations A Concept for a New Millennium

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  In the summer of 1989, following the breakup of the Soviet Union and the ending of the Cold War, the Department of Defense announced plans to modify the structure and size of the armed forces based upon the changing security environment. Of particular interest to the Army was the appropriate balance and mix of combat, combat support (CS), and combat service support (CS S) units between the Regular Army and the Reserve Components. The "BottomUp-Review" identified a critical Total Army shortfall in the number of CS/CSS units necessary to enable the United States to successfully conduct military operations in two nearly simultaneous major theater wars, and determined that much of the National Guard's combat force structure was not necessary based on the contemporary security environment. Following Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, the National Guard began the Army National Guard Division Redesign Study (ADRS), to restructure its forces in order to make them more relevant to the needs of the Army, and the present global security situation. As a part of this initiative, the National Guard and the Regular Army created two integrated divisions by using Guard enhanced separate brigades as the subordinate ground maneuver units of two Regular Army division headquarters. The Guard also began the conversion of the ground maneuver brigades of two ofits eight combat divisions into combat support and combat service support units in an effort to reduce the critical shortfall identified in the "B oftomUp -Review. The remaining six National Guard divisions were teamed with Regular Army divisions in a mutually beneficial training, deployment, and operational support relationship. As a part of the emerging mission of homeland defense, the National Guard also began developing rapid assessment and initial detection teams in order to facilitate the consequence management of weapons of mass destruction incidents.

  U.S. Army Command and General Staff College

  Taylor, James E.

  1999-12-15
• First Annual Report to the President and the Congress of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction: I. Assessing the Threat

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  "Many government officials and concerned citizens believe that 'it is not a question of if, but when' an incident will occur that involves the use by a terrorist of a chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapon--a so-called 'weapon of mass destruction' (WMD)--that is designed, intended, or has the capability to cause 'mass destruction' or 'mass casualties.' In recent years, some have depicted terrorist incidents as causing catastrophic loss of life and extensive structural and environmental damage as not only possible but probable. Such depictions do not accurately portray the full range of terrorist threats. While such a devastating event is within the realm of possibility, the first annual report to the President and the Congress of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction (the 'Panel') delves into a broad range of issues, chronicles actual terrorist attacks, considers potential terrorist incidents, and attempts to answer the fundamental questions of 'Who?,' 'What?,' and 'Why?;' and accordingly begins to consider what must be done to prepare for the 'When.'"

  Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction (U.S.)

  1999-12-15
• Blue Grass Community CSEPP Exercise 1999: Exercise Report [Richmond, KY; October 27, 1999]

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  "The Blue Grass Community CSEPP Exercise 1999 (Blue Grass CSEPP EX 99) was conducted on October 27, 1999 to demonstrate the emergency response capabilities of the Blue Grass CSEPP Community and to validate correction of findings identified during past CSEPP exercises. The requirement for conducting Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP) exercises was established in the August 1988 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the U.S. Army. Exercise design, planning, evaluation, and reporting guidance is contained in the 'Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program Exercises' document, dated 19 March 1999."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States. Department of the Army

  1999-12-11
• Final Report: Evacuee Monitoring and Decontamination Drill, Diablo Canyon Power Plant [April 28, 1999]

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  From the Executive Summary: "On April 28, 1999, an evacuee monitoring and decontamination drill at Camp Roberts was evaluated for the emergency planning zone (EPZ) around the Diablo Canyon Power Plant by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Region IX. The purpose of the drill was to assess the level of State and local preparedness in responding to a radiological emergency. [...] This report contains the final evaluation of this drill."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  1999-12-09
• Final Exercise Report: Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station [March 9, 1999]

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  From the Executive Summary: "On March 9, 1999, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Region IX evaluated a biennial exercise for the emergency planning zone (EPZ) around the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station (PVNGS). The purpose of the exercise was to assess the level of State and local preparedness in responding to a radiological emergency. [...] The local organizations, except where noted in this report, demonstrated knowledge of their emergency response plans and procedures and adequately implemented them. There were 16 Areas Requiring Corrective Action (ARCA) identified as a result of this exercise[.]"

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  1999-12-07
• Final Exercise Report: Plume Pathway Exercise, McGuire Nuclear Station [August 24, 1999]

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  From the Executive Summary: "On August 24, 1999, a full scale, plume pathway exercise was conducted in the plume exposure pathway emergency planning zone (EPZ) around the McGuire Nuclear Station by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Region IV. This exercise was held in accordance with FEMA's policies and guidance concerning the exercise of state and local radiological emergency response plans (RERP) and procedures. The previous exercise at this site was conducted on August 5, 1997 and the qualifying emergency preparedness exercise was conducted in December, 1980. [...] This report contains the evaluation of the biennial exercise as well as the evaluation of out-of-sequence activities that included: School evacuation, lake warning, traffic control points, emergency worker and vehicle decontamination, relocation centers and a medical drill."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  1999-12-03
• National Security Strategy for a New Century [December 1999]

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  "The United States remains the world's most powerful force for peace, prosperity and the universal values of democracy and freedom. Our nation's central challenge-and our responsibility-is to sustain that role by seizing the opportunities of this new global era for the benefit of our own people and people around the world. To do that, we are pursuing a forward-looking national security strategy for the new century. This report, submitted in accordance with Section 603 of the Goldwater-Nichols Defense Department Reorganization Act of 1986, sets forth that strategy. […] The United States must have the tools necessary to carry out this strategy. We have worked to preserve and enhance the readiness of our armed forces while pursuing long-term modernization and providing quality of life improvements for our men and women in uniform. To better meet readiness challenges, I proposed, and Congress passed, a fiscal year 2000 defense budget that increased military pay and retirement benefits, and significantly increased funding for readiness and modernization. I have also proposed a $112 billion increase across fiscal years 2000 to 2005 for readiness, modernization, and other high priority defense requirements. This is the first long-term sustained increase in defense spending in over a decade."

  United States. White House Office

  1999-12
• National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) Department of Health and Human Services Briefing Overview

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  This presentation outlines the Department of Health and Human Services and National Disaster Medical System roles in Federal Response Plan. Included are local needs, natural disasters, technological disasters, and terrorism. Charts and graphs help to show the flow of events from the time a disaster occurs.

  United States. Department of Health and Human Services

  2000
• CDC Pharmaceutical and Alert Network

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  This is a collection of different Center for Disease Control and Prevention publications about bioterrorism. Included are a commentary on "Biologic Terrorism-Responding to the Threat", "Health Alert Network", "Laboratory Response to Chemical Terrorism", "National Pharmaceutical Stockpile Program", "Nuclear Blindness: An Overview of the Biological Weapons Programs of the Former Soviet Union and Iraq", "Historical Trends Related to Bioterrorism: An Empirical Analysis", "Chemical Terrorism", and "Public Health Response to Terrorism". Each of these articles deals with the issue of biologic weapons, the consequences of using these weapons, and prevention and reaction programs.

  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)

  2000
• Chemical Weapons Improved Reponse Program: 2000 Summary Report

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  The purpose of this summary report is to inform members of the first responder and emergency management communities about the on-going activities, initiatives, and lessons learned from the Chemical Weapons Improved Response Program (CWIRP). It is the intent of this program to relay information to these communities that will result in improved procedures, organizations, individual personnel knowledge base, and awareness of equipment capabilities surrounding a terrorist use of chemical agents. The information and experience shared among members of the national response community will hopefully be used as a tool to better prepare our nation as a whole against the inevitability of the use of chemical agents of mass destruction on U.S. soil.

  U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command

  2000
• Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2000: Bio Technology

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  The rapidly emerging biotechnology industry is a critical element of national power. Advances in biotechnology are resulting in novel biomedical and pharmaceutical products and processes that are relieving human suffering, improving health, and increasing the quality of life for the world's citizens. Biotechnology is transforming agriculture, improving the productivity, quality, safety, affordability, and environmental compatibility of food and fiber production around the world. The application of biotechnology to fields as diverse as bioremediation, forensics, artificial intelligence, and nanotechnology is similarly providing widespread benefits to humans and exciting new economic opportunities for entrepreneurs. As the preeminent global leader in this new industry, the United States is well positioned to maintain its competitive advantage in the future. Even so, there remain many challenges to this dominance, including a variety of ethical concerns and a growing public unease about genetically altered food.

  Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)

  2000
• Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2000: Agribusiness

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  Agriculture and the related agribusiness industry remain the foundation of U.S. commerce and society. Agribusiness plays a dominant role in both trade and foreign affairs in the United States. Perhaps the most striking aspect of the evolution of agriculture is the globalization of the industry. The United States is finding that it must address agribusiness issues in consonance with other nations. In fact, the nation has a vested interest in helping other countries deal with agribusiness problems and a responsibility to provide leadership in pressing for farming reforms, education, and the introduction of new technologies in growing, harvesting, and processing food. The national security posture of the United States is inextricably linked to global agribusiness. Understanding and appreciating the nuances of that linkage are essential tasks for U.S. national security planners and decision-makers.

  Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)

  2000
• Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents, Volume I (Revised): Emergency Medical Services: A Planning Guide for the Management of Contaminated Patients

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  This is the first of a three volume set on Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents. It is divided into three sections - 1. Systems Approach to Planning, 2. Emergency Medical Services Response to Hazardous Materials Incidents, and 3. Response and Patient Management. The presence of hazardous materials or toxic chemicals at an incident location or other emergency situation adds a new dimension of risk to those handling and treating casualties. The fundamental difference between a hazardous materials incident and other emergencies is the potential for acute risk from contamination to both patient and responder. This volume, written for emergency response personnel, is designed to familiarize readers with the terminology, concepts, and key operational considerations that affect the proper management of incidents of chemical contamination. It is designed not only to present uniform guidance for the emergency care of chemically contaminated patients, but also to provide basic information necessary to comprehensive planning and implementation of EMS strategies. It is intended to illustrate the characteristics of hazardous materials (hazmat) incidents that compel emergency response personnel to modify their preparations and response procedures. Not all hospitals and community emergency response systems are prepared to respond to a hazardous chemical incident to the same degree. This document may be used to assess the capabilities of EMS with respect to potential community hazards and to develop response plans using national and community-specific resources. Employee safety and training are also key factors in effective management of medical emergencies. This document is intended to provide source material for developing local training and safety protocols.

  United States. Department of Health and Human Services

  2000
• Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents, Volume II (Revised): Hospital Emergency Departments: A Planning Guide for the Management of Contaminated Patients

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  This is the second of a three volume set on Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents. This document is divided into three sections - 1. Systems Approach to Planning, 2. Emergency Department Response to Hazardous Materials Incidents, and 3. Patient Management. Current training curricula for emergency room physicians and nurses and emergency medical technicians (EMTs) often do not adequately prepare these professionals to manage the contaminated individual or to decontaminate patients exposed to toxic substances. Accurate, specific, and concise guidance is needed to describe appropriate procedures to be followed by emergency medical personnel to safely care for a patient, as well as to protect equipment, hospital personnel, patients, and others from risk of secondary exposure. This volume, written for emergency department personnel, is designed to familiarize readers with the concepts, terminology, and key operational considerations that affect the management of incidents of chemical contamination. It presents uniform guidance for the emergency care of chemically contaminated patients; provides basic information critical to advance planning and implementation of emergency medical strategies; illustrates the characteristics of hazardous materials incidents that compel modifications to traditional emergency response procedures; and presents effective preparatory response actions.

  United States. Department of Health and Human Services

  2000
• Changing Face of Transportation

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  The Changing Face of Transportation provides a historical perspective for policymaking. It reviews the major policy milestones of the past quarter century and the social and economic context for those milestones. Secretary Slater provides a logical foundation for making future policy choices and challenges the transportation enterprise to aspire toward higher marks of excellence, moving beyond what we think is possible and also thinking globally. Some future policy choices are apparent already and, as with the choices envisioned by former Secretaries of Transportation, undoubtedly many more will emerge as the future unfolds. Today, we can look forward with confidence knowing that our transportation system reflects the remarkable achievements of the Clinton-Gore Administration in striving to meet our nation's transportation needs. Under their leadership, virtually every law governing major transportation programs has been renewed, including the Trucking Industry Deregulation Act of 1994, the Ocean Shipping Reform Act of 1998, the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century of 1998 (TEA-21), and the Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century (AIR-21). These Acts provided record-level infrastructure investments, increased funding flexibility, expanded the proven strategies of public participation in the planning process, and affirmed this Administration's top transportation priority of improving safety and creating opportunities for all Americans. The ramification of this extraordinary era will positively shape transportation in the coming decades. Chapter 7 specifically deals with transportation and national security.

  United States. Department of Transportation

  2000
• Field Manual for Mental Health and Human Service Workers in Major Disasters

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  "This Field Manual is intended for mental health workers and other human service providers who assist survivors following a disaster. This pocket reference provides the basics of disaster mental health, with numerous specific and practical suggestions for workers. Essential information about disaster survivors' reactions and needs is included. 'Helping' skills are described with guidance for when to refer for professional assistance. Strategies for worker stress prevention and management are presented in the last section."

  United States. Department of Health and Human Services

  DeWolfe, Deborah J.

  2000
• America's Coast Guard: Safeguarding U.S. Maritime Safety and Security in the 21st Century

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  The objective of this report is to help the Coast Guard, the Departments of Transportation and Defense, other executive departments and agencies, the Congress, the Service's "partners" and "share-holders" - in state and local governments, U.S. and foreign industry, foreign governments, and private organizations in the United States and overseas - and the American public think broadly about future national security dynamics and trends. Important issues have been addressed - how these dynamics and trends will affect America's maritime security and hence the Coast Guard's current and future roles, missions, functions, and requirements. It discusses an expansive concept of U.S. maritime security interests, focusing on current and future threats to America's interests in its territorial seas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) as well as on the high seas. It provides an overview of the historical, strategic, policy, and operational contexts for the Coast Guard's maritime security roles, missions, functions, and tasks, and how the Service can most effectively and efficiently serve the United States in the 21st century. And it addresses the platforms and systems capabilities needed to satisfy current and future requirements. A key focus of this report is on the Coast Guard's "Deepwater" operating environment and enduring as well as emerging needs in this region. The Deepwater operational area has been defined by the Service as operations conducted 50 miles or more to sea, although clearly Deepwater assets protect U.S. maritime security in regions much closer to the shore. Many of the Coast Guard's Deepwater capital assets are approaching or are at the ends of their service lives in block obsolescence. To deal with the need to modernize and replace these assets, the Coast Guard's Integrated Deepwater Systems (IDS) Capabilities Replacement Project has mapped out an innovative approach and program-plan to address all roles, missions, and functions and the subsystems, systems, and platforms needed to carry out the Service's multiple mandates. Thus, another important objective of this paper is to inform U.S. and possible foreign industry partners about the full spectrum of Coast Guard Deepwater requirements, operations, and programs for the future.

  United States. Coast Guard

  Stubbs, Bruce B.; Truver, Scott C.

  2000
• National Communications System Annual Report: Fiscal Year 2000: Exploring Solutions for Communications Reliability

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  This report highlights significant national security and emergency preparedness (NS/EP) telecommunications events and major NCS initiatives, activities, and accomplishments during fiscal year (FY) 2000. The subsequent sections of this report detail the NCS's FY 2000 activities and accomplishments undertaken to fulfill its mission. Section II describes the emergency response activities of the OMNCS. Section III contains information about the OMNCS's information assurance activities and Y2K activities, plus a description of OMNCS NS/EP telecommunications support, activities, programs, and major interagency initiatives. Finally, Section IV reviews the NS/EP telecommunications support and activities of the NCS member organizations.

  National Communications System (U.S.)

  2000
• National Security and Emergency Preparedness Telecom News 2000, Issue 1

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  NS/EP Telecom News is published quarterly under the auspices of Ms. Diann McCoy, Deputy Manager, National Communications System (NCS), to provide readers with analytical reports on issues relating to NS/EP telecommunications. This edition includes the following articles: Y2K Bug Doesn't Infect NS/EP Telecommunications; What Happened to Y2K? Koskinen Speaks Out; When is a New Year Not a Millennium?; Early Training Helped Y2K Preparation Effort; Y2K Investments Were Sound, Industry Spokesmen Say Warnings, Remediation Believed Necessary; Washington Officials List Lessons from Y2K Experience; McConnell Says Localized Y2K Glitches May Continue to Emerge; Y2K: Looking Ahead, Looking Back; and Y2K Made Public Better Prepared for Disasters.

  National Communications System (U.S.). Office of the Manager

  2000
• National Security and Emergency Preparedness Telecom News 2000, Issue 3

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  NS/EP Telecom News is published quarterly under the auspices of Ms. Diann McCoy, Deputy Manager, National Communications System (NCS), to provide readers with analytical reports on issues relating to NS/EP telecommunications. This edition includes the following articles: Raytheon's Burnham is New NSTAC Chairman; Internet Security Requires Collaboration; Six Others Named to NSTAC, Sugar Departs for Litton Position; CSC's Honeycutt Thanked for Service as NSTAC Chair; National Communications System Assigned to Administer Priority Access Service; FCC Takes Steps to Implement the Wireless Communications and Public Safety Act of 1999; Hogan, Miller to Serve on NCS Committee of Principals; OMNCS Network Design and Analysis Capability; DBS Could Provide Nationwide Coverage for NS/EP Issues; Digital Subscriber Line Technology; and Commerce Department Announces Winner of Global Information Security Competition.

  National Communications System (U.S.). Office of the Manager

  2000
• Understanding the Implications of the 21st Century Challenges

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  There are of course several key challenges that come immediately to mind as we think about the international security landscape of the early years and decades of the 21st century. The first would be the eventual rise of other great powers or what are termed near peer competitors. Second would be the collapse of states and the greater incidents of intrastate conflict. Third would be weapons of mass destruction and their ongoing proliferation. Fourth would be dynamics of the domestic setting in the United States, which also shapes the landscape within which we operate. And finally in this all too short list, information warfare including cyber terrorism, of course, as well as other forms of terrorism. Participants in this panel included Seantor John Warner, Lieutenant General Patrick M. Hughes, Robert D. Kaplan, and Dr. Richard A. Falkenrath.

  United States. Department of the Army

  2000
• Triangular Deterrence: A Formidable Rogue State Strategy

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  In an effort to counter the overwhelming U.S. predominance in conventional forces, rogue states such as Iraq and North Korea have adopted a strategy based upon the use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD); that is, nuclear, chemical, or biological arms. Moreover, rogue states have refocused their efforts to deter U.S. action from direct confrontation with the United States to threatening U.S. allies or neutral parties in potential contingencies. This strategy might enable a rogue state to avoid direct engagement with the United States as well as to make the most effective use of a small WMD program. Robert Harkavy has labeled this concept triangular or indirect deterrence. This thesis analyzes triangular deterrence as a credible strategy that might be implemented by rogue states throughout the world. The thesis examines historical case studies as well as plausible hypothetical future scenarios, and bases its analysis on a broad body of deterrence theory. It concludes that triangular deterrence presents new challenges for U.S. defense policy and that partial solutions may reside in missile defenses and adjustments in declaratory policy.

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Wesley, Kevin R.

  1999-12
• Report of the CDC/ATSDR Working Group on a Shared Vision for Environmental Public Health at CDC/ATSDR

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  "Reports from The Future of Public Health, published by the Institute of Medicine in 1988, to the Pew Environmental Health Commission report, Americas Environmental Health Gap, published in 2000, point to the need to establish a strengthened national focus on environmental public health. In August 2000, Dr. Jeffrey P. Koplan, Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Administrator, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), charged the National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), CDC, and ATSDR with developing a plan that would describe the elements of a comprehensive environmental public health program and the strategies that could advance such a program at CDC and ATSDR. In response to this charge, we formed a Working Group comprised of senior scientists and managers from NCEH and ATSDR to develop a shared vision for environmental public health at NCEH and ATSDR. The product of the Working Group, Report of the CDC/ATSDR Working Group on a Shared Vision for Environmental Public Health at CDC/ATSDR, is designed as a first step to build an enhanced national and international resource at NCEH and ATSDR for jointly addressing environmental public health threats and promoting health by improving the environment in which we live. The environmental public health objectives presented in Healthy People 2010, published by the Department of Health and Human Services; the Pew Report; and input from our external partners will help guide NCEH's and ATSDR's work."

  United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

  2000
• Recommendations for Tribal Integration into the Radiological Emergency Preparedness (REP) Program

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  This document examines how best to include Tribal governments in the Radiological Emergency Preparedness (REP) program. "The United States has a trust relationship with all federally recognized Indian Tribes. This trust responsibility, which has always existed, is the unique fiduciary and legal duty of the United States to assist Indian Tribes in the protection of property and rights. It arises from treaties, statutes, executive orders, legal precedence, and the United States Constitution. The purpose of the trust is and always has been to insure the survival and welfare of Indian Tribes and people. This includes an obligation to provide those services required to protect and enhance Indian lands, resources, and self-government, and also includes those economic and social programs which are necessary to raise the standard of living and social well-being of the Indian people to a level comparable to the non-Indian society. This duty has long been recognized implicitly by Congress in numerous acts... Consequently, at its core, the trust relationship has meant to them the guarantee of the U.S. that solemn promises of federal protection for lands and people would be kept."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  2000
• Guideposts for the United States Military in the Twenty-first Century

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  "Near the close of the Twentieth Century, in September 1999, fifteen general officers- active duty and retired--representing all of the armed forces, met at Bolling AFB, DC, to consider the impact of air power on warfare. The discussion ranged widely across the spectrum of conflict, including combat, education, advanced technology, space weapons, strategy, information warfare, and intelligence. The aim of the symposium participants was to provide guideposts for future leaders."

  United States. Air Force. History Support Office

  Neufeld, Jacob.

  2000