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• Are FEMA's Assistance Programs Adequately Designed to Assist Communities Before, During, and After Wildfire? Remote Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings, and Emergency Management of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventeenth Congress, First Session, October 26, 2021

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  This is the October 26, 2021 hearing on "Are FEMA's Assistance Programs Adequately Designed to Assist Communities Before, During, and After Wildfire?" held before the U.S. House Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings, and Emergency Management of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. From the opening statement of Dina Titus: "All Western States have seen record-setting wildfires in recent years. Drought conditions have resulted in forests that are just ready to explode, and it can be caused from a lightning bolt, a campfire spark, utility lines being interrupted by trees, or an arsonist's match. We have seen all of those. As our witnesses note in their testimony, wildfire season now starts earlier and lasts longer, finishes later. Fires burn hotter, larger, and longer due to climate change. Fall storms, like those bringing welcome precipitation to the West just this week, arrive later, and they are less helpful in extinguishing the still-raging forest fires. We see that FEMA is providing an unprecedented number of Fire Management Assistance Grants to States in order to provide much-needed Federal assistance for fire suppression costs. [...] My hope is that today's hearing will provide a clearer picture as to whether FEMA's disaster and mitigation assistance programs are flexible enough to address the challenges currently faced by Western States." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Andrew Phelps, Kacey KC, Rich Elliott, and Casey Hatcher.

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2022
• British Columbia & NW United States Wildfire Response Border Arrangement: Operating Guideline 2021

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  From the Purpose: "The purpose of this Operating Guideline is to provide the framework under which wildfire management activities, identification, initial response, mutual aid and planning allows for cooperative pre suppression and wildfire protection along the United States and British Columbia International Border. This is under the authorization from the British Columbia & NW United States Wildfire Response Border Arrangement (herein after referred to as the Arrangement). The safety of responders and the general public remains the highest priority on all fires. This guideline outlines cooperative fire efforts between [several] agencies."

  National Interagency Fire Center (U.S.)

  2021
• Analysis of NFIRS Data for Selected Wildfires Including Impacts in Wildland Urban Interface Areas

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  From the Executive Summary: "This analysis compares the publicly reported loss metrics (e.g., deaths, injuries, dollar losses and acres burned) from media and government sources for 6 named wildfires between 2016 and 2018 with the data reported by local fire departments to the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS). The 6 wildfires were selected by the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) to reflect a diversity of wildland urban interface (WUI) conditions, land management responsibilities, locations, terrains and climates: [1] Chimney Tops 2, Tennessee, 2016. [2] Northwest Oklahoma Complex, Oklahoma/Kansas, 2017. [3] West Mims, Georgia/Florida, 2017. [4] Spring Creek, Colorado, 2018. [5] Woolsey, California (Southern), 2018. [6] Camp, California (Northern), 2018. Overall, the data in the NFIRS for these wildfires significantly understates the publicly reported losses except for acres burned, which was often overreported in the NFIRS[.]"

  United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  2022-01
• U.S. Department of the Interior, Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act: Wildfire Risk Five-Year Monitoring, Maintenance, and Treatment Plan

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  From the Introduction: "American communities continue to bear the brunt of droughts, wildfires, flooding, and other climate-driven disasters. Wildfires have been growing in intensity and number, adversely impacting air quality, contaminating drinking water, destroying important fish and wildlife habitat, and causing billions of dollars in damages to homes and infrastructure. On November 15, 2021, President Biden signed into law the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, also known as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL). The law provides historic, long-term investments in the infrastructure and economy of the United States, including more than $5 billion directed to the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to reduce the risk of catastrophic wildfires. The BIL provides a transformative opportunity for DOI and USDA to modernize their wildland fire workforce and increase the pace and scale of fuels management and ecosystem restoration across Federal and Tribal Nation lands."

  United States. Department of the Interior; United States. Department of Agriculture

  2022-04
• 2017 California Wildfires

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  "Wildfires are burning across much of northern California counties, threatening the lives of tens of thousands of people. The resources below can help individuals, families, communities and professionals stay safe in the face of the wildfires.​"

  United States. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response

  2017
• Wildfire Management Funding: Background, Issues, and FY2018 Appropriations [January 30, 2018]

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  "This report provides an overview of the accounts that fund wildfire management activities and historical wildfire management appropriations data, as well as information on FY2018 appropriations."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Hoover, Katie

  2018-01-30
• Wildfires: CRS Experts [July 5, 2012]

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  "The following table provides access to names and contact information for CRS [Congressional Research Service] experts on policy concerns relating to wildfires. Policy areas identified include federal wildfire policy; long-term land use management; federal firefighting assistance; federal emergency management policy; federal preparedness system and response plan; hazard mitigation; armed forces and national guard assistance; supplemental disaster funding; and disaster insurance."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Bracmort, Kelsi

  2012-07-05
• Home Builder's Guide to Construction in Wildfire Zones: Technical Fact Sheet Series

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  "The purpose of these Technical Fact Sheets is to provide information about wildfire behavior and recommendations for building design and construction methods in the wild land/urban interface. Implementation of the recommended design and construction methods can greatly increase the chances of a building's survival in a wildfire."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  2008-09
• U. S. Fire Administration: Wildfire... Are You Prepared?

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  This information booklet from the U.S. Fire Administration of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, offers information on what to do prevent wildfire damage and keeping your family safe before, during and after a Wildfire.

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
• Cross-Boundary Wildfire and Community Exposure: A Framework and Application in the Western U.S.

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  From the Abstract: "In this report we provide a framework for assessing cross-boundary wildfire exposure and a case study application in the western U.S. The case study provides detailed mapping and tabular decision support materials for prioritizing fuel management investments aimed at reducing wildfire exposure to communities located proximal to national forests."

  United States. Department of Agriculture; Rocky Mountain Research Station (Fort Collins, Colo.); United States. Forest Service

  Ager, Alan A.; Day, Michelle A.; Palaiologou, Palaiologos . . .

  2019-05
• FEMA Mitigation Best Practices: Wildfire Mitigation in Matanuska - Susitna Borough, Alaska

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  This document is part of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Best Practices Portfolio. The Best Practices Portfolio is a collection of true stories about people and communities who have experienced disasters, and what mitigation they used to survive, rebuild, and prepare for disasters. From the document: "The Miller's Reach Wildland Fire destroyed or damaged nearly 450 structures, and caused extensive damage to public infrastructure in June 1996. In cooperation with local businesses, several local, state, and federal entities created a Wildfire Mitigation Plan to implement aggressive fire prevention programs rather than continue to rely upon fire fighting and suppression. The Wildfire Mitigation Plan proposed programs such as preventative land treatments that reduce fuels and break up large contiguous urbanizing fire-prone zones, the creation of defensible space around buildings, and improvements to existing buildings." This and other individual FEMA Best Practices documents are also combined in "Mitigation Best Practices: Public and Private Sector Best Practice Stories for All Activity/Project Types in All States and Territories Relating to All Hazards [August 10, 2011]," which can be accessed at the following link: [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=683132]

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  2005-03-09
• Fact Sheet: Reducing the Threat of Catastrophic Wildfires and Improving Forest Health [December 11, 2002]

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  "The Bush Administration today announced a series of new administrative steps to reduce the threat of catastrophic wildfires and improve the health of our nation's forests. President Bush today met with Interior Secretary Norton, Agriculture Secretary Veneman and Council on Environmental Quality Chairman Connaughton and directed them to take several important steps to implement the President's Healthy Forests Initiative. These actions will reduce unnecessary red tape and needless delays that have too often delayed efforts to reduce the threat devastating wildfires and insect infestations that damage both public and private lands. The new procedures will ensure that needed environmental reviews and public review processes are conducted in the most efficient and effective way possible."

  United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary

  2002-12-11
• National Wildfire Coordinating Group [website]

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  "The National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) is made up of the USDA Forest Service; four Department of the Interior agencies: Bureau of Land Management (BLM), National Park Service (NPS), Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), and the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS); and State forestry agencies through the National Association of State Foresters. The purpose of NWCG is to coordinate programs of the participating wildfire management agencies so as to avoid wasteful duplication and to provide a means of constructively working together. Its goal is to provide more effective execution of each agency's fire management program. The group provides a formalized system to agree upon standards of training, equipment, qualifications, and other operational functions. The people who originally made up the group were then, and are today, basically staff leaders in agency programs. They are not line officers. In most cases these leaders are the people who have a large influence on the policy and funding of an agency program. Agreed-upon policies, standards, and procedures are implemented directly through regular agency channels. The NWCG elected to operate through 'Working Teams,' a rather nondescript term that doesn't do justice to a tremendous effort. The working team concept has had the greatest effect of NWCG in that it has provided a means for the exchange of knowledge about all dimensions of fire management. Originally, there were 13 working teams. The number of Working Teams and Advisory Groups have been changed to reflect the current NWCG emphasis."

  National Wildfire Coordinating Group (U.S.)
• Wildfire Origin & Cause Determination

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  "Accurate origin & cause determination is an essential first step in a successful fire investigation, and successful fire investigations are necessary in preventing unwanted wildfires. Proper investigative procedures which occur with initial attack can more accurately pinpoint fire causes and can preserve valuable evidence that might otherwise be destroyed by suppression activities. If the fire is human-caused, the protective measures described in this handbook can preserve evidence that may lead to effective and fair administrative, civil, or criminal actions. The investigation must start at the time a fire is reported or discovered. First responders play an important role in protecting evidence, so it is important for the origin and cause investigator to help train all first responders to identify and protect the area of origin of the fire. The NWCG course, FI-110, Wildland Fire Observations and Origin Scene Protection for First Responders, has been developed for first responders and helping deliver that training should be a priority for all investigators. As investigators, we must impress upon firefighters, law enforcement officers and other first responders that the preliminary protection of the general origin area and any associated evidence on any wildfire is their responsibility, and emphasize to them that they are the most important link in the subsequent origin and cause determination. Not only is it important for the first responders to recognize the need for an accurate origin and cause determination, it is important that they understand how their actions, both during and following suppression, can enable a qualified investigator to accurately determine the origin and cause."

  National Wildfire Coordinating Group (U.S.)

  2005-03
• Disaster Information Management Research Center: Fires and Wildfires

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  This web page, provided by the National Institutes of Health Specialized Information Services, features information on fires and wildfires. Information and links are categorized in the following manner: Overview; Preparing for Wildfire; Air Quality; First Responders; Environmental Cleanup and Recovery; Resources from the National Library of Medicine; Información en español; State Information; Animals in Disasters; and Disclaimer. Also included on the page is a "Featured Site".

  National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
• Rising Cost of Wildfire Operations: Effects on the Forest Service's Non-Fire Work

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  "This report documents the growth over the past 20 years of the portion of the Forest Service's budget that is dedicated to fire, and the debilitating impact those rising costs are having on the recreation, restoration, planning, and other activities of the Forest Service. In 1995, fire made up 16 percent of the Forest Service's annual appropriated budget--this year, for the first time, more than 50 percent of the Forest Service's annual budget will be dedicated to wildfire. Along with this shift in resources, there has also been a corresponding shift in staff, with a 39 percent reduction in all non-fire personnel. Left unchecked, the share of the budget devoted to fire in 2025 could exceed 67 percent, equating to reductions of nearly $700 million from non-fire programs compared to today's funding levels. That means that in just 10 years, two out of every three dollars the Forest Service gets from Congress as part of its appropriated budget will be spent on fire programs. As more and more of the agency's resources are spent each year to provide the firefighters, aircraft, and other assets necessary to protect lives, property, and natural resources from catastrophic wildfires, fewer and fewer funds and resources are available to support other agency work--including the very programs and restoration projects that reduce the fire threat."

  United States. Department of Agriculture; United States. Forest Service

  2015-08-04
• LLIS Innovative Practice: Mass Care: Tracking Animals During the Black Forest Wildfire

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  "During the 2013 Black Forest Wildfire in Colorado, the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) successfully utilized existing technology to develop a system that tracked and reunited evacuated animals with their owners. On June 11, 2013, the Black Forest Wildfire in El Paso County, Colorado, forced the mandatory evacuation of 500 homes, making it the single most destructive fire in Colorado history in terms of residential properties lost. Animal evacuation and reunification in such situations usually presents considerable logistical and organizational challenges. El Paso County and CDPHE adapted a patient tracking system designed for the Veteran's Administration (VA) to assist with tracking rescued animals. […] El Paso County and CDPHE successfully used the system to track rescued animals throughout the entire event, including back and forth between El Paso and Elbert Counties as the fire moved, and then reunite them with their respective owners during the disaster. Moving forward, CDPHE intends to make minor modifications to this existing system and proposes sharing this resource with local jurisdictions."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  2015-09-04?
• FEMA Mitigation Best Practices: Nontraditional Wildfire Mitigation in Bastrop County, Texas

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  "On Sunday, September 4, 2011, a firestorm engulfed Bastrop County, Texas, destroying 1,688 homes, burning more than 34,000 acres, and claiming two lives. The Bastrop County Complex Fire was the most devastating wildfire in Texas' history and steps are being taken to protect residents and prevent history from repeating itself. Mike Fisher, Bastrop County Office of Emergency Management Coordinator, says fuel reduction is one action the county is taking to minimize the threat. As dead, fallen vegetative, and tree material accumulates on the ground, it creates a continuous source of understory fuel. When ignited, the resulting fire burns hotter, spreads faster, lasts longer, and covers more ground. When fuel is reduced, fires are less intense. […] The county received a grant from the Federal Emergency Management Agency's Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) to fund the hazardous fuels mitigation project. 'We targeted nearly 4,000 acres, which we are developing into a north project and a south project,' says Fisher. 'For each project, we conducted an in-depth study of the wildland urban interface to identify the line, area, or zone where structures and other human development meet or intermingle with undeveloped wildland or vegetative fuels.' He says the developed areas feature a mix of houses located on small, medium, and large lot sizes. […] The HMGP grant has a two-year performance period so Fisher says the county is focusing on what it can do in that timespan. With the funds, the county has designed a mechanical thinning process using skid steers, which are low-impact machines with a mulching head on the front with teeth. Operators grind up the understory and remove undesirable species growing under the tree canopy. In a wildfire outbreak, the fire stays on the ground and does not go into the trees."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  2015-09-01?
• Wildland Urban Interface Wildfire Mitigation Desk Reference Guide

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  "The Wildland Urban Interface Wildfire Mitigation Desk Reference Guide is designed to provide basic background information on relevant programs and terminology for those, whether community members or agency personnel, who are seeking to enhance their community's wildfire mitigation efforts. Mitigation happens at all levels -- local, state, tribal, and federal. A combined approach helps achieve fire adapted communities. Individuals, communities, and organizations working together to share and leverage resources and build partnerships are the keys to success. This guide defines terms and identifies resources that are useful in mitigation planning efforts for all lands."

  National Wildfire Coordinating Group (U.S.)

  2014-08
• Wildfire Risk and Hazard: Procedures for the First Approximation

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  "This report was designed to meet three broad goals: (1) evaluate wildfire hazard on Federal lands; (2) develop information useful in prioritizing where fuels treatments and mitigation measures might be proposed to address significant fire hazard and risk; and (3) develop risk-based performance measures to document the effectiveness of fire management programs. The research effort described in this report is designed to develop, from a strategic view, a first approximation of how fire likelihood and fire intensity influence risk to social, economic, and ecological values at the national scale. The approach uses a quantitative risk framework that approximates expected losses and benefits to highly valued resources from wildfire. Specifically, burn probabilities and intensities are estimated with a fire simulation model and are coupled with spatially explicit data on human and ecological values and fire-effects response functions to estimate the percent loss or benefit. This report describes the main components of the risk framework, including the burn probability models, highly valued resource data, and development of response functions, and illustrates the application to the State of Oregon. The State of Oregon was selected for prototype due to the wide range of variability in ecoregions represented in the state. All of the highly valued resource themes were represented in the mix of developed and natural resources present in the state. National risk and hazard approximation results for the Continental United States are available at the following location: www.fs.fed.us/wwetac/wflc/."

  United States. Department of Agriculture; United States. Forest Service

  Calkin, David E.; Ager, Alan A.; Gilbertson-Day, Julie . . .

  2010-03
• Southeast New Mexico Interagency Wildfire Prevention Team Communication Plan

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  The goal of this document is to: "guide interagency outreach efforts for wildfire prevention. The ultimate goal is to reduce human-caused wildfires in Southeastern New Mexico."

  National Interagency Fire Center (U.S.)

  2006-04-16
• Wildfire Support

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  "NOAA experts play a vital role in efforts to combat wildfires that rage across the United States each year, threatening lives, structures and tens of thousands of acres of vegetation. Since 1914, NOAA's National Weather Service meteorologists have worked closely with fire behavior experts from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Forest Service, the Department of Interior's Bureau of Land Management, and other federal, state and local fire control agencies that are responsible for suppressing fires. Weather and vegetation type and condition are key ingredients in fire behavior, so once a fire starts, up-to-date weather information becomes especially critical. Accurate forecasts of wind direction and speed strongly influence fire strategy and help incident commanders make the best possible decisions to manage wildfires."

  United States. Department of Commerce; United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

  2008-11
• Draft Environmental Assessment: Highlands Estates Wildfire Mitigation Project

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  "The Adams County Emergency Management Department applied to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Legislative Pre-Disaster Mitigation (L-PDM) program for funding assistance with a wildfire fuel load reduction project in Central Idaho. The Highlands Estates Wildfire Mitigation project will reduce risk from fire to people and property on 200 acres of Adams County's wildland/urban interface. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 and the Council on Environmental Quality regulations implementing NEPA (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] Part 1500 through 1508) direct FEMA and other Federal agencies to fully understand and take into consideration the environmental consequences of proposed federally funded projects. Under NEPA, Congress authorizes and directs Federal agencies to carry out their regulations, policies, and programs as fully as possible in accordance with the statute's policies on environmental protection. NEPA requires Federal agencies to make a series of evaluations and decisions that anticipate significant effects on environmental resources. This requirement must be fulfilled whenever a Federal agency proposes an action, grants a permit, or agrees to fund or otherwise authorize any other entity to undertake an action that could possibly affect the human environment. In compliance with NEPA and its implementing regulations, FEMA prepared this draft environmental assessment (EA) to analyze the potential environmental impacts of the project alternatives."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  URS Corporation

  2009-05-07
• Getting Public Involvement in Wildfire Hazard Mitigation

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  "In many areas of the U.S. where wildfires are a recognized hazard, public agencies have taken steps to involve the public in reduction of the risks. Programs have ranged from purely voluntary public education to building codes for new buildings and ordinances for vegetation control. Some local governments provide free or subsidized services to reduce fire risks. Recently enacted federal and state policies encourage local government to become more active in managing wildfire hazards. Interest in creating local public programs to achieve hazard reduction has sparked research into which steps will have the most success in achieving hazard mitigation. Recent research sponsored by the Joint Fire Science Program studied programs in four separate communities in the U.S. with a goal of evaluating which programs were the most practical and effective. Research began with the use of focus groups to discern levels of public understanding and acceptance of programs. This stage was followed by a targeted survey in each of the four communities. Analysis of collected data found which programs were most successful and created public willingness to achieve program goals. These results will be helpful in selecting and enacting fi re hazard reduction programs in the future."

  Joint Fire Science Program (U.S.)

  2010-06
• Statement by Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano on the Wildfire in Arizona [July 1, 2013]

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  On July 1, 2013, the Department of Homeland Security issued the following press release: "'Today, our thoughts and prayers go out to the families and loved ones of the nineteen firefighters who lost their lives in the line of duty combating the wildfire outside Yarnell, Arizona. As thousands of their colleagues continue to fight wildfires across Arizona and the West, the Department of Homeland Security and FEMA are working closely with our federal partners including the Forest Service and the Department of Interior, to support state and local efforts. Our utmost priority is public safety and I urge residents in the impacted areas to continue to listen to local authorities and follow their guidance and instructions.'"

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

  2013-07-01
• Decision Making for Wildfire Incidents: A Reference Guide for Applying the Risk Management Process at the Incident Level

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  "The purpose of this publication is to assist fire managers, resource specialists, and agency administrators in developing and communicating timely and sound risk management-based decisions for managing wildfires. The process described in this publication is consistent with the Federal fire policy for the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service; and the U.S. Department of the Interior (USDOI), Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), National Park Service (NPS), and Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Other agencies (state, local, and nongovernmental) may find this publication useful in applying the risk management process to wildfire decision making within the requirements and framework of their own agency policies and procedures, and as an aid to participating in decision making with their Federal partners. This publication provides guidance on the risk assessment and risk management process, flow, and points to consider in making informed, sound risk-based decisions. It emphasizes the thought process behind sound fire management decision making using a risk management process, without tying the process to a specific decision documentation structure (e.g., the Wildland Fire Decision Support System [WFDSS] or Wildland Fire Situation Analysis [WFSA])."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  2012-07-26?
• FEMA Independent Study Program: IS-320, Wildfire Mitigation Basics for Mitigation Staff

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  "The goal of this independent study module is to help members of FEMA's Hazard Mitigation disaster workforce successfully communicate to the public the risks associated with wildfires, and the mitigation measures available to improve personal safety and reduce damages to structures and personal property. This module is one in a series of Independent Study modules for the Hazard Mitigation disaster workforce, which addresses appropriate basic mitigation information for public consumption regarding earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, tornados, and wildfires."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  2013-10-31
• Catalog of FEMA Wind, Flood, and Wildfire Publications, Training Courses, and Workshops

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  "The Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA's) Building Science Branch has compiled this catalog of available FEMA wind, flood, and wildfire publications, training courses, and workshops. These materials are listed by FEMA publication number. The publications are also listed by subject areas (hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, wildfires) in order of publication date (the most recent first) in the text. See the inside cover of this document for ordering information."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  2012-01
• Community Defense from Wildfire, an International Comparison

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  "Community Defense from Wildfire, an International Comparison was a historical research project conducted for the purpose of exploring various United States and Australian fire services approaches to Wildland / Urban Interface (WUI) fires. This body of research provided insight into the best international practices available to address the following problem. When a wildfire strikes a community the lack of effective mitigation measures and limited fire fighting resources often results in the loss of homes and all too frequently the loss of civilian or firefighter lives. The format of this research sought specific answers to the subsequent four questions. How do United States fire services approach WUI fires? How do the Australian fire services approach WUI fires? What are the basic differences between the two approaches? What resultant effects have these differences produced?"

  National Fire Academy

  Lindroth, Ron

  2005-02
• Kaibab National Forest Wildfire Prevention and Education Team Communication Plan

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  The purpose of this plan is to provide wildfire prevention and education expertise to help prevent human-caused wildfires on the Kaibab National Forest and assist the Forest in other prevention activities as needed.

  National Interagency Fire Center (U.S.)

  2006-06-05?