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Mass Gathering Security: A Look at the Coordinated Approach to Super Bowl XLVIII in New Jersey and Other Large Scale Events, Field Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness, Response and Communications of the Committee on Homeland Security, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session, June 23, 2014
This hearing testimony is from the June 23, 2014 hearing on "Mass Gathering Security: A Look at the Coordinated Approach to Super Bowl XLVIII in New Jersey and Other Large Scale Events" held before the House Committee on Homeland Security. From the opening statement of Susan W. Brooks: "As the world looks on as millions gather in Brazil to watch the World Cup, the Subcommittee is meeting today to examine the security considerations necessary for mass gatherings. On February 2, 2014, Super Bowl 48 took place less than ten miles from where we are sitting today. That event, which was attended by more than 80,000 and watched around the world by more than 100 million people, is just one of the many large sporting events and gatherings that take place around the country each year. […] In preparation for Super Bowl XLVIII, DHS took the lead in coordinating federal efforts to assist the New Jersey State Police in security operations at MetLife Stadium and the surrounding areas, directing over 13 federal offices and agencies in a massive interagency partnership. This partnership included the FBI, Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), FDA, and DoD, among others, all of which were essential in providing safety and security for travel to and from the stadium and security during the event. I am pleased that we are joined by a number of key stakeholders in those planning efforts today. Each of our witnesses has played a vital role in ensuring the safety and security of the public when they attend mass gatherings. I look forward to hearing their perspectives on their successes and challenges in planning for the Super Bowl and Indy 500, including best practices that can be used by those preparing for future mass gatherings." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Andrew McLees, Edward Cetnar, Louis Koumoutsos, John G. Centanni, Dan Grossi, Daniel DeLorenzi, J. Douglas Boles, and Fred S. Roberts.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2015
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Committee on Homeland Security Majority Staff Report Examining: Public Health, Safety, and Security for Mass Gatherings
Chairman Bennie G. Thompson of the House Committee on Homeland Security, charged the Democratic Majority staff to examine and observe a number of different mass gathering events to identify areas where additional homeland security resources might help to ensure public health and safety at these events. "Ensuring the public health, safety, and security of the public at mass gatherings can be especially challenging. These areas are interrelated and do not fall within the exclusive domain of the private sector. On the contrary, mass gatherings require that the public and private sectors interact with and support one another in complex ways. […] Mass gatherings pose special challenges in terms of management and control, especially considering their value as targets for terrorism and other crimes. The terrorist goal of attacking cities in order to kill and injure the most people-and otherwise have the greatest impact for the least amount of effort-applies to mass gatherings as well. All large-scale mass gatherings need to be protected in the post-9/11 world. Mass gatherings can be categorized in a number of different ways. Mass gatherings occur over different periods of time. Some are one-day events, such as the Super Bowl. Others extend for longer, such as the Lollapolooza music festival. Still others are composed of a series of one-day events, such as National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) 'March Madness.' In this paper, one-day events are referred to as 'shortterm mass gatherings.' This paper primarily focuses on mass gatherings lasting for longer than one-day and the attendees, participants, and support personnel who physically remain in the same constrained location-long-term mass gatherings."
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security
2008-05
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Interim Guidance: Get Your Mass Gatherings or Large Community Events Ready for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
From the Document: "This interim guidance is intended for organizers and staff responsible for planning mass gatherings or large community events in the United States. A mass gathering is a planned or spontaneous event with a large number of people in attendance that could strain the planning and response resources of the community hosting the event, such as a concert, festival, conference, or sporting event. [...] As the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] outbreak evolves, CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] strongly encourages event organizers and staff to prepare for the possibility of outbreaks in their communities. Creating an emergency plan for mass gatherings and large community events can help protect you and the health of your event, participants and the local community. CDC has developed recommended actions for preventing the spread of COVID-19 at mass gatherings and large community events. This guidance suggests strategies to help you plan for and implement ways in which to better protect all involved in a mass gathering."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2020-04-05
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Key Planning Recommendations for Mass Gatherings in the Context of the Current COVID-19 Outbreak
From the Introduction: "Mass gatherings are highly visible events with the potential for serious public health consequences if they are not planned and managed carefully. There is ample documentation that mass gatherings can amplify and spread infectious diseases. Respiratory infections, including influenza, have been frequently associated with mass gatherings. Such infections can be transmitted during the mass gathering, during transit to and from the event, and in participants' home communities upon their return. The purpose of this document is to outline key planning considerations for organizers of mass gatherings in the context of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] outbreak."
World Health Organization
2020
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Key Planning Recommendations for Mass Gatherings in the Context of COVID-19 [May 29, 2020]
From the Document: "This document is an update of the interim guidance document entitled 'Key planning recommendations for mass gatherings in the context of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]', published by WHO [World Health Organization] on 19 March 2020. This version has been revised to reflect the evolution of the knowledge on the pandemic over the past weeks, and to ensure alignment with the most recent guidance on COVID-19 issued by WHO. [...] The purpose of this document is to provide guidance to host governments, health authorities and national or international organizers of mass gatherings on containing risks of COVID-19 transmission associated with mass gathering events. General considerations and advice applicable to the organization of mass gatherings, and addressing risks of any origin, should also be taken into account when planning an event, as highlighted in WHO's publication 'Public health for mass gatherings: key considerations'."
World Health Organization
2020-05-29
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Mass Gatherings/Special Events Topic Collection
"Thousands of pre-planned mass gatherings and special events occur each year across the country and abroad. […] Unfortunately, in today's environment, special events attended by large numbers of people may be considered as terrorist targets due to large concentrations of crowds, the symbolic nature of the event, high-profile attendees, and increased media attention. Beyond the terrorist implications, there is still the inherent vulnerability of mass gatherings. The effects of a natural disasters, accidents, or disease outbreaks become amplified when they occur in a mass gathering. Further, the nature of crowds, in and of themselves, can be dangerous. Lastly, high concentrations of people may overwhelm the personnel support capacity in a given area, compromising basic human services and exacerbating existing medical conditions or creating unhealthy environments. It is for these reasons that local, state, and federal authorities should manage the public health and medical issues presented by mass gatherings and prepare for contingency response operations. Treating these events as 'planned emergencies,' including using incident management systems for planning and operating, allows a rapid transition to emergency response should an incident occur. The resources in this Topic Collection include lessons learned, case studies, research, tools, and templates designed to help emergency medical staff create robust plans for mass critical care before an incident strikes their jurisdiction."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
2016-06-08
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Healthcare Coalition Involvement in Mass Gatherings July 14, 2016 [presentation]
From the Document: "At the completion of this webinar, participants will be able to: [1] Describe a mass gathering; [2] Identify ways a healthcare coalition should be involved in mass gathering planning and execution; [and 3] Identify planning considerations." Presentations in the document include: "Mass Gatherings: An Operational Federal Perspective" by Joe Lamana; "Healthcare Coalitions: Role in Mass Gatherings" by Mary Russell; and "SE PA [Southeast Pennsylvania] Healthcare Planning and Response" by Tom Grace.
United States. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response; United States. Technical Resources, Assistance Center and Information Exchange
Lamana, Joe; Russell, Mary; Grace, Tom
2016-07-14
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Mass Gathering Venues: Identifying Key Components to a Pre-Incident Plan to Address the New Dallas Cowboys Stadium
"The Arlington Fire Department (AFD) has not developed a Pre-Incident Plan (PIP) to deal with a large scale incidents involving mass gathering venues. Descriptive research was used to identify department/industry standards and recommendations regarding key components. This was accomplished through literary reviews of standards, articles, interviews, and a feedback instrument. The research questions asked for information regarding pre-incident planning as it relates to historic events in mass gathering venues, essential components of a PIP, a comparison of other departments with mass gathering venues, NFL [National Football League] policy regarding emergency service delivery and, current AFD policy. The results did provide recommendations for the development of a plan to address incidents in mass gathering venues."
National Fire Academy
Cudaback, Brian
2007-09
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Developing a Mass Gathering Event Planning Process for the Iowa City Fire Department
"The problem is that the Iowa City Fire Department doesn't have a planning process to direct its response to incidents at specific events involving known mass gatherings that take place within the community. This is a problem because events take place within the community that draw many people into confined areas, restrict roadways, alter traffic patterns, and temporarily store hazardous materials on the streets. The purpose of this applied research project is to develop a mass gathering event response plan process for the community. Action research was accomplished through literature reviews, personal communications, existing departmental planning processes and a developed action plan. Results identified the mass gathering events that take place throughout the community, threats that need consideration during events, resources and considerations needed to combat the threats, planning processes that other agencies are using and techniques to evaluate and exercise the plan. Recommendations include determining a communication element to coordinate existing and future events, determine a planning committee, utilization of an established planning system, procedural and interagency response plan modification, and the development of a means of evaluating and exercising the plan."
National Fire Academy
Platz, Brain R.
2011-04?
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Challenge of Protecting Mass Gatherings in a Post-9/11 World: Hearing Before the Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Second Session, July 9, 2008
From the opening statement of Bennie G. Thompson: "When Americans think of mass gathering events, the Super Bowl, the national conventions and the Pope's recent visit come to mind. How the Department of Homeland Security manages and coordinates these high-profile national security events is certainly worthy of discussion, but that is a discussion for another day. Today, we will turn our attention to the challenges of securing mass gatherings that are not considered national special security events, that do not have the Federal Government coming in to run security and are held in communities that do not have huge amounts of resources for security. Think of State fairs, collegiate sporting events and even large shopping complexes during the holiday season. Mass gatherings, whether they have national security event rating or not, could be particularly tempting targets for Al Qaeda and other terrorist organizations with the goal of killing or injuring the most people, destroying the most infrastructure and having the greatest impact possible with the least amount of effort." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Bennie G. Thompson, Sheila Jackson Lee, Robert B. Stephan, Roger T. Rufe Jr., Thomas H. Blackwell, Scott McCartney, Douglas Reynolds.
United States. Government Printing Office
2008
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WHO Mass Gathering COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool -- Religious Events
From the Document: "Routine planning for mass gatherings includes conducting risk assessments to determine the overall risk of disease spread connected to a mass gathering. In view of the current outbreak of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], the World Health Organization (WHO) has developed this risk assessment tool for religious events. The assessment include a risk evaluation, risk mitigation, and risk communication strategy developed for use by host countries and organizers of mass gathering to assess the specific risk of COVID-19."
World Health Organization
2020-07-10
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Committee on Homeland Security, Majority Staff Report Examining: Public Health, Safety, and Security for Mass Gatherings
"Chairman Bennie G. Thompson (D-MS) of the House Committee on Homeland Security, charged the Democratic Majority staff to: [1] Examine a number of different mass gathering events and venues, [2] Observe how the public and private organizations providing support at mass gatherings identify, meet, and overcome the challenges inherent in dealing with threats to events, attendees, and the Nation, and [3] Identify areas where additional homeland security resources and/or other assistance might help the public and private sectors as they work to ensure the public health, safety, and security of attendees, participants, support personnel, and surrounding communities at these events."
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security
2008-05
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How to Use WHO Risk Assessment and Mitigation Checklist for Mass Gatherings in the Context of COVID-19
From the Background: "This is an operational tool which offers guidance for organizers holding meetings during the COVID-19 outbreak and which should be accompanied by the WHO [World Health Organization] COVID-19 Generic Risk Assessment Excel file available on the WHO website. Routine planning for Mass Gatherings includes conducting risk assessments to determine the overall risk of disease spread. This document provides a COVID-19 risk assessment and mitigation checklist for use by host countries and mass gathering organizers and staff. Specifically, this document provides an overview of the following: [1] Information to collect about the meeting; [2] COVID-19 risk assessment tool; [3] COVID-19 mitigation measures checklist; [and 4] Decision matrix that incorporates the risk assessment and mitigation measure scores for the final determination."
World Health Organization
2020-03-20
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Mass Gatherings: Take Charge of Your Personal Safety!
"A mass gathering occurs when a large number of people come together in a particular location for a specific purpose. These locations, especially those associated with large crowds, could be an attractive target for terrorism and other crimes. If everyone plays their part, we can keep our neighborhoods, communities, and the nation safe against the threats we face."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
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Mass Gatherings: Security Awareness for Soft Targets and Crowded Places
From the Document: "A mass gathering occurs when a large number of people come together in a particular location for a specific purpose. These locations, especially those associated with large crowds, could be an attractive target for terrorism and other crimes. By connecting with local authorities, developing plans to identify issues and support incident response, training staff and volunteers, and reporting concerns to emergency authorities, many incidents may be mitigated or avoided. In local communities, DHS Protective Security Advisors (PSAs) work with federal, state, and local government officials and private sector partners to protect soft targets and crowded places. In doing so, PSAs encourage businesses to 'Connect, PIan, Train, and Report'. Applying these four steps in advance of an incident or attack can help better prepare businesses and their employees to proactively think about the role they play in the safety and security of their businesses and communities."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
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Mass Gatherings Guidance on Novel Coronavirus or COVID-19
From the Context: "Mass gatherings and large community events bring people from multiple communities into close contact with each other and have the potential to increase COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] transmission. One method to slow the spread of respiratory virus infections, including COVID-19, is by increasing social distancing (reduce close contact). The goals of this guidance are: (1) to protect people attending and working at the event and the local community from COVID-19 infection; and (2) to reduce community transmission and introductions of COVID-19 into new communities."
California. Department of Public Health
2020-03-07
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WHO Mass Gathering COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool -- Generic Events
From the Document: "The content of this Risk Assessment tool has been updated to reflect new WHO [World Health Organization] guidance and new evidence on both COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] and mass gatherings, as well as feedback from end-users. Additional improvements have been made to the way the information is organized and presented: the Decision Tree is now built into the tool and a new tab dedicated to Risk Communication has been added. The expanded tool now includes six tabs: 1. Instructions; 2. Decision Tree; 3. Risk Evaluation; 4. Risk Mitigation; 5. Decision Matrix; 6. Risk Communication."
World Health Organization
2020-07-10
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WHO Mass Gathering COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool -- Sports Events
From the Document: "The content of this Risk Assessment tool has been updated to reflect new WHO [World Health Organization] guidance and new evidence on both COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] and mass gatherings, as well as feedback from end-users. Additional improvements have been made to the way the information is organized and presented: the Decision Tree is now built into the tool and a new tab dedicated to Risk Communication has been added. The expanded tool now includes six tabs: 1. Instructions; 2. Decision Tree; 3. Risk Evaluation; 4. Risk Mitigation; 5. Decision Matrix; 6. Risk Communication."
World Health Organization
2020-07-10
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Get Your Mass Gatherings Ready for Pandemic Flu
From the Purpose: "This guide provides information about nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and their use during a flu pandemic. NPIs are actions, apart from getting vaccinated and taking antiviral medications, that people and communities can take to help slow the spread of respiratory illnesses like pandemic flu. Use this guide to develop a new contingency plan or modify an existing emergency operations plan for pandemic flu that reflects considerations specific to your events, venues, and community."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2017-04
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Sports, Entertainment & Restaurants: How Restrictions to Mass Gatherings Will Impact Key Industries [video]
From the Description: "Suzanne Clark, President of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce; Ret. Navy Vice Admiral Dr. Raquel C. Bono, former head of U.S. military medicine and key COVID-19 advisor to Washington Gov. Jay Inslee; Michael Kaufman, former chairman of the National Restaurant Association; and Rick Roman, owner of the Roman Theatre Management discuss the impact of public health measures on sports, entertainment, and restaurants." The length of this video is 59 minutes and ten seconds.
U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation
Clark, Suzanne; Bono, Raquel C.; Kaufman, Michael . . .
2020-05-14
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Considerations for Response: Incidents Involving Mass Gatherings and Large Crowds During the COVID-19 Pandemic
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has presented our nation's first responders with numerous unprecedented challenges. Fire departments across the country have quickly innovated and adapted to new protocols that address the safety of firefighters and EMS [Emergency Medical Services] providers while ensuring that all interactions with our communities are professional and in adherence to patient care and operational policies and directives. The role of the fire service during the COVID-19 pandemic is unchanged. However, it is more important now than ever to maintain and strengthen community relations that reflect sensitivity, compassion, and understanding. Our communities are coping with multiple adverse impacts due to COVID-19, including illness, loss of life, loss of employment, economic downturn, anxiety, and significant disruptions to routine. During this challenging time, the fire service can help educate our communities, maintain confidence in government, and heighten safety and resilience."
International Association of Fire Chiefs
2020-05-10
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Solar Eclipses: Planning Resources
"On August 21, 2017, a total solar eclipse will be visible in a path across the U.S. from Oregon to South Carolina, from early morning through the afternoon. It is expected that millions will travel to locations across the country to view this rare event. […] Many of these locations are rural with limited healthcare infrastructure, and since these sites are not (yet) officially sponsored, the typical augmentation of resources that accompanies planned mass gatherings will not take place. To address planning and response concerns and help local emergency healthcare providers plan for these gatherings, the ASPR TRACIE [Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response; Technical Resources, Assistance Center, and Information Exchange] team collected the following fact sheets, checklists, locally-developed guidance documents, and news articles on eye safety, injury treatment, and planned mass gatherings in rural and urban areas. Resources in sections I through V are specific to the eclipse event; the rest of the sections include resources related to planned mass gatherings."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
2017-07
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UPDATE: Banning Religious Assemblies to Stop the Spread of COVID-19 [Updated June 1, 2020]
From the Document: "'On May 29, 2020, the Supreme Court denied two petitions for certiorari appealing lower court decisions on gathering bans in Illinois and California. The U.S. Courts of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit and Ninth Circuit had both affirmed preliminary rulings in favor of the government, rejecting churches' requests for preliminary injunctions that would have prevented the two states from enforcing their orders limiting mass gatherings. The Supreme Court denied the petition in the Illinois case, noting that the state had issued new guidance providing guidelines for worship services. In the California case, Chief Justice Roberts wrote an opinion concurring in the Court's one-sentence order denying the appeal to explain why he believed the churches were not entitled to an injunction. In particular, he said that California's restrictions on places of worship appeared 'consistent' with the Free Exercise Clause because churches were being treated similarly to comparable secular gatherings. He also emphasized that, under the circumstances, courts likely should not be 'second-guessing' the public health decisions made by state officials. Four Justices would have granted the California churches' petition. Justice Kavanaugh wrote a separate opinion stating that in his view, the California order unconstitutionally discriminated against religious worship by treating worship services worse than comparable secular businesses. There are a number of ongoing court proceedings across the country, and it is possible that another case challenging a gathering ban on First Amendment grounds will reach the Supreme Court.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brannon, Valerie C.
2020-06-01
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Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Report - 131
From the Highlights: "[1] WHO [World Health Organization] has published key planning recommendations for mass gatherings in the context of the current COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] outbreak. The document provides guidance on containing risks of COVID-19 transmission associated with mass gathering events. [2] The UN and WHO have urged governments around the world to take the mental health consequences of the pandemic seriously, and ensure widespread availability of mental health support. WHO discusses this in a recently released article and has published guidelines for communities and a children's book. [3] An article released by WHO Regional Office for Europe introduces recently published technical guidance on preventing and managing the COVID-19 pandemic across longterm care services. [4] WHO has released a framework for decision-making that proposes a step-wise approach to the assessment of the relative risks and benefits of conducting mass vaccination campaigns in the context of COVID-19[.]"
World Health Organization
2020-05-30
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Dispatchers Guide for WMD Incidents
"A Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) terrorist incident, involving chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear or high-yield explosive weapons, on a Department of Defense (DoD) installation or in a civilian community poses a significant threat to military personnel and civilians. A WMD terrorist attack will present major challenges to an installations or a communitys emergency response teams. No matter what type of emergency takes place the initial information concerning the event will be gathered by the individual in the Emergency Dispatch Center. Asking the right questions and obtaining vital information will play an enormous part in the initial minutes of the incident. The information being provided to the Incident Commander and the responders will be an important part of the process used to assess the risk and make life and death decisions. Sending first responders to a scene with as much accurate information as possible will save lives. The Emergency Dispatch Center, during the initial stage of a response has a critical role in the success or failure of an emergency operation as the responders on the scene. WMD incidents combine the priorities of a mass casualty incident and the danger of a large-scale hazardous materials incident. This guide has been designed to aid the call taker or dispatcher collecting the initial information for the emergency responders, in order to ensure a coordinated safe response during a WMD incident. It also provides basic guidance that can be provided to callers to reduce the hazards to the caller and others at the incident scene."
Edgewood Chemical Biological Center; United States. Department of Defense
2004-09
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Special Events Contingency Planning: Job Aids Manual
"The purpose of this manual is the prevention of injury, suffering, or death that may occur as a result of poor planning or preventable incidents at public events. This manual is intended to provide guidance for the management of risks associated with conducting events that involve mass gatherings of people and assist planners and organizers in making such events safe and successful. Details of the development of the manual and other related matters are noted in the Background section of the Introduction. The manual was sponsored, edited, and published by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)/Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). FEMA has prepared this manual for use by anyone planning or conducting a special event or mass gathering. This manual is intended to enable its users to ensure that adequate measures and systems are in place to prevent, reduce, and provide care for injuries, illness, and suffering that may occur."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2005-03
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Special Events Contingency Planning: Job Aids Manual [2010]
This is the updated version of a previous publication, found at the following url: https://www.hsdl.org/?mdt:abstract&did=463679. "The purpose of this manual is the prevention of injury, suffering, or death that may occur as a result of poor planning or preventable incidents at public events. This manual is intended to provide guidance for the management of risks associated with conducting events that involve mass gatherings of people and assist planners and organizers in making such events safe and successful. Details of the development of the manual and other related matters are noted in the Background section of the Introduction. The manual was sponsored, edited, and published by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)/Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). FEMA has prepared this manual for use by anyone planning or conducting a special event or mass gathering. This manual is intended to enable its users to ensure that adequate measures and systems are in place to prevent, reduce, and provide care for injuries, illness, and suffering that may occur."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2010-05
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Sport Event Risk Management: NCS4 Workshop Demonstration
This presentation offers information on emergency management during mass gatherings. "The U. S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has identified venues of mass gatherings, including sport stadiums and arenas, as potential targets. DHS emphasizes an all-hazards approach relative to disaster preparedness and response. This includes any natural or human-made hazard."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
Mitchell, Darren; Cooper, Walter; Marciani, Lou
2009-12
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Smart Strategies for Effectively Managing Entertainment Districts
From the Thesis Abtract: "Entertainment districts are--and will continue to be--a significant homeland security concern due to the large numbers of people who gather at these locations. Both the June 12, 2016, mass shooting at the Pulse Nightclub in Orlando, Florida, and the October 2, 2017, mass shooting at the Route 91 Harvest Country Music Festival in Las Vegas, Nevada, are tragic and recent examples of the devastation that continues to occur surrounding large gatherings of people. Entertainment districts share many similarities with traditional special events; however, research indicates that successful management of these areas requires a much more robust and comprehensive strategy to effectively maximize safety while maintaining an enjoyable atmosphere. The concept of place management has received significant attention in research regarding managing entertainment districts. This thesis analyzes how the actions of those controlling the businesses have a direct impact on the crime and disorder within a particular location. This thesis provides a comprehensive overview of the related literature and case studies from several active entertainment districts. The goal of this research is to identify and outline a collection of successful smart practices that jurisdictions should consider adopting based on the particular needs and expectations of their communities."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.); Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Penn, Charles A.
2019-03
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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report - 28
From the Highlights: "[1] No new countries reported cases of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] in the past 24 hours. [2] From today, WHO [World Health Organization] will be reporting all confirmed cases, including both laboratory-confirmed as previously reported, and those reported as clinically diagnosed (currently only applicable to Hubei province, China). From 13 February through 16 February, we reported only laboratory confirmed cases for Hubei province as mentioned in the situation report published on 13 February. The change in reporting is now shown in the figures. This accounts for the apparent large increase in cases compared to prior situation reports. [3] Based on the evidence currently available about COVID-19, WHO has developed guidance documents for managing public health events at Points of Entry and mass gatherings. These are posted on WHO COVID-19 Points of Entry and Mass Gatherings website. See Technical Focus for more details. [4] WHO Eastern Mediterranean office has updated information on COVID-19 cases."
World Health Organization
2020-02-17
