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Effects of Catastrophic Events on Transportation System Management and Operations
"This report documents the actions taken by transportation agencies in response to the earthquake in Northridge, California on January 17, 1994, and is part of a larger effort to examine the impacts of catastrophic events on transportation system facilities and services. The findings documented in this report are a result of a detailed literature search on Northridge lessons learned."
United States. Department of Transportation
DeBlasio, Allan J.; Zamora, Amanda; Mottley, Frederick . . .
2002-04
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Guide to Using HAZUS for Mitigation
"A Guide to Using HAZUS for Mitigation (hereinafter referred to as the Guide) describes how HAZUS can help your local community, county, region or state identify, develop and implement measures to accomplish effective earthquake hazard risk reduction. The Guide will assist you in using HAZUS to ask questions about your community's vulnerability to earthquake damage and how such losses might be reduced by implementing preventive (mitigative) actions. It will help you understand how to use HAZUS loss estimates to develop and implement an effective community mitigation plan. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) defines mitigation as 'sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people and property from hazards and their effects.' One of FEMA's principal objectives in promoting HAZUS is to encourage users to analyze, in advance, potential estimates of deaths, injuries, building damage and economic loss, and disruption to lifelines and critical facilities due to earth-quakes (other natural hazards will be addressed in future versions of HAZUS), and then to design and implement measures to reduce expected losses. Mitigation measures such as incorporating seismic design requirements into new buildings, or accomplishing seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings, will reduce the expected losses but not totally eliminate them. Improvement gained from a mitigation measure is the difference between the original condition and the improved (mitigated) condition."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
National Institute of Building Sciences (Washington, D.C.)
2002-04
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East Meets Midwest: An Earthquake in India Helps Hazard Assessment in the Central United States
"Although geographically distant, the State of Gujarat in India bears many geological similarities to the Mississippi Valley in the Central United States. The Mississippi Valley contains the New Madrid seismic zone that, during the winter of 1811-1812, produced the three largest historical earthquakes ever in the continental United States and remains the most seismically active region east of the Rocky Mountains. Large damaging earthquakes are rare in 'intraplate' settings like New Madrid and Gujarat, far from the boundaries of the world's great tectonic plates. Long-lasting evidence left by these earthquakes is subtle (fig. 1). Thus, each intraplate earthquake provides unique opportunities to make huge advances in our ability to assess and understand the hazards posed by such events."
Geological Survey (U.S.); United States. Department of the Interior
2002-03
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Traumatic Incident Stress: Information for Emergency Response Workers
This document outlines symptoms of stress that may be experienced during or after a traumatic incident. Additional resources and information on what you can do on-site and at home are provided. "Disasters take many forms and demand quick response from emergency workers. They may include natural disasters such as earthquakes or hurricanes, or they may involve man-made disasters such as technological failures or terrorist attacks. As a member of an emergency response learn, you and your learn members are at risk of experiencing what psychologists refer to as a traumatic incident-an incident that may involve exposure to catastrophic events, severely injured children or adults, dead bodies or body parts, or the loss of colleagues, for instance."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2002
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USAID/INDIA - Strategic Objective Close-out Report
"On January 26th, 2001, the Gujarat state of India was hit by a devastating earthquake, measuring 7.6 on the Richter scale. It affected 7,633 villages and towns in 21 districts, affecting more than 15 million people, killed almost 20,000 and left around 600,000 homeless. It is estimated that infrastructure worth $453 million was damaged. Following the immediate relief phase, USAID/India recognized the longer term need for rehabilitation and recovery and launched the Gujarat Earthquake Recovery Initiative. A new special objective: 'Recovery, Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Needs Met for Target Vulnerable Groups' was approved in March, 2001."
United States. Agency for International Development
2002
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FEMA Annual Performance & Accountability Report - Fiscal Year 2001
"Prior to September 11th, FEMA moved forward with a realignment plan to streamline our internal organization. We responded to the Seattle-area earthquake, floods, Tropical Storm Allison, and major storms around the country. At the Presidents request, we created the Office of National Preparedness to develop prevention, preparation, and response strategies for threats posed by Weapons of Mass Destruction. Since September 11th, FEMA has accepted its new challenges. We have redoubled our focus on First Responders - the lynchpins of emergency management. We are developing a Strategic Plan to articulate our new goals and make our operations as transparent and accountable as possible. Finally, we are working closely with the new Office of Homeland Security to develop nationwide response plans for terrorist threats. All of our new responsibilities have been met - and will continue to be met -without neglecting FEMA's core disaster management operations. We will continue to work with states and local governments to build up their capabilities and to work within the federal government to make our programs more efficient and successful. This report outlines the progress we've made in 2001 and reflects FEMA's commitment to meeting the new challenges facing the Agency."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2002
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Extension Agent's Handbook for Emergency Preparation and Response
The Extension Agent's Handbook for Disaster Preparedness and Response
can be a valuable response tool for you, the Extension agent, in times
of emergency or as an aid in preparedness education activities. The
Handbook is divided into two parts to provide the information you need
in an easy-to-use format. The first section of the Handbook, General
Family Preparedness, provides basic information you may need to access
quickly in any disaster or emergency situation. It also may be used as
a preparedness education tool for the public. The second section of the Handbook covers 10 disaster specific situations. For the purposes of this manual, a disaster is any event which drastically affects a person's life or livelihood. Floods, fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, winter storms, earthquakes, droughts and volcanic eruptions are considered to be natural disasters, events over which one usually has no control. Radiological and hazardous materials
accidents may be caused by the failure of people to maintain control over the operation, transportation or storage of certain materials. In addition to an overview of the disaster, each section provides a series of preparedness measures and post-disaster responses that should be taken in conjunction with those outlined in the General Family Preparedness section.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2002
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Emergency Funding to Respond to the September 11th Terrorist Attacks
The supplemental appropriations bill provides $40 billion for "emergency expenses to respond to the terrorist attacks on the United States that occurred on September 11, 2001." Departments and agencies should continue to take all steps necessary to respond swiftly to urgent requirements and to alleviate human endangerment and suffering. All agency costs directly related to these terrorist attacks will be reimbursed. If you have any question about the availability of funding, please consult your OMB contact. The Congress has given us extraordinary authority and funding to address this crisis. It is incumbent on us to see that every dollar of these resources is used for the intended purposes and is fully accounted for. Attached for your information are guidelines that OMB will use in identifying and evaluating with you those areas where the funding enacted today should be targeted. These guidelines have been adapted, usually verbatim, from the procedures followed in response to previous emergencies, including Desert Storm, the Northridge earthquake, and the Northwest floods of 1997. A proposed activity is not expected to meet each of these guidelines but, if a request appears to violate one or more, it will be given very close scrutiny.
United States. White House Office
2001-09-14
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Priority Directions for Research on Tsunami Hazard Estimation: Cascadia Subduction Zone, Pacific Northwest Coast of North America
"Cascadia subduction zone tsunamis could conceivably cause the loss of tens of thousands of lives on t he Pacific Northwest coast of North America . Paleoseismic and other data support Cascadia earthquakes with moment magnitudes of -9, rupture lengths of ,-1000 km, and recurrence of 400-600 years; the last event was 301 years a go, so t he conditional probability of another occurring in the next 100 years is high. Hydrodynamic simulations depicting destructive potential of Cascadia tsunamis have been hindered chiefly by uncertainties in the earthquake source, rupture simulation methods, and lack of independent verification. Uncertainties in the hydrodynamic simulation methods and in oceanographic factors (e .g ., non•linear tidal effects) are also of concern; however , coseismic seafloor deformation is a much greater source of error. Research priorities should therefore be directed toward refinement of our knowledge of asperities, splay faults, total fault slip, and rupture simulation algorithms . Tsunami and fault dislocation simulations should be checked against coseismic deformation, inundation, water depth, and current velocities estimated independently from investigations of paleotsunami deposits and buried salt marsh soils. An organized interdisciplinary team effort operating within the framework of a comprehensive science plan is clearly needed. Leadership at the federal level in both Canada and the United States is the key to further progress."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Priest, George R.
2001-08-07
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Tsunami Hazard Assessment in Oregon
"Tsunami hazard assessment in Oregon has proceeded by first completing a detailed inundation simulation of the Siletz Bay area where various model parameters were tested against estimates of inundation and run-up from prehistoric tsunami deposits. Reconnaissance-level inundation maps for the entire coastline were then produced to implement Senate Bill 379, which limits construction of critical and essential facilities in tsunami inundation zones. Detailed simulation based on three standardized Cascadia subduction zone earthquake sources have since been completed a Astoria, Warrenton, Gearhart, Seaside, Newport, Coos Bay, and Gold Beach. If funding is available, detailed inundation mapping will be accomplished for (in priority order, highest to lowest): (1) Alsea Bay (Waldport); (2) Rockaway Beach; (3) Sisuslaw estuary (Florence); (4) Nestucca Bay (Pacific City); (5) Coquille estuary (Bandon); and (6) Umpqua estuary (Winchester Bay- Reed sport). Each mapping project is done in close collaboration with the affected local governments. Maps of worst-case inundation are being completed for production of evacuation brochures in most communities, whether detailed inundation maps are available or not. The design and degree of conservatism employed in these evacuation maps is, again, worked out in close collaboration with local governments."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Priest, George R.; Baptista, Antonio M.; Myers, Edward P.
2001-08-07
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CREST Project: Consolidated Reporting of Earthquakes and Tsunamis
"In 1997 the U.S. Geological Survey, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, and the five western states joined in a partnership to enhance t he quality and quantity of seismic data provided to the NOAA tsunami warning centers in Alaska and Hawaii. The project, named t he Consolidated Reporting of Earthquakes and Tsunamis (CREST), now provides the warning centers with real-time seismic data over dedicated communication links and the Internet from regional seismic networks monitoring earthquakes in the five western states, the U.S. National Seismic Network in Colorado) and from domestic and global seismic stations operated by other agencies. The goal of t he project is to reduce the time needed to issue a tsunami warning by providing the warning centers with high-dynamic range, broadband waveforms in near real-time. An additional goal is to reduce the likelihood of issuing false tsunami warnings by rapidly providing to the warning centers parametric information on earthquakes that could indicate their tsunamigenic potential, such as hypocenters, magnitudes) moment tensors, and shake distribution maps. At the end of the 5-year project new or upgraded field instrumentation will be installed at about 56 seismic stations in the five western states. Data from these instruments has been integrated into t he CREST network utilizing Earthworm software. The CREST system has significantly reduced the time needed to respond to teleseismic earthquakes. Notably, the West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center responded to the 28 February 2001 Mw 6.8 Nisqually earthquake beneath Olympia ) Washington within 2 min) compared to an average response time of over 10 min for the previous 18 years."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Oppenheimer, D.; Bittenbinder, Alex; Bogaert, Barbara
2001-08-07
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U.S. West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center
"The U.S. West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (WC/ATWC) was established in Palmer, Alaska in 1967 as a direct result of the great Alaskan earthquake that occurred in Prince William Sound on 27 March 1964. This earthquake alerted State and Federal officials to the need for a facility to provide timely and effective tsunami warnings and information for the coastal areas of Alaska. In 1982 the WC/ ATWC's area of responsibility (AOR) was enlarged to include the issuing of tsunami warnings to California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, for potential tsunamigeuic Earthquakes occurring in their coastal areas. In 1996 the responsibility was again expanded to include all Pacific-wide tsunamigenic sources which could affect the California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska coasts."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Sokolowski, Thomas J.
2001-08-07
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Tsunami Hazard Map of the Southern Washington Coast: Modeled and Inferred Tsunami Inundation from a Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquake
This map was prepared for the 2001 National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program review session and was published with an accompanying paper. From the paper's abstract: "We have prepared a map of expected tsunami inundation on the southern Washington (U.S.A.) coast from a Cascadia subduction zone (CSZ) earthquake. Inundation was modeled with a modified version of the finite element model ADCIRC. The initial condition is a scenario M9.1 event that was developed for similar mapping in Oregon. The event parameters were taken from published geophysical models of t he elastic slip zone of the CSZ optimized by paleoseismic evidence of land-level changes. Subsidence is incorporated into the model results and in places reaches nearly 2 meters. The modeled inundation is adjusted to honor finer-resolution topographic elements than were used in the model grid and also takes into account paleoseismic evidence of tsunami inundation from the A.D. 1700 CSZ event. Representative time histories are shown along the outer coast and at key locations within Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay. In addition, all available observations of inundation from the 1964 Alaskan tsunami are shown."
National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (U.S.)
2001-08-07
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Inundation Mapping in Hawaii
"The evacuation maps which appear in the telephone books for every county in Hawaii were drawn from historical inundation information, and refined from an understanding of overland flow as well as from the need to keep things simple and clearly linked to geographic features, such as roads. With National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program funding , those maps are now being reviewed by modeling inundation from both Pacific-wide and locally generated tsunamis. Preliminary inundation modeling shows that the evacuation maps for Honolulu are realistic, but the similar maps for Maui and the Big Island will have to be revised, at least for locally generated events. Among probable 'worst-case' local events we consider are a magnitude 7.5 South Kona earthquake and a major Hilina block (Kilauea) slump event. Inundation mapping of teletsunamis is concentrating on the most severe threat, tsunamis from the Alaska Aleutian subduction zone. If funding can be found this work will extend to the entire Pacific margin, including South and Southwest Pacific sources, for which the historical inundation information is sketchy. This entire work is frustrated by the limited availability of shallow-water bathymetry, but such data are slowly becoming available."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Fryer, Gerard J.; Cheung, K.F.; Teng, Michelle H.
2001-08-07
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Impact of the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program on Operations of the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center
"The first 5 years of the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NT HMP) have had a significant positive impact on operations of the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC). As a result of the NTHMP's CREST program (Consolidated Reporting of Earthquakes and Tsunamis), the amount and quality of real-time seismic data flowing into PTWC has increased dramatically, enabling development and implementation of more automated and modern techniques of seismic data analysis applicable to tsunami warning. The NTHMP's DART program (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis) is now providing the first real-time sea level instruments at strategic locations in the deep ocean to more accurately measure tsunami waves as they propagate toward shorelines at risk. A new type of tsunami run-up gauge is being built and deployed in Hawaii to more rapidly assess local tsunamis. Recent numerical modeling of tsunamis , some of it being done through programs of the NTHMP, is leading toward tools for the reduction of unnecessary warnings and better forecasts for destructive tsunamis."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
McCreery, Charles S.
2001-08-07
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Tsunami Mitigation Efforts on California's North Coast
"The 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquake raised concerns about tsunamis along the Cascadia margin. In the 9 years since the 1992 earthquake) a sustained tsunami mitigation program has been established in north coast California including: 1. California Division of Mines and Geology earthquake planning scenario for a larger Cascadia earthquake and local tsunami. 2. Redwood Coast Tsunami Working Group, an organization of emergency managers, agencies, and businesses from Humboldt) Mendocino, and Del Norte Counties that promotes and coordinates regional mitigation projects. 3. Publications: 3 editions (225,000 copies) Living on Shaky Ground: How to Survive Earthquakes and Tsunamis on California's North Coast, and other publications. 4. T he Earthquake Education Through Theatre Arts Project producing public service announcements and drama productions with tsunami and earthquake safety themes in K- 12 public schools. 5. Tsunami curriculum materials and workshops for K- 12 teachers, 6. Emergency response planning and exercises t ha t include a near-source tsunami. Five assessment surveys conducted between 1993 and 2001 demonstrate the effectiveness of regional mitigation efforts."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Dengler, Lorinda Ann
2001-08-07
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State of California Tsunami 5-year Review (1997-2001)
"The California coast is at risk of tsunamis that are generated both locally and from a distance. In 1964, 10 people died and 35 were injured when a tsunami caused by an Alaskan earthquake reached Crescent City, at the California/ Oregon border. In addition to tsunamis originating in seismic zones across the Pacific Ocean, Northern California communities are at risk of a local tsunami generated by an earthquake in the Cascadia Subduction Zone, an undersea thrust fault system that runs along the coasts of Canada, Washington, and Oregon, down to Mendocino County, 100 miles north of San Francisco. While tsunamis originating in Alaska can take hours to reach California, providing some time for planned evacuation, a Cascadia earthquake could send a tsunami to Northern California within 15 minutes. In the Santa Barbara Channel and in Monterey Bay, recent bathymetric studies reveal evidence of past submarine landslides capable of generating large tsunamis. The threat of seismically generated submarine landslide off the Southern and Central California coasts still exists. With intensive development along the coast and the commercially strategic ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles, Southern California is particularly vulnerable to tsunamis generated locally by undersea landslide or earthquake. Because locally generated tsunamis provide such little time for warning, communities need to be informed of the exact areas that could be inundated and the precise routes for self evacuation."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Eisner, Richard K.
2001-08-07
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Reducing Earthquake and Tsunami Hazards in Pacific Northwest Ports and Harbors-Protecting Our Ports and Harbors Project
"While ports and harbors represent significant elements of a coastal community, very little harbor-specific planning has been done to examine their risk and vulnerability, or to identify ways to minimize loss of life and damage to vessels, waterfront businesses, and other waterfront operations. At the same time, ports and harbors are likely to be of paramount importance in disaster response and recovery operations) serving as principal links to the outside world. The Protecting our Ports and Harbors Project primary objectives include the identification of earthquake-tsunami issues relevant to ports and harbors along the Oregon and Washington coast) and the development of a community-based co-seismic hazards mitigation planning process. The projects emphasis on hazards assessment and analysis, combined with partnership building and public education, employs a methodology that should help increase t he resilience of ports) harbors, and t heir surrounding communities to earthquake and tsunami hazards."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Stein, David; Eslinger, Sandy; Jackson, Russell
2001-08-07
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Disaster Mitigation Due to Next Nankai Earthquake Tsunamis Occurring in around 2035
"Earthquake occurrences in western Japan are caused by earthquakes beneath the along the Nankai trough. This trough averages 4000 m in depth off the Kii peninsula that runs east to west, off about 100 km from Shionomisaki cape, with its eastern tip reaching into Suruga Bay. Here the northerly Philippine Sea plate is slipping and subducting beneath the Eurasia plate at an average speed of 4 to 5 em/ year, and is believed to have been doing so for several million years. When this slippage exceeds a total of about 5 m, a rupture occurs, creating a M 8- 8.6 earthquake. The 'urban tsunami disaster' due to occur following a Nankai earthquake is expected to strike a wide area that includes many modern coastal cities and ports, resulting in a disaster of unprecedented proportions. Consequently, it will be very difficult to apply the lessons, of past tsunami disasters if an expansive area including residential coastal towns as well as low-lying large urban regions with populations of hundreds of thousands or millions of people is hit by a tsunami. This paper presents disaster scenarios and tsunami disaster reduction methods that are necessary for producing a long-term tsunami measure policy and which, more importantly, have not yet been encountered in actual tsunami disasters."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Kawata, Yoshiaki
2001-08-07
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Tsunami Potential of Major Restraining Bends Along Submarine Strike-Slip Faults
"Strike-slip faults, with mostly horizontal displacements, are rarely considered capable sources of destructive tsunami. Real strike-slip faults are sinuous, however, with curved and offset traces where local areas of uplift or subsidence occur. At fault bends or offsets where the lateral slip is restrained, seafloor uplift during large submarine earthquakes may generate locally destructive tsunami. To investigate tsunami potential along the San Diego, California coast, we model uplift along a major rest raining bend of the offshore San Clemente fault zone. The 60 km long, 15° oblique fault segment has created an 875 km2 area of seafloor uplift. Maximum uplift based on seafloor relief is 430 m, although the total tectonic uplift shown in seismic profiles is about 720 m. To calibrate elastic dislocation models for earthquake source deformation, seafloor morphology and relative uplift from detailed Sea Beam bathymetry arc scaled for a single-event fault displacement. Hydrodynamic models developed at USC are then applied to propagate the tsunami to the adjacent coastline to estimate wave run-up. We find that elastic dislocation models used to estimate tsunami potential underestimate the seafloor displacement (< 1 m). Meters of fault slip were observed during recent large earthquakes (M ≥7) and on seafloor fault scarps viewed from submersible on the San Clemente fault. Many large restraining bends exist on several offshore fault zones, thereby posing a greater local tsunami risk for the southern California coast than previously stated."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Borrero, Jose C.; Legg, Mark R.
2001-08-07
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First Generation of Tsunami Inundation Maps for the State of California
"Cascadia subduction zone tsunamis could conceivably cause the loss of tens of thousands of lives on t he Pacific Northwest coast of North America. Paleoseismic and other data support Cascadia earthquakes with moment magnitudes of -9, rupture lengths of ,-1000 km, and recurrence of 400-600 years; the last event was 301 years ago, so the conditional probability of another occurring in the next 100 years is high. Hydrodynamic simulations depicting destructive potential of Cascadia tsunamis have been hindered chiefly by uncertainties in the earthquake source, rupture simulation methods, and lack of independent verification. Uncertainties in the hydrodynamic simulation methods and in oceanographic factors (e.g., non•linear tidal effects) are also of concern; however, coseismic seafloor deformation is a much greater source of error. Research priorities should therefore be directed toward refinement of our knowledge of asperities, splay faults, total fault slip, and rupture simulation algorithms. Tsunami and fault dislocation simulations should be checked against coseismic deformation, inundation, water depth, and current velocities estimated independently from investigations of paleotsunami deposits and buried salt marsh soils. An organized interdisciplinary team effort operating within the framework of a comprehensive science plan is clearly needed. Leadership at the federal level in both Canada and the United States is the key to further progress."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Borrero, Jose C.; Synolakis, Costas; Kanoglu, Utku
2001-08-07
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Peruvian Tsunami of 23 June 2001: Preliminary Report by the International Tsunami Survey Team
"On 23 June 2001, at 20:33 BMT (15:33 local time), a large earthquake struck t he southern provinces of Peru. With preliminary moments ranging from 1.2 to 4 times 1028 dyne cm, it could be the largest event recorded in more than 30 years. The last catastrophic earthquake in t his region took place in 1942. The 2001 event resulted in a regionally destructive tsunami, which claimed 23 lives, with 62 more people still missing. In t he aftermath of t his disaster , a 12-member International Tsunami Survey Team was deployed and in the field area from 5 to 15 July 2001. T he purpose of the expedition was to survey the tsunami damage, to record the testimony of wit nesses and to hold a town meeting at Camana, on 13 July, which regrouped more than 250 residents."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Borrero, Jose C.; Okal, Emile A.; Araya, Sebastian
2001-08-07
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Preliminary Model Results for the 23 June 2001 Peruvian Tsunami
"A tsunami generated by the 23 June 2001 Peruvian earthquake devastated the Peruvian coast near the epicenter and was recorded throughout the Pacific by coastal tide gages. This widespread impact motivated modeling efforts to produce a realistic tsunami simulation of this event as soon as possible. The TIME center has two resident numerical models, TUNAMI- 2 and MOST . Both models were used to produce a preliminary simulation shortly after the earthquake, and the first results were posted on the Internet a day after the event. These numerical results aimed to quantify the magnitude of the tsunami and , to a cert a in extent, to guide the post-tsunami survey. These first simulations were updated several times when new source data became available. Preliminary results and lessons of using numerical models in near-real-time mode will be presented."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Titov, Vasily V.; Koshimura, Shunichi
2001-08-07
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GIS-based Vulnerability Assessment of Pacific Northwest Ports and Harbors to Tsunami Hazards
"Recent research suggests the Pacific Northwest could experience catastrophic earthquake and tsunami events in the near future, both from distant and local sources, posing a significant threat to coastal communities. Typically built on fill and located in low-lying areas prone to inundation, ports and harbors are especially vulnerable to these hazards. A collaborative, multi-year initiative is presently underway to increase the resiliency of Pacific Northwest ports and harbors to earthquake and tsunami hazards, involving Oregon Extension Sea Grant, Washington Sea Grant, the NOAA [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration] Coastal Services Center, and the USGS [U.S. Geological Survey] Center for Science Policy. As part of this initiative, a Geographic Information System (GIS) assessment model has been created, including 3-D system visualization, hazard scenario simulations, and resource vulnerability analyses. This vulnerability model will be reviewed, using the ports and harbors of Yaquina Bay, Oregon, as a case study. Analyses suggest that while t he port and harbor area of Yaquina Bay will be greatly impacted by an event, it may need to be the primary site for community-wide relief and recovery operations. The model and subsequent analyses facilitate the development of site-specific strategies that protect port and harbor resources and provide a foundation for post event planning."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Stein, David; Wood, Nathan (Nathan J.)
2001-08-07
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Tsunami Risk Estimation for the Coasts of Peru and Northern Chile
"Data for all known tsunamigenic earthquakes and observed tsunami run-up are used to estimate tsunami risk for the coasts of Peru and northern Chile for zones bounded by 0° to 35°S latitude. Tsunamigenic earthquake estimates yield magnitudes of 8.1, 8.4, and 8.7 with corresponding recurrence periods of 50, 100, and 200 years, respectively. According to the 'seismic gap' theory, there is a high likelihood of a strong earthquake in the region between 15°S and 24°S. Based on the tsunami run-up data, we expect tsunami wave heights of 13 m for a 50-year return period and 25 m for a 100-year return period. Sophisticated numerical modeling of possible tsunami events is important for estimation of local resonant effects and detailed tsunami-zoning of this region."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Rabinovich, Alexander B.; Kulikov, Evgueni A.; Thomson, Richard E.
2001-08-07
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Understanding Your Risks: Identifying Hazards and Estimating Losses, State and Local Mitigation Planning How-to Guide
This guide is the second in the series of "State and local mitigation planning 'how-to' guides produced by the Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA]. " More specifically, this guide "provides step-by-step guidance on how to accomplish a risk assessment. Through a series of general and hazard-specific guidance and worksheets, the guide will help States, Tribes, and communities to determine 1) which natural hazards could affect a jurisdiction; 2) what areas of the jurisdiction are vulnerable to the hazards; 3) what assets will be affected; and 4) to what degree they will be affected, as measured through dollar losses. The guide is multi-hazard in scope, addressing flood, earthquake, tsunami, tornado, coastal storm, landslide and wildfire. For communities dealing with multiple hazards, guidance is also provided on how to develop a composite loss estimate. Once the risk assessment is completed, States and communities will have the information necessary to develop a strategy and plan for reducing their losses."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2001-08
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SCIGN - New Southern California GPS Network Advances the Study of Earthquakes
"Southern California is a giant jigsaw puzzle, and scientists are now using GPS satellites to track the pieces. These puzzle pieces are continuously moving, slowly straining the faults in between. That strain is then eventually released in earthquakes. The innovative Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN) tracks the motions of these pieces over most of southern California with unprecedented precision. This new network greatly improves the ability to assess seismic hazards and quickly measure the larger displacements that occur during and immediately after earthquakes."
Geological Survey (U.S.); United States. Department of the Interior
2001-07
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Advanced National Seismic System: Management and Implementation
"Of all natural hazards, earthquakes pose the greatest risk for casualties and damage in the United States. Congress asked the U.S. Geological Survey to assess regional seismic networks and provide recommendations for modernizing seismic monitoring. The outcome is the Advanced National Seismic System."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
2001-04
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Earthquakes and Tsunamis in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands
"Many earthquakes and tsunamis have occurred in the northeastern Caribbean, where the movements of the Earth's surface plates are rapid and complicated. Future such events pose serious hazards to the 3.7 million people who live in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The Caribbean is one of the smaller surface plates of the Earth. The approximately rectangular plate extends from Central America on the west to the Lesser Antilles on the east, and from just south of Cuba on the north to South America on the south (fig. 1). Earthquakes occur all around its periphery, and volcanoes erupt on its eastern and western sides. This plate remains at a fixed spot relative to the deep Earth, while the North American plate, which includes the continent of North America and the western North Atlantic ocean basin, is being shoved westward. The motion between these plates is rapid for a geological process, at about 2 centimeters/year (about 1 inch/year)."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
2001-04
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National Warning System Operations Manual
"The National Warning System (NAWAS) is a 24-hour continuous private line telephone system used to convey warnings to Federal, State and local governments, as well as the military and civilian population. NAWAS is used to disseminate warning information concerning natural and technological disasters to various warning points throughout the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii and the Virgin Islands. This information includes but is not limited to acts of terrorism including Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) after aircraft incidents/accidents, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, nuclear incidents/accidents, severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, tsunamis and winter storms/blizzards. NAWAS allows issuance of warnings to all stations nationwide or to selected stations as dictated by the situation. This manual contains eligibility criteria that Federal, State and/or local governments must meet to have access to this system as well as operational procedures."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2001-03-30
