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Priority Directions for Research on Tsunami Hazard Estimation: Cascadia Subduction Zone, Pacific Northwest Coast of North America
"Cascadia subduction zone tsunamis could conceivably cause the loss of tens of thousands of lives on t he Pacific Northwest coast of North America . Paleoseismic and other data support Cascadia earthquakes with moment magnitudes of -9, rupture lengths of ,-1000 km, and recurrence of 400-600 years; the last event was 301 years a go, so t he conditional probability of another occurring in the next 100 years is high. Hydrodynamic simulations depicting destructive potential of Cascadia tsunamis have been hindered chiefly by uncertainties in the earthquake source, rupture simulation methods, and lack of independent verification. Uncertainties in the hydrodynamic simulation methods and in oceanographic factors (e .g ., non•linear tidal effects) are also of concern; however , coseismic seafloor deformation is a much greater source of error. Research priorities should therefore be directed toward refinement of our knowledge of asperities, splay faults, total fault slip, and rupture simulation algorithms . Tsunami and fault dislocation simulations should be checked against coseismic deformation, inundation, water depth, and current velocities estimated independently from investigations of paleotsunami deposits and buried salt marsh soils. An organized interdisciplinary team effort operating within the framework of a comprehensive science plan is clearly needed. Leadership at the federal level in both Canada and the United States is the key to further progress."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Priest, George R.
2001-08-07
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Population at Risk from Natural Hazards
"Generally, coastal hazards can be defined as episodic or chronic destructive natural system events that affect coastal areas. A variety of such events regularly threaten the nation's coastal inhabitants. Severe meteorological events such as hurricanes, tropical cyclones and northeasters often bring high winds, storm surges, flooding and shoreline erosion that are particularly damaging to coastal areas. Other hazards, while not exclusively coastal, can pose special threats to coastal locations. For example, earthquakes are more likely to incur the catastrophic impacts of liquifaction in some coastal areas due to the unique geologic features of the coasts. Tsunamis, with their potentially devastating floods, are uniquely coastal events resulting from offshore earthquakes or volcanic activity. In addition to these special hazards, many coastal locations are subjected to the more widespread hazards that can have an impact on inland areas, such as riverine flooding, landslides, wildfires and tornadoes."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1998-07
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Reducing the Impacts of Coastal Hazards
"One of the explanations often provided for the significant increase in the amount of disaster damages is the population increase in hazard-prone locations, including coastal areas. Every year, more and more Americans are at risk from a variety of natural hazards that affect the coastal environment. In the past 30 years, there has been such explosive growth along the nation's coastal margins that today more than 50% of U.S. citizens live in the coastal zone. Many of these citizens build their homes, businesses, schools and hospitals in locations that are particularly vulnerable to catastrophic and chronic coastal hazards, such as hurricanes, severe storms, coastal erosion and tsunamis. National attention on disaster losses intensified with Hurricane Hugo and the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989, and the other major catastrophic events that followed in rapid succession, including Hurricane Andrew in 1992, the Midwest floods in 1993 and the Northridge earthquake in 1994. In recent years, several hurricanes, including Opal, Marilyn, Iniki and Fran, have significantly affected the Southeast, Gulf, and Hawaiian and Caribbean coasts, while numerous storms and El Niño-induced events have pounded the West Coast. In addition, higher than average lake levels and coastal storms have resulted in destructive and costly flooding and erosion along the Great Lakes. The size and scope of these large-scale events have had a profound effect on public policy and perceptions concerning hazards and what can, or should, be done to minimize their impacts."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1998-07
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NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures (FEMA P-750)
"One of the goals of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) is to encourage design and building practices that address the earthquake hazard and minimize the resulting risk of damage and injury. Publication of the 2009 edition of the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures (FEMA P-750) reaffirms FEMA's ongoing support of efforts to achieve this goal. First published in 1985, the 2009 edition of the Provisions marks the seventh in a series of updates to the document and several complementary publications. FEMA is proud to have sponsored this project conducted by the Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC) of National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) and continues to encourage the widespread dissemination and voluntary use of this state-of-art consensus resource document. In contrast to the earlier editions of the Provisions which resulted from three-year update projects, the 2009 edition is the first resulting from a five-year update effort that allowed the BSSC's Provisions Update Committee (PUC) to make some major changes in both the substance and the format of the Provisions document. The most significant change involves the adoption by reference of the national consensus design loads standard, ASCE/SEI 7-05, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, including the related consensus standards referenced therein and Supplements 1 and 2. Part 1 of this document includes consensus-approved modifications of the seismic requirements in the standard."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2009
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Offshore Forecasting of Hawaiian Tsunamis Generated in Alaskan-Aleutian Subduction Zone
"This report describes an R&D [Research and Development ] activity conducted during FY 1998 to develop tsunami forecasting tools for the Pacific Disaster Center (PDC). The activity included analytical and numerical sensitivity studies of tsunami wave characteristics offshore of Hawaii, for ranges of earth- quake source parameters in the Alaska-Aleutian Subduction Zone (AASZ); this region is a major source of destructive tsunamis that strike Hawaii. A set of tsunami numerical simulation scenarios was designed to be the basis for the sensitivity analysis, using the 1996 Andreanov Island earth- quake/tsunami as a reference. The analysis shows that the first waves are relatively insensitive to the details of the earthquake fault plane parameters. Simulation results for unit sources have been stored as an online database with a WWW interface. A database user can quickly obtain a model prediction of the offshore tsunami wave heights at selected locations for a wide variety of AASZ earthquake scenarios. This database provides a useful offshore tsunami forecasting tool for hazard mitigation managers."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (U.S.)
Titov, Vasily V.; Mofjeld, Harold O.; Gonzalez, Frank I.
1999-01
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Community Rating System Credit for Mitigation of Tsunami Hazards
"A tsunami is a series of long waves generated by a sudden displacement of a large volume of water. Tsunamis are triggered by submarine earthquakes, submarine volcanic eruptions, underwater landslides or slumps of large volumes of earth, meteor impacts, and even onshore slope failures that fall into the ocean or a bay. Tsunamis are typically classified as either local or distant. Locally generated tsunamis have minimal warning times and may be accompanied by damage resulting from the triggering earthquake such as ground shaking, surface faulting, liquefaction, or landslides. This leaves few options except to run to high ground. Distant tsunamis may travel for hours before striking a coastline giving the community a chance to implement evacuation plans. In the open ocean, a tsunami may be only a few inches or feet high but can travel with speeds approaching 1000 kilometers (about 600 miles) per hour. As a tsunami enters the shoaling waters near a coastline, its speed diminishes, its wavelength decreases, and its height increases greatly. However, the first wave usually is not the largest. Several larger and more destructive waves often follow the first one. The configuration of the coastline, the shape of the ocean floor, and the characteristics of advancing waves play important roles in the destructiveness of the waves. Offshore canyons can focus tsunami wave energy and islands can filter the energy. The orientation of the coastline determines whether the waves strike head-on or are refracted from other parts of the coastline."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2006
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FEMA Mitigation Best Practices: Berkeley Hazard Mitigation Bond Program
This document is part of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Best Practices Portfolio. The Best Practices Portfolio is a collection of true stories about people and communities who have experienced disasters, and what mitigation they used to survive, rebuild, and prepare for disasters. From the document: "Like most California communities, the City of Berkeley is susceptible to multiple hazards, including earthquakes, wildland-urban interface fires, landslide and liquefaction areas, and urban creek flooding. [...] By leveraging funds and seeking technical assistance from a variety of sources, this city has made significant progress in reducing hazards and making its residents more aware of the necessity to mitigate and prepare before the next earthquake. These efforts will protect the infrastructure, economic stability and sustainability of the community and in doing so the residents will benefit from their investments in mitigation." This and other individual FEMA Best Practices documents are also combined in "Mitigation Best Practices: Public and Private Sector Best Practice Stories for All Activity/Project Types in All States and Territories Relating to All Hazards [August 10, 2011]," which can be accessed at the following link: [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=683132]
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2005-01-01
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Multi-hazard Loss Estimation Methodology: Flood Model, Hazus-MH MR5: User Manual
"HAZUS provides nationally applicable, standardized methodologies for estimating potential wind, flood, and earthquake losses on a regional basis. HAZUS can be used to conduct loss estimation for floods and earthquakes, and contains a preview model for hurricane loss estimation. The multi-hazard HAZUS is intended for use by local, state, regional officials, and consultants to assist mitigation planning and emergency response and recovery preparedness. For some hazards, HAZUS can also be used to prepare real-time estimates of damages during or following a disaster. The HAZUS Flood Model is for floodplain managers, their contractors, and others who are responsible for protecting citizens and property from the damaging affects of flooding. It is an integrated system for identifying and quantifying flood risks based on state of-the-art analysis. It provides an analytic, decision support tool to help communities make informed decisions regarding land use within their flood prone areas."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2010
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FEMA Mitigation Best Practices: Northern Delaware Seismic Exploration
This document is part of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Best Practices Portfolio. The Best Practices Portfolio is a collection of true stories about people and communities who have experienced disasters, and what mitigation they used to survive, rebuild, and prepare for disasters. From the document: "There have been more than 550 earthquakes documented within 150 miles of Delaware since 1677. The largest registered one occurred in the New Castle County area in 1871, the second largest in 1983 near the Delaware River in northern Delaware. In this area, there are no known fault traces on the surface of the earth. In order to identify the faults responsible for the earthquakes, their detection in the subsurface is required. The Delaware Geologic Survey (DGS) developed a joint cooperative agreement with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to artificially produce seismograms in order to get a picture of the subsurface. Using a geophysical data processing technique developed by the USGS Geological Division in Menlo Park, California, and with staff from that center, the faults were explored." This and other individual FEMA Best Practices documents are also combined in "Mitigation Best Practices: Public and Private Sector Best Practice Stories for All Activity/Project Types in All States and Territories Relating to All Hazards [August 10, 2011]," which can be accessed at the following link: [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=683132]
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2005-01-01
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Haiti: One Year Later
This report "summarizes U.S. efforts in the aftermath of the devastating January 12, 2010 earthquake. Over the past year the United States helped lead a global effort that saved countless lives, rallied support for Haiti's reconstruction, and began to build Haiti's capacity to deliver basic services and provide for Haiti's future. From the first post-earthquake moments, the tremendous generosity and compassion of the American people have supported public and private humanitarian assistance. One of every two U.S. households contributed in some way to Haitian relief and Haitian rebuilding. Working with the Government of Haiti and the United Nations system, the U.S. Government has been able to support many critical tasks. The response of the international community to that natural disaster reflects an unprecedented level of bilateral and multilateral cooperation, in which the United States has been a key partner in working together with Haitians and other international partners - public and private - to make progress in rebuilding Haiti. In total, more than 140 nations supported the rescue and relief efforts in Haiti, from Cuba to China and from Israel to Colombia."
United States. Department of State
2011-01-10
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Haiti: From Rescue and Relief to Reconstruction
This fact sheet provides information on U.S. relief and recovery assistance to Haiti following the January 12, 2010 earthquake. The document has three sections: Relief and Recovery Assistance, Towards Long-Term Development, and Long-Term Development and Post-Earthquake Strategy.
United States. Department of State
2011-01
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Recommended Future Issues and Research Needs: Identified During the Development of the 2020 NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures
From the Introduction: "As part of its efforts to regularly update the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) 'Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures', the Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC) is charged by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to identify and recommend issues to be addressed and research needed to advance the state of the art of earthquake-resistant design and to serve as the basis for future refinement of the Provisions. During the project to generate the 2020 edition of the 'Provisions', the various Issue Teams and Study Groups that assisted with the development of proposals for the Provisions Update Committee (PUC) and Member Organization ballots identified specific items that were beyond the scope of the 2020 'Provisions update'. These were assembled and edited by an Oversight Committee led by PUC members Kelly Cobeen and S.K. Ghosh. The resulting list of recommendations is presented in two groups: 'Future Provisions Issues' and 'Research Needs' for the following categories. In some instances, items presented as future provisions issues will also require research, and items noted as research needs will have implications for future provisions."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
National Institute of Building Sciences (Washington, D.C.); Building Seismic Safety Council (U.S.); Provisions Update Committee
2021-09
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President Obama Signs California Disaster Declaration [May 7, 2010]
From the Document: "The President today [May 7, 2010] declared a major disaster exists in the State of California and ordered Federal aid to supplement State and local recovery efforts in the area struck by an earthquake beginning on April 4, 2010, and continuing. Federal funding is available to State and eligible local governments and certain private nonprofit organizations on a cost-sharing basis for emergency work and the repair or replacement of facilities damaged by the earthquake in Imperial County."
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2010-05-07
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HAZUS-MH Inventory: Potential Applications
"In order to assess and mitigate the impacts of a natural hazard such as an earthquake, flood or hurricane, it is necessary to have an understanding of the potential size of an event (hazard identification) and the characteristics of the population and environment that will be impacted (inventory collection). A unique feature of HAZUS-MH is the national inventory that comes with the model. Inventory data includes: essential Facilities: police, fire, emergency operations facilities, schools, medical facilities; lifelines: utilities and transportation; General Building Stock: residential, commercial, and industrial (aggregated by square footage); and demographic data, which can be aggregated by age, income, sex, households and other attributes that have a direct bearing on vulnerability to disasters. HAZUS-MH uses the inventories to estimate losses from earthquakes, hurricanes and floods. The accuracy of loss estimates are greatly improved by accurate and complete inventories. The HAZUS-MH inventory has several potential applications for planners, emergency responders and decision-makers. Several uses are highlighted below. HAZUS-MH can delineate the boundaries of a hazard and exposure of population and built environment The HAZUS-MH hurricane model can estimate wind intensity from specific events, including peak gust wind speeds and maximum sustained winds."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
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Supplemental Environmental Assessment: City Hall Parking Lot, City of Paso Robles
"In response to the San Simeon Earthquake of December 2003, the City of El Paso de Robles has applied for funding under FEMA's Public Assistance Program for assistance with the repair to pre-disaster condition of the damaged parking lot that serves the City Hall and library, and assistance with the long-term disposal of spring water that surfaced after the earthquake. In accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act and FEMA's implementing regulations, FEMA has prepared a Supplemental Environmental Assessment to evaluate the impacts of the proposed project."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2007-06
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First Generation of Tsunami Inundation Maps for the State of California
"Cascadia subduction zone tsunamis could conceivably cause the loss of tens of thousands of lives on t he Pacific Northwest coast of North America. Paleoseismic and other data support Cascadia earthquakes with moment magnitudes of -9, rupture lengths of ,-1000 km, and recurrence of 400-600 years; the last event was 301 years ago, so the conditional probability of another occurring in the next 100 years is high. Hydrodynamic simulations depicting destructive potential of Cascadia tsunamis have been hindered chiefly by uncertainties in the earthquake source, rupture simulation methods, and lack of independent verification. Uncertainties in the hydrodynamic simulation methods and in oceanographic factors (e.g., non•linear tidal effects) are also of concern; however, coseismic seafloor deformation is a much greater source of error. Research priorities should therefore be directed toward refinement of our knowledge of asperities, splay faults, total fault slip, and rupture simulation algorithms. Tsunami and fault dislocation simulations should be checked against coseismic deformation, inundation, water depth, and current velocities estimated independently from investigations of paleotsunami deposits and buried salt marsh soils. An organized interdisciplinary team effort operating within the framework of a comprehensive science plan is clearly needed. Leadership at the federal level in both Canada and the United States is the key to further progress."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Borrero, Jose C.; Synolakis, Costas; Kanoglu, Utku
2001-08-07
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Peruvian Tsunami of 23 June 2001: Preliminary Report by the International Tsunami Survey Team
"On 23 June 2001, at 20:33 BMT (15:33 local time), a large earthquake struck t he southern provinces of Peru. With preliminary moments ranging from 1.2 to 4 times 1028 dyne cm, it could be the largest event recorded in more than 30 years. The last catastrophic earthquake in t his region took place in 1942. The 2001 event resulted in a regionally destructive tsunami, which claimed 23 lives, with 62 more people still missing. In t he aftermath of t his disaster , a 12-member International Tsunami Survey Team was deployed and in the field area from 5 to 15 July 2001. T he purpose of the expedition was to survey the tsunami damage, to record the testimony of wit nesses and to hold a town meeting at Camana, on 13 July, which regrouped more than 250 residents."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Borrero, Jose C.; Okal, Emile A.; Araya, Sebastian
2001-08-07
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Preliminary Model Results for the 23 June 2001 Peruvian Tsunami
"A tsunami generated by the 23 June 2001 Peruvian earthquake devastated the Peruvian coast near the epicenter and was recorded throughout the Pacific by coastal tide gages. This widespread impact motivated modeling efforts to produce a realistic tsunami simulation of this event as soon as possible. The TIME center has two resident numerical models, TUNAMI- 2 and MOST . Both models were used to produce a preliminary simulation shortly after the earthquake, and the first results were posted on the Internet a day after the event. These numerical results aimed to quantify the magnitude of the tsunami and , to a cert a in extent, to guide the post-tsunami survey. These first simulations were updated several times when new source data became available. Preliminary results and lessons of using numerical models in near-real-time mode will be presented."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Titov, Vasily V.; Koshimura, Shunichi
2001-08-07
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Increasing the Resilience to Natural Hazards in Southern California
"Southern California is at great risk for extreme catastrophic losses owing to numerous natural hazards, such as earthquakes, wildfires, floods, tsunamis, landslides and coastal changes, that occur in this area (fig. 1). Expected losses from these hazards are estimated to exceed $3 billion per year in the eight counties of southern California. In southern California: A) Natural hazards have devastating consequences, including loss of life and injury, replacement costs of buildings and infrastructure, loss of function of critical facilities, service and infrastructure outages, business interruption, loss of jobs, and a decrease in the quality of life. B) Multiple natural hazards are commonplace and often overlap to create secondary hazards. For example, earthquakes can produce landslides and severe fires and heavy storms can produce debris flows."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
2007-05
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When Will the Next Great Quake Strike Northern California?
"The Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake is the most powerful in Northern California's recorded history. New studies of this earthquake are yielding important clues about how and when such events occur. With this improved knowledge we can better prepare for future strong temblors."
Geological Survey (U.S.); United States. Department of the Interior
2001-03
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'LARSE' Project-Working Toward a Safer Future for Los Angeles
"The Los Angeles region is underlain by a network of active faults, including many that are deep and do not break the Earth's surface. These hidden faults include the previously unknown one responsible for the devastating January 1994 Northridge earthquake, the costliest quake in U.S. history. So that structures can be built or strengthened to withstand the quakes that are certain in the future, the Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment (LARSE) is locating hidden earthquake hazards beneath the region to help scientists determine where the strongest shaking will occur."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
1999
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Urban Seismic Hazard Mapping for Memphis, Shelby County, Tennessee
"Earthquakes cannot be predicted, but scientists can forecast how strongly the ground is likely to shake as a result of an earthquake. Seismic hazard maps provide one way of conveying such forecasts. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), which produces seismic hazard maps for the Nation, is now engaged in developing more detailed maps for vulnerable urban areas. The first set of these maps is now available for Memphis, Tenn."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
2006-07
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Emergency Preparedness and Response: Some Issues and Challenges Associated with Major Emergency Incidents, Statement of William O. Jenkins, Jr., Director, Homeland Security and Justice Issues, Testimony before the Little Hoover Commission, State of California
"Prior to September 11, 2001, emergency preparedness and response had primarily been the responsibility of state and local governments and had focused principally on emergencies resulting from nature, such as fires, floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes, or accidental acts of man, not acts of terrorism. The federal governments role in supporting emergency preparedness and management prior to September 11 was limited primarily to providing resources before large-scale disasters like floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes, and response and recovery assistance after such disasters. However, after September 11 and the concern it engendered about the need to be prepared to prevent, mitigate, and respond to acts of terrorism, the extent of the federal governments financial support for state and local government emergency preparedness and response grew enormously, with about $11 billion in grants distributed from fiscal years 2002 through 2005. At the same time the federal government has been developing guidance and standards for state and local first responders in the areas of incident management and capabilities and tying certain requirements to the award of grants." NOTE: "On March 3, 2006, this testimony was reposted to the Web because of two corrections made to the electronic version. The first correction occurs on page 12, where the word 'not' has been added. The sentence should say, 'The PFO does not direct or replace the incident command system and structure...' The second correction occurs on page 13, where the word 'Performance' has been replaced with the word 'Preparedness' so that 'National Performance Goal' becomes 'National Preparedness Goal.'"
United States. Government Accountability Office
2006-02-23
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Serial No. 109-103: Is America's Housing Market Prepared for the Next Natural Catastrophe? Hearing before the Subcomittee on Housing and Community Opportunity of the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, Second Session, June 28, 2006
From the opening statement of Robert W. Ney: "The Subcommittee on Housing and Community Opportunity will be meeting to discuss the capacity of America's housing market to withstand future catastrophic events and the strain that natural disasters are having on the homeowner insurance markets. For the past decade, the rising toll from natural disasters places significant strain on homeowner insurance markets in parts of the country that frequently experience catastrophic events. In the aftermath of Hurricane Andrew in 1992, and the California North Ridge earthquake in 1994, many insurers stopped underwriting policies in these areas entirely, leaving many families with very little protection against catastrophic losses. Insurers continue to be reluctant to enter coastal States that are at risk for severe earthquakes and hurricanes due to the increasing costs of paying for the damage that will be caused in a once-in-a-lifetime event…During the 105th and 106th Congresses, the Committee on Banking and Financial Services, now of course the Committee on Financial Services, held four hearings to address the issue of preparing the housing market in the event of a natural disaster. In those hearings, members discussed proposed legislation that would have created a Federal reinsurance program to protect insurance companies that would be unable to cover the costs of a large-scale natural disaster. Due to the frequency and severity of natural disasters, the Federal Government has taken a greater interest in seeking to relieve the strain placed on public and private insurance pools engaged in catastrophic risk management and financing. With focused public debating on whether to implement a comprehensive solution to the problem presented by the housing markets natural catastrophic exposure, the 109th Congress has several legislative proposals that addressed these issues. I'm certain today's discussion will focus on several of these initiatives." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Dennis C. Burke, Ernst Csiszar, William M. Gray, James M. Loy, Kevin M. McCarty, Travis B. Plunkett, Marc Racicot, Tim Russell, Alex Soto, David A. Treutel, Jr., Guy Williams, and Robert W. Ney.
United States. Government Printing Office
2007
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December 1965 Eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii
"More than 1 million cubic yards of tholeiitic basalt was erupted from the upper east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano during a brief 6-hour period on December 24 and 25, 1965. The eruptive fissures opened in an en echelon zone about 2 miles long, from Aloi Crater eastward to Kane Nui o Hamo. The vigorous early stage of the eruption formed a 47-foot-deep lava lake in Aloi Crater and flooded about 150 acres of forest to the east. At a later stage, withdrawal of magma into the source fissures and other cracks drained the lava lake in Aloi Crater and considerably reduced the volume of lava in the flows remaining on the surface. Measurements of ground tilt show that Kilauea summit inflated before the eruption, and that it abruptly deflated just before and during the eruption. Significantly, the summit continued to deflate for an additional 10-hour period after the eruption had ended. Precise leveling suggests that the summit of the volcano did not collapse simply, and that small subsidiary areas of collapse lay about 1.5 km north and 2 km southeast of Halemaumau. The eruption marked only the beginning of a major seismic crisis that lasted for more than a week. Thousands of earthquakes were recorded, and preliminary results indicate that most of the epicenters lay in a narrow area extending from the upper east rift zone westward along the Koae fault zone into the Kau Desert. Hundreds of ground cracks and faults opened in this area, and precise leveling has shown that the area of cracking locally subsided nearly 6 feet. The eruption ended as the tempo of ground cracking and earthquakes was just reaching a maximum."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.); United States. Government Printing Office
Koyanagi, Robert Y., 1934-; Fiske, Richard S.
1968
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Serial No. 113-90: Emergency Preparedness: Are We Ready for a 21st Century Hugo?, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Management Efficiency of the Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session, November 21, 2014
This is the November 21, 2014 hearing on "Emergency Preparedness: Are We Ready for a 21st Century Hugo?," held before the House of Representatives Subcommittee on Oversight and Management Efficiency of the Committee on Homeland Security. From the opening statement of Jeff Duncan: "September 21 marked the 25th anniversary of Hurricane Hugo, the most devastating disaster to affect South Carolina in the past century. The storm hit the Lowcountry with an unprecedented ferocity. It was responsible for 49 deaths and the equivalent of over $13 billion in damage, adjusted for 2014 dollars, and displacing 60,000 people from their homes. Hugo required a major response, for which South Carolina was unprepared. However, the ordered evacuation of 250,000 would pale in comparison to what would be needed today. Over 1 million now live in the area that Hugo threatened. Fortunately, South Carolina State and local first responders are better prepared and equipped to handle a variety of emergencies today. For example, just last month, the South Carolina Emergency Management Division organized a major drill to prepare for the threat of earthquakes in the State. Over 277,500 people signed up to participate in what was called the Great SouthEast ShakeOut Earthquake Drill." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Robert J. Fenton, Jeffrey L. Payne, Robert E. Livingston, Kim Stenson, John S. Skipper, Clifton R. Lacy, Jim Bottum, Thomas Louden, Jason O. Hallstrom, and Emily Bentley.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2015
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LLIS Innovative Practice: 'Project Safe Haven': Tsunami Vertical Evacuation Systems on Washington State's Pacific Coast
"Washington State's Pacific coast faces the threat of large-scale earthquakes and tsunamis. To mitigate the risk, Washington is providing technical assistance to cities, counties, and tribes for construction of the Nation's first vertical evacuation structures capable of withstanding 9.0+ magnitude earthquakes and 30-foot waves. The project provides residents and visitors in coastal population centers a means of seeking safety without having to travel considerable distance to natural high ground."
Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS)
2014-09-30?
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Newport Community Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program Exercise 2006 [Newport, IN; April 5, 2006]
From the Exercise Scenario: "At 0900 an earthquake registering 6.5 on the Richter scale occurred with the epicenter near Covington, Indiana along the Wabash fault line. A (electric powered) fork lift fell against the transport vehicle ripping the side of the transport vehicle's diesel fuel tank. Fuel splashed around the area and poured out of the side of the tank. The boom also struck one of the TCs [ton containers] on the transport vehicle knocking off the bonnet and a valve. There was a heavy stream of agent gurgling out of the valve. The friction of the fork lift striking the transport vehicle caused a spark and a fire ignited. There were 3 side scenarios that occurred on-post as a result of the earthquake. 1. A light pole on the upwind side of the 3300 Area fell on the outer security fence collapsing the fabric. 2. In the south end of Building 713A a bookcase fell and trapped the Purchasing Supervisor. 3. The telephone operator in Building 7700 was hit by a large book falling off of a bookcase There were a total of five on-post injuries. The fork lift driver suffered a broken left leg, lacerations across the left arm, a possible concussion and exhibited symptoms of inhalation exposure. One of the ground guides experienced symptoms of inhalation exposure within 5 minutes of the accident. One of the safety personnel suffered a heart attack. The Purchasing Supervisor in Building 713A sustained a broken right arm, bruised left shoulder, and broken right ankle. The telephone operator in Building 7700 experienced a concussion."
United States. Department of Homeland Security; United States. Department of the Army
2006-06-09
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Exercise LANTEX12: Participant Handbook: An Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico Tsunami Warning Exercise: March 28, 2012
From the Summary: "The US NOAA [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]/National Weather Service and the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program will be conducting a tsunami exercise on March 28, 2012 to assist tsunami preparedness efforts along the U.S. and Canadian east coasts, the Gulf of Mexico, and in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. The LANTEX12 [Large AtlaNtic Tsunami Exercise 12] tsunami exercise consists of two separate scenarios. Scenario 1 simulates a Gulf of Mexico earthquake west of Florida which generates a tsunami by triggering a submarine slump on the continental slope. The second scenario consists of an earthquake located east of South Carolina which also generates a tsunami by triggering a slump along the continental slope further to the east."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (U.S.)
2012-03-28
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Exercise PACIFEX 12: Participant Handbook: A Pacific Tsunami Warning Exercise: March 28, 2012
From the Background: "This tsunami exercise is being conducted to assist tsunami preparedness efforts along the U.S. and Canadian Pacific coasts. Historical tsunami records from sources such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) show that approximately 85% of the world's oceanic tsunamis occur in the Pacific Basin and surrounding seas. Tsunamis have impacted U.S. and Canadian Pacific coasts several times in the past century with devastating results. Preparing and exercising emergency response plans throughout this region is an important part of tsunami preparedness. The PACIFEX12 [Pacific Exercise 12] exercise simulates an earthquake located 70 miles east of Kodiak City, Alaska which generates a major tsunami, similar in nature to Alaska's March 27, 1964 9.2 magnitude earthquake." From the Purpose: "The purpose of this exercise is to improve the effectiveness of the tsunami warning system along the U.S. and Canadian Pacific coasts. The exercise provides an opportunity for emergency management organizations along these coasts to exercise their operational lines of communications, review their tsunami response procedures, and promote tsunami preparedness. Regular exercising of response plans is critical to maintain readiness for an emergency. This is particularly true for tsunamis which are infrequent, but high impact events. Every coastal U.S. and Canadian Pacific emergency management organization (EMO) is encouraged to participate."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (U.S.)
2012-03-28
