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Summary: National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Reauthorization Act of 2004
"The following is a summary of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 (Public Law 95-124, 42 U.S.C. 7701 et. seq.), as amended by Public Laws 101614, 105-47, 106-503, and 108-360."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2007
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Data Documentation Template and Earthquake Checklist: Earthquake Data Analysis Methodology: Structural Retrofits of Buildings
"This data documentation template is designed to assist Benefit-Cost (BC) analysts in recording the data and methodologies utilized in their Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA). BC analysts should keep in mind that a well-documented BCA means that a knowledgeable BC analyst should be able to re-create the BCA from the supporting documentation provided (with a Mitigation application submitted for funding) without any additional explanation. BC analysts should provide an electronic or paper copy of the full BCA to compliment any template or summary submitted to FEMA for review. Check with your State Hazard Mitigation Officer or FEMA Regional office to find out if a completed Data Documentation Template (DDT) is required with your grant application. This data documentation guidance and the Earthquake Full Data Module are intended for BCA of structural seismic mitigation projects for buildings. For non-structural seismic mitigation projects do not use the Full Data Module. Rather, use the Non-Structural Module and see the non-structural data documentation template."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2006-07-06
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Data Documentation Template and Earthquake Checklist: Earthquake Data Analysis Methodology: Non-Structural Retrofits of Buildings
"This data documentation template is designed to assist Benefit-Cost (BC) analysts in recording the data and methodologies utilized in their Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA). BC analysts should keep in mind that a well-documented BCA means that a knowledgeable BC analyst should be able to re-create the BCA from the supporting documentation provided (with a Mitigation application submitted for funding) without any additional explanation. BC analysts should provide an electronic or paper copy of the full BCA to compliment any template or summary submitted to FEMA for review. Check with your State Hazard Mitigation Officer or FEMA Regional office to find out if a completed Data Documentation Template (DDT) is required with your grant application. This data documentation template is intended for Non-Structural Seismic Retrofits, including anchoring/bracing of contents, equipment, racks and library shelves, and non-structural building elements such as parapet walls, chimneys, elevators, HVAC ductwork and equipment, fire sprinkler systems, ceilings, generators etc. For BCA of Non-Structural Mitigation Projects, the Non-Structural Module (not the Full Data Module) must be used. For Non-Structural Mitigation projects it is always the value and seismic vulnerability (fragility) of only the specific elements being mitigated that are significant. The value and seismic vulnerability of the building as a whole does not enter into the analysis unless the building is so vulnerable to earthquake damage that undertaking non-structural mitigation measures does not make sense."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2006-07-06
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Executive Order 13717: Establishing a Federal Earthquake Risk Management Standard
"It is the policy of the United States to strengthen the security and resilience of the Nation against earthquakes, to promote public safety, economic strength, and national security. To that end, the Federal Government must continue to take proactive steps to enhance the resilience of buildings that are owned, leased, financed, or regulated by the Federal Government. When making investment decisions related to Federal buildings, each executive department and agency (agency) responsible for implementing this order shall seek to enhance resilience by reducing risk to the lives of building occupants and improving continued performance of essential functions following future earthquakes. The Federal Government recognizes that building codes and standards primarily focus on ensuring minimum acceptable levels of earthquake safety for preserving the lives of building occupants. To achieve true resilience against earthquakes, however, new and existing buildings may need to exceed those codes and standards to ensure, for example, that the buildings can continue to perform their essential functions following future earthquakes. Agencies are thus encouraged to consider going beyond the codes and standards set out in this order to ensure that buildings are fully earthquake resilient."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Obama, Barack
2016-02-02
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FEMA Mitigation Best Practices: Home Earthquake Retrofit Program
This document is part of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Best Practices Portfolio. The Best Practices Portfolio is a collection of true stories about people and communities who have experienced disasters, and what mitigation they used to survive, rebuild, and prepare for disasters. From the document: "The Phinney Neighborhood Association (PNA) is a very proactive community group located in the City of Seattle. For many years the organization has sponsored programs and activities that have built a strong sense of community. Following the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989, program director Roger Faris and members of the PNA realized that the earthquake hazard they faced in Seattle was as great as that in California. They decided to incorporate an earthquake safety program into the existing Well Home Program. In 1998, the City of Seattle was selected as one of the sites to receive disaster mitigation funds under the Project Impact initiative. The funding was used to develop the 'Home Retrofit Program,' a comprehensive program to reinforce a typical Pacific Northwest home's ability to withstand earthquake movement. [...] When the Nisqually Earthquake struck the Seattle area in February of 2001, the Phinney neighborhood experienced a severe shaking. Following the quake, Faris received many phone calls from 'graduates' stating how secure they felt because they had retrofitted their homes." This and other individual FEMA Best Practices documents are also combined in "Mitigation Best Practices: Public and Private Sector Best Practice Stories for All Activity/Project Types in All States and Territories Relating to All Hazards [August 10, 2011]," which can be accessed at the following link: [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=683132]
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2005-01-01
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FEMA Mitigation Best Practices: Brewery Avoids Business Disruption Following Earthquake
This document is part of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Best Practices Portfolio. The Best Practices Portfolio is a collection of true stories about people and communities who have experienced disasters, and what mitigation they used to survive, rebuild, and prepare for disasters. From the document: "Anheuser-Busch operates a large brewery just a few miles from the epicenter of the January 17, 1994 Northridge Earthquake. The facility serves the company's markets throughout the Southwest and Pacific regions. Because it is in a high earthquake hazard area, Anheuser-Busch initiated a risk reduction program at the brewery in the early 1980s. A risk assessment of critical buildings and equipment was performed. Those with unacceptable levels of risk were seismically upgraded, without impacting daily operations. Seismic reinforcements were designed for a number of buildings and the critical equipment contained within, including buildings housing beverage production and vats where the beer is stored and aged. The Northridge Earthquake produced very strong ground motion, causing extensive damage in the immediate vicinity of the brewery. However, post-earthquake surveys conducted by the company's engineering consultants, indicated that none of the retrofitted structures sustained damage." This and other individual FEMA Best Practices documents are also combined in "Mitigation Best Practices: Public and Private Sector Best Practice Stories for All Activity/Project Types in All States and Territories Relating to All Hazards [August 10, 2011]," which can be accessed at the following link: [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=683132]
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2005-01-01
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FEMA Mitigation Best Practices: Project TriNet Opens a New Era in Earthquake Monitoring
"The FEMA Best Practices Portfolio consists of mitigation stories submitted by individuals and communities that describe measures they have taken to reduce the loss of life and property from disasters. These Best Practices are meant to provide ideas and concepts about reducing losses and to encourage others to evaluate their own risk and consider mitigation as a long-term solution to reducing that risk." [...] "Following the Northridge earthquake in 1994, FEMA provided funding to the California Institute of Technology, the California Division of Mines and Geology, and the USGS to upgrade earthquake monitoring in southern California. The result was project TriNet, a cooperative effort to expand and modernize earthquake monitoring in the region and to provide timely and accurate information on earthquake occurrences." This and other individual FEMA Best Practices documents are also combined in "Mitigation Best Practices: Public and Private Sector Best Practice Stories for All Activity/Project Types in All States and Territories Relating to All Hazards [August 10, 2011]," which can be accessed at the following link: [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=683132]
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2006-07-11
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FEMA Mitigation Best Practices: Light Fixtures, Earthquakes, and School Children
This document is part of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Best Practices Portfolio. The Best Practices Portfolio is a collection of true stories about people and communities who have experienced disasters, and what mitigation they used to survive, rebuild, and prepare for disasters. From the document: "The Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) is second in size only to the New York City School District. [...] At the time of the 1994 Northridge Earthquake, the LAUSD facilities were illuminated with suspended ceilings and imbedded pendant lighting systems. These lights tend to fall from the ceiling when impacted by strong seismic motion. Hundreds of lighting units fell onto desks in the classrooms when the earthquake hit. Fortunately, the earthquake occurred early in the morning when the schools were closed. As a result of this experience the LAUSD, with the support of FEMA, decided to undertake the seismic retrofitting or replacement of pendant lights to increase life safety, reduce the earthquake injury risk, and to meet current building code standards." This and other individual FEMA Best Practices documents are also combined in "Mitigation Best Practices: Public and Private Sector Best Practice Stories for All Activity/Project Types in All States and Territories Relating to All Hazards [August 10, 2011]," which can be accessed at the following link: [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=683132]
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2005-01-01
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FEMA Mitigation Best Practices: HAZUS, the Standard in Estimating Earthquake Losses
"The FEMA Best Practices Portfolio consists of mitigation stories submitted by individuals and communities that describe measures they have taken to reduce the loss of life and property from disasters. These Best Practices are meant to provide ideas and concepts about reducing losses and to encourage others to evaluate their own risk and consider mitigation as a long-term solution to reducing that risk." From the document: "One of the most successful risk assessment tools is HAZUS, or Hazards U.S., a cutting edge software program developed by FEMA with the National Institute of Building Sciences. HAZUS uses an engineering-based approach to estimate physical damage, economic losses, casualties, and other societal impacts from earthquakes. Although originally conceived as a standardized methodology, HAZUS quickly evolved into an easily transportable software program that could be used by earthquake engineers, universities, private industry, and the public for numerous applications. For example, HAZUS estimates provide decision-makers with evidence of the nature and extent of the earthquake risk in a format useful for garnering public support for public policies and actions to reduce future earthquake damage and losses. State and local governments, the private sector, and communities use HAZUS to estimate physical damage and economic loss to their building stock, critical facilities, and lifelines and utility systems, and to determine how potential losses can be avoided or reduced by preventive actions. HAZUS also estimates debris generated, long- and short-term shelter and alternative housing requirements, and indirect economic losses such as unemployment, losses in tax revenue and production, and reduction in the demand for products and spending. HAZUS also can determine the impact of other hazards that may be triggered by the main event, such as ground failure, fire, and inundation from dam failure." This and other individual FEMA Best Practices documents are also combined in "Mitigation Best Practices: Public and Private Sector Best Practice Stories for All Activity/Project Types in All States and Territories Relating to All Hazards [August 10, 2011]," which can be accessed at the following link: [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=683132]
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2007-07-11
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FEMA Mitigation Best Practices: GPS System Measures Earthquake Potential
"The FEMA Best Practices Portfolio consists of mitigation stories submitted by individuals and communities that describe measures they have taken to reduce the loss of life and property from disasters. These Best Practices are meant to provide ideas and concepts about reducing losses and to encourage others to evaluate their own risk and consider mitigation as a long-term solution to reducing that risk." [...] "The Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN), a new type of ground motion monitoring network. Using SCIGN data to measure deformation of the Earth's crust, which can occur as movement on a fault or as slow distortion of the ground, scientists can determine how strain builds up slowly over time before being released suddenly during an earthquake. These new GPS measurements contribute to improving the region's earthquake hazards assessments that help motivate people to prepare for earthquakes." This and other individual FEMA Best Practices documents are also combined in "Mitigation Best Practices: Public and Private Sector Best Practice Stories for All Activity/Project Types in All States and Territories Relating to All Hazards [August 10, 2011]," which can be accessed at the following link: [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=683132]
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2006-07-11
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FEMA Mitigation Best Practices: Kramer Motors Earthquake Rebuild
This document is part of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Best Practices Portfolio. The Best Practices Portfolio is a collection of true stories about people and communities who have experienced disasters, and what mitigation they used to survive, rebuild, and prepare for disasters. From the document: "Kramer Motors has been in business in Santa Monica for 40 years. The business originally had six facilities in the Santa Monica area. The Northridge earthquake that shook southern California early on the morning of January 17, 1994, damaged all six facilities. The roof of the auto agency's showroom on Santa Monica Boulevard caved in on a dozen sports cars. One building was destroyed and was not replaced. The site of that structure is now a parking lot. Three of the other buildings sustained major damage and the other two received minor damage, according to the owner, Robert Kramer. [...] Following the earthquake, the company initiated a mitigation program. Cost of repairs and mitigation was $1.5 million." This and other individual FEMA Best Practices documents are also combined in "Mitigation Best Practices: Public and Private Sector Best Practice Stories for All Activity/Project Types in All States and Territories Relating to All Hazards [August 10, 2011]," which can be accessed at the following link: [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=683132]
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2005-01-01
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Gound Shaking from Magnitude 7.1 Earthquake on Newport-Inglewood Fault
This map provided by HAZUS-MH (Hazards U.S. - Multi Hazard), provides a map of areas surrounding the Newport Inglewood Fault that would be effected by a magnitude 7.1 earthquake. It also describes the potential uses of HAZUS-MH in pre-disaster preparation including: Identification of population, general building stock and lifelines that would be most at risk from magnitude 7.1 earthquake on Newport-Inglewood Fault, and identification of counties and population centers that would be subjected to PGA > 0.4 (area of greatest expected damage). Post-disaster uses include a rapid needs assessment " identification of population, general building stock, essential facilities and lifelines (utilities and transportation) with at least a moderate probability of major or severe damage and potential loss of functionality.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
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Public Law 108-360: National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Reauthorization
"An Act to reauthorize the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, and for other purposes." The table of contents for this Act is as follows: Title 1 -- Earthquake Hazard Reduction; Title II -- Windstorm Impact Reduction; and Title III -- Commercial Space Transportation.
United States. Government Printing Office
2004-10-25
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Emergency Food Programs Following the Guatemalan Earthquake of 1976
"This is a preliminary report prepared on the basis of a partial analysis of the data available from the Guatemalan Earthquake Study. [...] Considerable controversy has developed concerning the need for emergency food distribution and concerning the long range effects of such distribution on the Guatemalan economy. This report summarizes data obtained from interviews with a sample of 1100 household heads in the heavily damaged areas of Guatemala. [...] While the results of these interview questions offer data related to the food problem following the earthquake, the kind of information that they yield is largely opinion or attitudinal data. In this report we will take a preliminary look at the results of these interview questions and relate them, where possible, to the controversy over food distribution."
National Science Foundation (U.S.). Division of Problem-focused Research Applications
Bates, Frederick L.; Farrell, W. Timothy; Glittenberg, JoAnn K.
1981-01-01?
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FEMA Mitigation Best Practices: Business Increases its Involvement in Earthquake Mitigation
"The FEMA Best Practices Portfolio consists of mitigation stories submitted by individuals and communities that describe measures they have taken to reduce the loss of life and property from disasters. These Best Practices are meant to provide ideas and concepts about reducing losses and to encourage others to evaluate their own risk and consider mitigation as a long-term solution to reducing that risk." [...] "What do Starbucks Corporation, the Boeing Company, and the Friday Harbor Flower Shop have in common? All are businesses, all are located near Seattle, and all are taking an active role in keeping their employees safe and making their businesses more disaster resistant from earthquakes and other hazards." This and other individual FEMA Best Practices documents are also combined in "Mitigation Best Practices: Public and Private Sector Best Practice Stories for All Activity/Project Types in All States and Territories Relating to All Hazards [August 10, 2011]," which can be accessed at the following link: [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=683132]
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2006-07-11
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FEMA Mitigation Best Practices: Built to Protect Against Floods, Windstorms, and Earthquakes
"The Federal Emergency Management Agency Best Practices Portfolio consists of mitigation stories submitted by individuals and communities that describe measures they have taken to reduce the loss of life and property from disasters. These Best Practices are meant to provide ideas and concepts about reducing losses and to encourage others to evaluate their own risk and consider mitigation as a long-term solution to reducing that risk." [...] "In 2000, Randy Stemper, life-long resident of Astoria, Oregon and owner of Astoria Builders Supply Co., decided to design a new building for his business. The original owner built the first business structure in 1942, and since then the building had been damaged by flood and windstorms and had been repaired several times. Randy began doing research to see what could be done to reduce or eliminate damages to his business. Stemper hired engineers to design a building that would protect his investment from damages and his employees from injuries resulting from floods, windstorms, and earthquakes. The storm drainage system was re-engineered, and the entire structure incorporates the best features of continuous load-bearing construction." This and other individual FEMA Best Practices documents are also combined in "Mitigation Best Practices: Public and Private Sector Best Practice Stories for All Activity/Project Types in All States and Territories Relating to All Hazards [August 10, 2011]," which can be accessed at the following link: [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=683132]
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2008-01-29
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Public Law 106-503: Fire Administration and Earthquake Hazards Reduction Authorizations
"To authorize appropriations for the United States Fire Administration, and for carrying out the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977, for fiscal years 2001, 2002, and 2003, and for other purposes."
United States. Government Printing Office
2000-11-13
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FEMA Mitigation Best Practices: ORHUG - Geologic Hazards and Future Earthquake Damage and Loss Estimates
This document is part of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Best Practices Portfolio. The Best Practices Portfolio is a collection of true stories about people and communities who have experienced disasters, and what mitigation they used to survive, rebuild, and prepare for disasters. This Best Practice Story describes that, "In an effort to become more resilient from natural hazards, communities in Oregon have begun a large-scale endeavor aimed at pre-disaster mitigation. Part of the success of this endeavor is due to the Partners for Disaster Resistance & Resilience: Oregon Showcase Initiative (or the Partnership). The Partnership provides a collaborative, cost-effective approach to bring together resources "" both human and financial "" to enhance disaster mitigation and preparedness statewide. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Studies (DOGAMI) partnered with Oregon Emergency Management (OEM) and the Oregon Natural Hazards Workgroup (ONHW) at the University of Oregon to assist local communities with their Pre--Disaster Mitigation plans. As of April 2006, 18 of Oregon's 36 counties have FEMA-approved natural hazard mitigation plans." This and other individual FEMA Best Practices documents are also combined in "Mitigation Best Practices: Public and Private Sector Best Practice Stories for All Activity/Project Types in All States and Territories Relating to All Hazards [August 10, 2011]," which can be accessed at the following link: [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=683132]
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2007-08-17
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NEHRP Seismic Design Technical Brief No. 2: Seismic Design of Steel Special Moment Frames: A Guide for Practicing Engineers
"A guide for designing buildings using steel moment frames to resist earthquakes has been published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as part of its support for the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). Beams, columns and beam-column connections are specially designed in 'structural steel special moment frames' to withstand building sway during the ground shaking that accompanies earthquakes. The new publication, Seismic Design of Steel Special Moment Frames: A Guide for Practicing Engineers, consolidates requirements of the International Building Code, which is the code generally adopted throughout the United States, and related standards including ASCE 7, AISC 341 and AISC 358. The guide covers code requirements and accepted approaches to their implementation, including background and sketches to illustrate the requirements. It also includes chapters on the use of special moment frames, their principles, guidance on analysis and design, additional requirements and detailing and constructability issues. The authors, professional engineers Ronald O. Hamburger, Helmut Krawinkler, James O. Malley and Scott M. Adan, also present best practice recommendations for design and construction that may not be specifically required by the codes or standards. Seismic Design of Steel Special Moment Frames: A Guide for Practicing Engineers is written for structural engineers, building officials, educators and students. It is the second in a series of technical briefs that NIST is publishing to address topics of interest to earthquake professionals, primarily those in the design and construction industries. Future technical briefs are expected to cover performing nonlinear structural analyses and seismic analysis and design of reinforced concrete diaphragms."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Hamburger, Ronald O.; Krawinkler, Helmut; Malley, James O.
2009-06
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FEMA Mitigation Best Practices: Boeing Retrofits Hardware Systems
This document is part of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Best Practices Portfolio. The Best Practices Portfolio is a collection of true stories about people and communities who have experienced disasters, and what mitigation they used to survive, rebuild, and prepare for disasters. From the document: "Deep inside the earth's crust, pressures are building that eventually will result in an earthquake of epic proportions. Deep inside Boeing, a few good people are busily tying everything down. One of them, Doug Marsh, became a believer after the Kobe, Japan, earthquake in 1995. He vividly remembers seeing film footage of workers freezing at the onset of the tremors--only reacting as equipment started falling all around them. [...] A seismic disturbance is something that every server administrator fears. It's not just the potential of losing all the data since the last backup; it's the likely unavailability of replacement hardware when a tower topples. But the question was when they could afford to take down the system to install safeguards. Thanks to Marsh and his team, they don't have to wonder. Working with the vendors who make the server isolation hardware, Marsh helped develop a number of new methods for installation and upgrade that operators can perform while the server is online. In fact, the step-by-step processes that the Computing Disaster Preparedness group wrote to accompany them have become the industry standard for seismic mitigation procedures." This and other individual FEMA Best Practices documents are also combined in "Mitigation Best Practices: Public and Private Sector Best Practice Stories for All Activity/Project Types in All States and Territories Relating to All Hazards [August 10, 2011]," which can be accessed at the following link: [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=683132]
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2005-01-01
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FEMA Mitigation Best Practices: Historic Home Retrofit
This document is part of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Best Practices Portfolio. The Best Practices Portfolio is a collection of true stories about people and communities who have experienced disasters, and what mitigation they used to survive, rebuild, and prepare for disasters. From the document: "In late 1998, Doris Chapot purchased a two-story Cape Cod-style home built in 1902. [...] The retrofit project was completed on February 26, 2001. [...] On February 28, a large 6.8 magnitude earthquake, with the epicenter located in the Nisqually Basin in western Washington State, caused an estimated $2 billion in damages. Doris Chapot's home was undamaged due to the earthquake retrofitting project." This and other individual FEMA Best Practices documents are also combined in "Mitigation Best Practices: Public and Private Sector Best Practice Stories for All Activity/Project Types in All States and Territories Relating to All Hazards [August 10, 2011]," which can be accessed at the following link: [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=683132]
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2005-01-01
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Réponse aux lésions d'écrasement suite à un tremblement de terre
This document is written in French. "Crush injury and crush syndrome may result from structural collapse during an earthquake. Crush injury is defined as compression of extremities or other parts of the body that causes muscle swelling and/or neurological disturbances in the affected areas of the body. Typically affected areas of the body include lower extremities, upper extremities, and trunk. Crush syndrome is localized crush injury with systemic manifestations. These systemic effects are caused by a traumatic rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown) and the release of potentially toxic muscle cell components and electrolytes into the circulatory system. Crush syndrome can cause local tissue injury, organ dysfunction, and metabolic abnormalities, including acidosis, hyperkalemia, and hypocalcemia. Previous experience with earthquakes that caused major structural damage has demonstrated that the incidence of crush syndrome is 2-15% with approximately 50% of those with crush syndrome developing acute renal failure and over 50% needing fasciotomy. Of those with renal failure, 50% need dialysis."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2010-01-14
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Effects of Catastrophic Events on Transportation System Management and Operations
"This report documents the actions taken by transportation agencies in response to the earthquake in Northridge, California on January 17, 1994, and is part of a larger effort to examine the impacts of catastrophic events on transportation system facilities and services. The findings documented in this report are a result of a detailed literature search on Northridge lessons learned."
United States. Department of Transportation
DeBlasio, Allan J.; Zamora, Amanda; Mottley, Frederick . . .
2002-04
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Reported Investments in Earthquake Mitigation Top $73 to $80 Billion in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, Since the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake
"The damaging 1989 Loma Prieta and 1994 Northridge earthquakes caused a considerable number of fatalities and economic losses in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Los Angeles region, respectively. In both earthquakes, elevated freeways collapsed, hospitals and unreinforced masonry buildings were damaged, and some multistory buildings having weak first floors (soft-story buildings) collapsed. A span of the eastern section of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge collapsed during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The earthquake hazard in the San Francisco Bay Area remains high. The most recent earthquake forecast for the San Francisco Bay Area is a 72 percent likelihood of a magnitude 6.7 or greater earthquake in the next 30 years (Aagaard and others, 2016). The damaging 2014 South Napa earthquake was a recent reminder of the ongoing hazard posed by earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay Area (Brocher and others, 2015). As a result of this and prior earthquake forecasts by the U.S. Geological Survey, and the losses sustained in the 1989 earthquake, government agencies as well as groups in the private and nonprofit sectors have invested in more than 700 structural retrofits and replacements to older structures, motivated by desire to mitigate the impacts of future earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay Area and to improve the resiliency of the Bay Area community. Many of these are public investments that were supported by the electorate. The purpose of this report is to provide a compilation of structural retrofits and replacements of older buildings in the San Francisco Bay Area that have either been completed since 1989 or that are in progress as of October 2018. For the purposes of this report, all or parts of nine Bay Area counties were included: Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma. Santa Cruz County was not included. The compilation of 700 investments is presented as a table in the appendix. We consider this table as version 1, as we urge that those familiar with additional projects contact the report authors with information to update the table. In total, we have identified $73 to $80 billion in investments to retrofit or replace structures to mitigate the impacts of future San Francisco Bay Area earthquakes. These totals represent an average investment of $2.5 to $2.8 billion per year in retrofits and replacement of structures since 1989."
Geological Survey (U.S.); United States. Department of the Interior
Brocher, Thomas M.; Gefeke, Kerri; Boatwright, John . . .
2018
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Expected Warning Times from the ShakeAlert® Earthquake Early Warning System for Earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest
From the Abstract: "The ShakeAlert® earthquake early warning system has been live since October 2019 for the testing of public alerting to mobile devices in California and will soon begin testing this modality in Oregon and Washington. The Pacific Northwest presents new challenges and opportunities for ShakeAlert owing to the different types of earthquakes that occur in the Cascadia subduction zone. Many locations in the Pacific Northwest are expected to experience shaking from shallow crustal earthquakes (similar to those in California), earthquakes that occur deep within the subducted slab, and large megathrust earthquakes that occur primarily offshore. The different geometries and maximum magnitudes associated with these types of earthquakes lead to a range of warning times that are possible between when the initial ShakeAlert Message is issued and when a user experiences strong shaking. After an earthquake begins, the strategy of the ShakeAlert system for public alerting is to warn people who are located close enough to the fault that the system estimates they will experience at least weak to moderate shaking. By alerting the public at these low levels of expected shaking, it is possible to provide sufficient warning times for some users to take protective actions before strong shaking begins. In this study, we present an analysis of past ShakeAlert Messages as well as simulations of historical earthquakes and potential future Cascadia earthquakes to quantify the range of warning times that users who experience strong or worse shaking are likely to receive."
Geological Survey (U.S.); United States. Department of the Interior
McGuire, Jeffrey J.; Smith, Deborah E.; Frankel, Arthur D. . . .
2021-03-24
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Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER): A System for Rapidly Determining the Impact of Earthquakes Worldwide
"Within minutes of a significant earthquake anywhere on the globe, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER) system assesses its potential societal impact. PAGER automatically estimates the number of people exposed to severe ground shaking and the shaking intensity at affected cities. Accompanying maps of the epicentral region show the population distribution and estimated ground-shaking intensity. A regionally specific comment describes the inferred vulnerability of the regional building inventory and, when available, lists recent nearby earthquakes and their effects. PAGER's results are posted on the USGS Earthquake Program Web site (http://earthquake.usgs.gov/), consolidated in a concise one-page report, and sent in near real-time to emergency responders, government agencies, and the media. Both rapid and accurate results are obtained through manual and automatic updates of PAGER's content in the hours following significant earthquakes. These updates incorporate the most recent estimates of earthquake location, magnitude, faulting geometry, and first-hand accounts of shaking. PAGER relies on a rich set of earthquake analysis and assessment tools operated by the USGS and contributing Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) regional networks. A focused research effort is underway to extend PAGER's near real-time capabilities beyond population exposure to quantitative estimates of fatalities, injuries, and displaced population."
Geological Survey (U.S.)
Earle, Paul S.; Wald, David J. (David Jay); Jaiswal, Kishor . . .
2009
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Implications for Earthquake Risk Reduction in the United States from the Kocaeli, Turkey, Earthquake of August 17, 1999
"The moment magnitude (MW) 7.4 Kocaeli, Turkey, earthquake struck the Kocaeli province of northwestern Turkey on Tuesday, August 17, 1999, at 3:02 a.m. local time. The cause of the earthquake was the sudden breakage, or rupture, of the Earth's crust along a western branch of the 1,500-km-long North Anatolian fault system. [...] Immediately following the earthquake, the USGS [United States Geological Survey] was invited by the Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute of Bogazici University in Istanbul, Turkey, to assist in its post-earthquake investigations. Teaming up with representatives from the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the reconnaissance teams documented the following implications for earthquake risk reduction in the United States": (1) "Large-Scale human disaster"; (2) "Building collapse hazard"; (3) "Earthquake monitoring systems"; (4) "Earthquake forecasting"; and (5) "Permanent ground deformation hazards."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
2000
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Effectiveness of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program: A Report from the Advisory Committee on Earthquake Hazards Reduction [June 2012]
"The National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP), first authorized in 1977, is embodied in Public Law 108--360. The program has grown to embrace an overarching vision of 'a nation that is earthquake-resilient in public safety, economic strength, and national security, and its mission to develop, disseminate, and promote knowledge, tools, and practices for earthquake risk reduction--through coordinated, multidisciplinary, interagency partnerships among the NEHRP agencies and their stakeholders--that improve the Nation's earthquake resilience in public safety, economic strength, and national security'. NEHRP is a highly successful program that for more than 30 years has uniquely contributed to improving earthquake awareness and preparedness in the United States and around the world. Through its four member agencies, it has significantly advanced our understanding of the earthquake process and related hazards and risks. This enhanced understanding has led to earthquake-safe design and construction techniques that when properly applied serve to secure communities against catastrophic failure. The earthquake community is beginning to understand how to best deal with seismic hazards and risks, and today, there is a growing understanding that we need to expand our goals from safety to resilience."
National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (U.S.)
2012-06
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Understanding Earthquake Hazards in the San Francisco Bay Region: Santa Rosa's Past and Future Earthquakes
From the Document: "Santa Rosa is no stranger to earthquakes. This northern California city was damaged several times in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by shaking from earthquakes, culminating in the devastating earthquake of 1906, whose rupture passed 20 miles to the west of the city on the San Andreas Fault. Then in 1969, Santa Rosa was again strongly shaken and buildings were damaged by a pair of nearby, moderate-sized earthquakes on the Rodgers Creek Fault. Since then, scientists have learned how the underlying geology increases shaking damage in Santa Rosa, have mapped where the Rodgers Creek Fault runs beneath the city, and have discovered that this fault is capable of much larger earthquakes. Following the 1969 earthquakes, Santa Rosa rose to the challenge of improving seismic safety; however, continued progress is needed to increase seismic resilience and reduce the impact of future earthquakes."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
2019-08
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National Earthquake Technical Assistance Program (NETAP) Toolkit for Earthquake Program Managers
"In accordance with the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 (Public Law 95--124) and the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) Reauthorization Act of 2004 (Public Law 108--360), it is FEMA's responsibility to support the implementation of a comprehensive earthquake education and public awareness program, including development of materials and their wide dissemination to all appropriate audiences and support public access to locality-specific information that may assist the public in reducing earthquake risk. FEMA developed the National Earthquake Technical Assistance Program (NETAP) as a mechanism for delivering direct assistance to the public to increase their knowledge and ability to analyze their risk, make a plan, and take actions aimed at reducing their earthquake risk and supporting overall community resilience. NETAP is not a grant or cooperative agreement program, but a contract managed by FEMA to rapidly deploy specific assistance to organizations and communities."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (U.S.)
2011-07
