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Oversight of the Federal Bureau of Investigation: Hearing Before the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session, May 21, 2014
This testimony compilation is from the May 21, 2014 hearing, "Oversight of the Federal Bureau of Investigation," before the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary. From the opening statement of Patrick Leahy: "One of the challenges I have long observed is the FBI's need to balance its increased focus on counterterrorism while upholding its commitment to longstanding law enforcement functions. [...] A critical tool in successful and fair prosecutions is forensic evidence. [...] I support law enforcement efforts to make better use of this powerful evidence, and to that end I have long pushed two bipartisan bills, the Justice for All Reauthorization Act and the Criminal Justice and Forensic Science Reform Act. [...] While advanced technology presents the FBI with new opportunities to bring criminals to justice, it also can raise significant civil liberties challenges. Drones, for example, offer new capabilities as a domestic investigative tool, but also present serious privacy concerns. [...] Another area where we must work together is cyber security. [...] The FBI also has participated in a major international effort to arrest individuals involved in cyber-stalking software called Blackshades. Cyber threats are among the most serious our nation faces, and place our critical infrastructure and privacy at risk." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Patrick Leahy and James B. Comey, Jr..
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary
2013-05-21
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Application of the Social Learning Theory to Domestic Terrorist Recruitment
This paper discusses the use of the Social Learning Theory in determining who is susceptible to terrorist recruitment. Topics included in the discusses: international terrorism, criminology and terrorology gaps, prison gangs and recruitment, and implications. From the paper: "In the law enforcement community, we have multiple theories as to how a criminal act can be prevented or reacted to once committed. Likewise, we have begun to design strategies and tactics to better understand and deal with the impacts of terrorist attacks as we continue to advance further into the new millennium. While all can debate the odds of where or when the next terrorist attack will occur, very few of us have taken the time to consider who will actually execute these acts of martyrdom in the name of Allah. In studying the who, we must consider the how. The how refers to how an individual, a member of our society, becomes entangled in this form of antisocial deviance. In questioning the how, it's necessary to examine the social interactions of individuals and weighing their vulnerabilities to the recruitment of local domestic and international terrorist cells through varying venues"
National Criminal Justice Reference Service (U.S.)
Hughbank, Richard J.; Hughbank, David L.
2008
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Army Reserve, Army National Guard and Air National Guard Readiness, Training and Operations, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Readiness of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, Hearing Held September 21, 2011
From the opening statement of J. Randy Forbes: "Just 10 days ago, we marked the 10th Anniversary of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on our homeland. That day, as we all know, literally changed our world, and led us into a long-term global war on terrorism, a fight where our reservists and our National Guard members are full partners. In the intervening 10 years, our Reserve Components have been stretched thin as they have been called upon to provide many of the enabling capabilities for the Active Duty Forces in Operation Iraqi Freedom, New Dawn and Operation Enduring Freedom. They provide support, such as intelligence gathering, airlift, close air support and security forces. At the same time, the National Guard still must fulfill their traditional mission of supporting the states during emergencies such as the recent flooding and fires. There is no walking away from either mission. Their significant combat support role in Iraq and Afghanistan makes it clear that we cannot go to the fight without our Reserve Components. According to the Department of Defense's recent study, the 'Future Role of the Reserve Component,' the Reserve Component is an irreplaceable and cost-effective element of overall Department of Defense capability. The report specifically stated, 'Unless we had chosen to dramatically increase the size of the active components, our domestic security and global operations since September 11, 2001 could not have been executed without the activation of hundreds of thousands of trained reserve component personnel.'" Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Madeleine Z. Bordallo, J. Randy Forbes, Raymond W. Carpenter, Jack C Stultz,, and Harry M. Wyatt.
United States. Government Printing Office
2012
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Russia's Role in the Emerging Eurasian Security Environment
From the overview: "Russian foreign policy has taken an interesting turn during the administration of President Vladimir Putin. Following the proposed deployment of a strategic ballistic missile defense system in Central Europe, Mr. Putin threatened withdrawal from both the Conventional Forces Europe (CFE) and Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty in addition to retargeting nuclear missiles to Poland and the United States. Beyond rhetoric, concrete acts of Russian aggression include attempting to claim resource rich elements of the Arctic region, resuming bomber patrols, and invading Georgian airspace culminating in the invasion of Georgia itself. While these seemingly hostile acts are occurring, a great deal of cooperation exists between the United States and Russia in the US-led global war on terrorism. On other fronts, such as relations with the Chinese and Iranian nuclear ambitions, Russian policies seem much more ambivalent and even contradictory. […] It is the thesis of this project that Russian foreign policy is best understood through an understanding of Russian domestic politics and the dominant interests that supports Mr. Putin's policies: the military, the oligarchs, the Russian popular nationalist imperative and Putin's political machine itself. This paper will begin with an overview of basic Russian strategic thinking, but will probe more into the construction of Russian ideas and how those ideas have been made manifest within the Russian political system."
United States Air Force Academy
Sacko, David H.
2008
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Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Intelligence Community Policy Memorandum Number 2007-500-1: Unevaluated Domestic Threat Tearline Reports
"This Intelligence Community Policy Memorandum (ICPM) establishes Director of National Intelligence (DNI) policy regarding unevaluated domestic threat tearline reporting in support of Presidential Information Sharing Guidelines 2- 'Develop a Framework for Sharing of Information Between and Among Executive Departments and Agencies and States, Local, and Tribal Governments, Law Enforcement Agencies, and the Private Sector' and is consistent with Presidential direction in EO 13388 to produce terrorism information in a format that maximizes the dissemination to protect the territory, people, and interests of the U.S."
United States. Office of the Director of National Intelligence
McConnell, Mike, 1943-
2007-11-19
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Maritime Security: Federal Efforts Needed to Address Challenges in Preventing and Responding to Terrorist Attacks on Energy Commodity Tankers, Report to Congressional Requesters
"U. S. energy needs rest heavily on ship-based imports. Tankers bring 55 percent of the nation's crude oil supply, as well as liquefied gases and refined products like jet fuel. This supply chain is potentially vulnerable in many places here and abroad, as borne out by several successful overseas attacks on ships and facilities. GAO's review addressed (1) the types of threats to tankers and the potential consequences of a successful attack, (2) measures taken to protect tankers and challenges federal agencies face in making these actions effective, and (3) plans in place for responding to a successful attack and potential challenges stakeholders face in responding. GAO's review spanned several foreign and domestic ports, and multiple steps to analyze data and gather opinions from agencies and stakeholders. GAO recommends that cognizant agencies (1) plan for meeting a growing security workload for protecting liquefied natural gas shipments, (2) help ensure that ports plan for dealing with economic consequences of an attack, (3) integrate terrorism and spill response plans at the national and (4) local level, and (5) work to develop performance measures for emergency response. The agencies generally agreed with our recommendations, but the Department of Homeland Security took the final recommendation under advisement."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2007-12
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Combating WMD Journal [Issue 7 Spring/Summer 2011]
This issue of the Combating WMD [Weapons of Mass Destruction] Journal contains several articles: "Service-Level CWMD [Conventional CWMD] Framework" by Steven Rollins; "The Department of the Army's Role in Response to a Domestic Bioterror Attack" by Mitchell L. Wise; "Decon Emitting Neutralizer of Improvised Explosive Devices (DENIED) Service-Level CWMD Framework" by Christopher Rivers et. al.; "The Spore Wall as Defense for the Biological Agent Bacillus anthracis" by Jon J. Calomiris; "Pentomic Soldiers" by Daniel P. Bolger; "Enhancing Visualization of HPAC [Hazard Prediction and Assessment Capability] Scenarios using Google Earth" by Mathew Jackson; "Exercise 'Poets Corner' a Multinational Effort to Prevent CBRNE [chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosive weapons] Terrorism" by Michael S. Quinn and Vasilli 'Bill' Karatzas; "U.S. - Russian Partnership and the Plutonium Production Reactor Agreement" by Kevin J. Owens; "From the Director" by Peter Bechtel; "Do You Know... Japan had an atomic bomb (genzai bakuden) program in WWII?" by Mr. Robert Pfeffer; and "Combating WMD Resources".
United States. Army Nuclear and CWMD Agency
2011
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EMR-ISAC: InfoGram, Volume 15 Issue 45 [November 5, 2015]
The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. In the context of this document, 'U.S. Fire Administration' will be abbreviated 'USFA'. This issue includes the following articles: "Impersonation of First Responders and Military"; "Codes Must Account for Classroom Barricades"; "Justice: New Office Focuses on Domestic Terrorism"; and "USFA Professional Development Series."
Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)
2015-11-05
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Committee Print 114-C: Compilation of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Updated with Amendments Made through P.L. 110-417 (February 24, 2016))
"This book is designed as a ready reference of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-296), as amended through Public Law 110-417. The information contained herein is current as of February 24, 2016. This document was prepared by the Office of the Legislative Counsel." The document includes the full text of Titles I-XX, which address the following topics: Department of Homeland Security, Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection, Science and Technology in Support of Homeland Security, Border, Maritime, and Transportation Security, National Emergency Management, Treatment of Charitable Trusts for Members of the Armed Forces of the United States and Other Governmental Organizations, Management, Coordination with Non-Federal Entities, National Homeland Security Council, Information Security, Department of Justice Divisions, Airline War Risk Insurance Legislation, Federal Workforce Improvement, Arming Pilots against Terrorism, Transition, Conforming and Technical Amendments, Emergency Communications, Domestic Nuclear Detection Office, and Homeland Security Grants.
United States. Government Printing Office
2016
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CTC Sentinel [January 2013]
This January 2013 issue of the U.S. Military Academy's Combating Terrorism Center (CTC) Sentinel features the following articles: "Tunisia: Signs of Domestic Radicalization Post-Revolution" by Anne Wolf; "Jordan in the Balance: Evaluating Regime Stability" by Sean L. Yom; "Boko Haram's International Connections" by Jacob Zenn; "Countering Islamist Radicalization in Germany" by Dorle Hellmuth; "Algerian Foreign Policy in the Context of the Arab Spring" by Anouar Boukhars; and "A Profile of Lashkar-i-Jhangvi Leader Malik Ishaq" by Daud Khattak.
Combating Terrorism Center (U.S.)
2013-01
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FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin: July 2002
The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin is a collection of criminal justice stories, reports and project findings. It provides a forum for the exchange of information, news, and commentary on various aspects of the field of law enforcement. The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin is an official publication of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the U.S. Department of Justice. Topics discussed in this issue include: Domestic violence in law enforcement relationships; High speed police pursuits; Investigating international terrorism overseas; Accidental deaths of law enforcement officers; Boat accident; Victims grant/funding; Problem with gratuities; Digital evidence and computer crime.
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
2002-07
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FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin: December 2001
The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin is a collection of criminal justice stories, reports and project findings. It provides a forum for the exchange of information, news, and commentary on various aspects of the field of law enforcement. The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin is an official publication of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the U.S. Department of Justice. Topics discussed in this issue include: Gangs in Middle America; Military support of domestic law enforcement operations; Serious crime figures; FBI laboratory publications; Responding to terrorism; Controversial issues in policing.
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
2001-12
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2013 National Network of Fusion Centers, Final Report
"Threats to the homeland are persistent and constantly evolving. Domestic and foreign terrorism and the expanding reach of transnational organized crime syndicates across cyberspace, international borders, and jurisdictional boundaries within the United States highlight the continued need to build and sustain effective intelligence and information sharing partnerships among the federal government; state, local, tribal, and territorial (SLTT) governments; and the private sector. These partnerships are the foundation of a robust and efficient homeland security intelligence enterprise that goes beyond shared access to information and intelligence to foster sustained collaboration in support of a common mission. This collaboration enables the fusion process 1 and provides decision makers across all levels of government and within the private sector with the knowledge to make informed decisions to protect the homeland from a variety of threats and hazards. State and major urban area fusion centers (fusion centers) are the nexus of the homeland security intelligence enterprise at the state and local level. They serve as focal points for the receipt, analysis, gathering, sharing, and safeguarding of threat-related information between the federal government and SLTT and private sector partners. As such, fusion centers provide a state and local context that enhances the national threat picture and enables local officials to better protect their communities. They also provide critical information and subject matter expertise that allows the Intelligence Community (IC) to more effectively 'connect the dots' to prevent and protect against threats to the homeland."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2014-06
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2012 National Network of Fusion Centers, Final Report
"Threats to the homeland are persistent and constantly evolving. Domestic and foreign terrorism and the expanding reach of transnational organized crime syndicates across cyberspace, international borders, and jurisdictional boundaries within the United States highlight the continued need to build and sustain effective intelligence and information sharing partnerships among the federal government; state, local, tribal, and territorial (SLTT) governments; and the private sector. These partnerships are the foundation of a robust and efficient homeland security intelligence enterprise that goes beyond shared access to information and intelligence to foster sustained collaboration in support of a common mission. This collaboration enables the fusion process 1 and provides decision makers across all levels of government and within the private sector with the knowledge to make informed decisions to protect the homeland from a variety of threats and hazards. State and major urban area fusion centers (fusion centers) are the nexus of the homeland security intelligence enterprise at the state and local level. They serve as focal points for the receipt, analysis, gathering, sharing, and safeguarding of threat-related information between the federal government and SLTT and private sector partners. As such, fusion centers provide a state and local context that enhances the national threat picture and enables local officials to better protect their communities. They also provide critical information and subject matter expertise that allows the Intelligence Community (IC) to more effectively 'connect the dots' to prevent and protect against threats to the homeland."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2013-06
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CTC Sentinel [October 2012]
This October 2012 issue of the U.S. Military Academy's Combating Terrorism Center (CTC) Sentinel features the following articles: "Boko Haram's Dangerous Expansion into Northwest Nigeria" by Jacob Zenn; "The Future of Los Zetas after the Death of Heriberto Lazcano" by Samuel Logan; "Kenya's Muslim Youth Center and Al-Shabab's East African Recruitment" by Christopher Anzalone; "Terrorist Attacks in Kenya Reveal Domestic Radicalization" by Fredrick Nzes; "A Post-Trial Profile of Anders Behring Breivik" by Jacob Aasland Ravndal; and "The Syria Balancing Act: Supporting Transition, Avoiding Blowback" by James Denselow.
Combating Terrorism Center (U.S.)
2012-10
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Oversight of the Trump Administration's Border Policies and the Relationship Between Anti-Immigrant Rhetoric and Domestic Terrorism, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Immigration and Citizenship of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, First Session, September 6, 2019
This is the September 6, 2019 hearing on "Oversight of the Trump Administration's Border Policies and the Relationship Between Anti-Immigrant Rhetoric and Domestic Terrorism," held before the U.S. House Subcommittee on Immigration and Citizenship of the Committee on the Judiciary. From the opening statement of Veronica Escobar: "Anti-immigrant rhetoric is on the rise today, and it is inflamed by President Trump. [...] One study found that President Trump has used words like invasion and killer more than 500 times to describe immigrants. And the President's rhetoric influences public opinion. [...] Research indicates that counties that hosted a Trump campaign rally saw a 226 percent increase in reported hate crimes over counties that didn't host those rallies." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Jo Anne Bernal, Monica Munoz Martinez, Alejandra Y. Castillo, Shaw Drake, Linda Y. Rivas, and Fernando Garcia.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2020
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Defense Production Act & Executive Action Taken in Response to COVID-19
From the Executive Summary: "The Defense Production Act (DPA) ['50 U.S.C. 4501 et seq'] grants the president a broad set of authorities to influence domestic industry in the interest of national defense, which defined broadly, includes preparing for and responding to military conflicts, emergency preparedness activities under the Stafford Act, acts of terrorism or continuity of government operations. President Trump has executed three Executives Orders (EO) and four Presidential Memoranda invoking the DPA in response to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19)."
National Governors' Association
2020-04-06
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Crime-Terrorism Nexus, and the Threat to U.S. Homeland Security
From the thesis abstract: "Since 2001, violent sub-national groups with disparate ideologies and motivations have been working together to further their objectives. They are collaborating, sharing each other's tactics, and learning from one another's successes and failures. What is the background or historical context of the crime-terror nexus, and what challenges does it present to U.S. homeland security practitioners? This thesis uses a case study approach to examine the history of the nexus between transnational criminal organizations and foreign terrorist organizations. The three case studies are then used as the data for the analysis chapter, which shows the historical and emerging relationships between states and the three violent sub-national groups. The three case studies suggest the activities of these violent sub-national groups are protean in nature; they are best described by analysts as falling into the 'gray area phenomenon.' The three case studies, the analysis, and conclusion of this thesis support the recommendation that more effort needs to be placed on intelligence collection, especially at the domestic and local levels."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.); Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Schofield, Robert Michael
2015-12
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Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Salaries and Expenses: Fiscal Year 2011 Overview Congressional Justification
"Programs funded through the Salaries and Expenses account contribute to the ICE mission of bringing a unified and coordinated focus to the enforcement of federal immigration and customs laws. Salaries and Expenses resources are used to combat terrorism and illegal immigration activities through investigating, detaining, and prosecuting both criminal and other aliens, and domestic gangs. These activities protect the infrastructure and persons within the United States. […] U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) requests 20,550 positions, 20,164 FTE [Full Time Employees], and $5,439,100,000 for FY 2011 in the Salaries and Expenses (S&E) account. In order to accomplish the agency's objectives and mission, ICE requests $5,358,762,000 and 20,044 FTE to maintain current services and $80,338,000 and 120 FTE in program enhancements in the S&E account."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
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Homeland Security: The Department of Defense's Role [October 18, 2002]
"For over a century the U.S. military has focused on expeditionary warfare overseas. Its participation in domestic operations has been sporadic and generally in response to natural disasters. With the heightened concern about large-scale terrorism, have come efforts to involve DOD [Department of Defense] more closely with federal, state and local agencies in their homeland security activities. DOD resources are unique in the government, both in their size and capabilities, and can be applied to both deter and respond to terrorist acts. While the DOD leadership is ready and willing to play a supporting role in these efforts, it wishes to maintain overseas military operations as the Department's primary focus, and avoid an inadvertent drain of fiscal, materiel, and personnel resources to the homeland security mission. In response to the increased focus on homeland security, on October 1, 2002, DOD activated a new combatant command, Northern Command or NORCOM [Northern Command]. At the same time, Congress and the Administration are working to create a new statutory Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Exactly how DOD and a new DHS will establish and maintain coordination and cooperation remains to be seen. Legislation currently under consideration (H.R. 5005 and S. 2452) to create the new DHS is silent on this question, and details on the new NORCOM are scarse. The intelligence collection and analysis capabilities within the Department of Defense are a substantial portion of the United States' national intelligence assets. They include the National Security Agency, the National Reconnaissance Office, the National Imagery and Mapping Agency, the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the intelligence and security branches of the individual armed services. Consequently, the means and extent of cooperation/coordination between DOD and the new DHS will be of great importance to the success of DHS's efforts to provide comprehensive intelligence analysis."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Bowman, Steve
2002-10-18
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Germany's Role in Fighting Terrorism: Implications for U.S. Policy [December 27, 2004]
"This report examines Germany's response to global Islamic terrorism after the
September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States. It looks at current German strategy,
domestic efforts, and international responses, including possible gaps and
weaknesses. It examines the state of U.S.-German cooperation, including problems
and prospects for future cooperation. This report may be updated as needed."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Miko, Francis T.
2004-12-27
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Greece Update [December 16, 2009]
"The Greek city-state of Athens is believed to have developed the first known democracy around 500 B.C. Modern Greece has been a democracy since the toppling of a military junta in 1974. Since then, the New Democracy (ND) party and the PanHellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) have alternated leadership of the government. ND ruled from March 2004 until October 4, 2009, when PASOK won national elections and a clear majority of the seats in parliament. PASOK's victory has been attributed to anti-ND public sentiment caused by the economic recession, corruption scandals, and law-and-order issues. On taking power, PASOK inherited a severe financial crisis: economic growth has contracted for three consecutive quarters in 2009, and the budget deficit is projected to be 12.7.% of gross domestic product (GDP) and debt to be 125% of GDP in 2010. Therefore, the economy is the dominating issue on the government's agenda. The Greek government's foreign policy focuses on the European Union (EU), sometimes-strained relations with Turkey, reunifying Cyprus, resolving a dispute with Macedonia over its name, other Balkan issues, and sustaining good relations with the United States. Greece has assisted with the war on terrorism, but is not a member of the U.S.-led coalition in Iraq and has a limited presence with NATO in Afghanistan."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Migdalovitz, Carol
2009-12-16
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'1033 Program,' Department of Defense Support to Law Enforcement [August 28, 2014]
"The United States has traditionally kept military action and civil law enforcement apart, codifying that separation in the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878. On the other hand, Congress has occasionally authorized the Department of Defense (DOD) to undertake actions specifically intended to enhance the effectiveness of domestic law enforcement through direct or material support. One such effort is the so-called '1033 Program,' named for the section of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) of 1997 that granted permanent authority to the Secretary of Defense to transfer defense material to federal and state agencies for use in law enforcement, particularly those associated with counter-drug and counter-terrorism activities. [...] The 1033 Program is administered by the Law Enforcement Support Office (LESO) of the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA). Under it, local and state law enforcement agencies may apply to DLA to participate. DLA requires the governor of the state to execute a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) and appoint a state 1033 Program coordinator, who is responsible for ensuring that the program is properly administered within the state and that appropriate property records are maintained. Approved agencies may request material from DLA through their state coordinators. The LESO retains final approval authority over the types and quantities of material transferred from DOD excess stocks to the agencies. Any material requiring demilitarization before being released to the public must be returned to DLA when no longer needed by the receiving law enforcement agency. LESO states that 11,000 agencies nationwide are currently registered and that 8,000 of them use material provided through the 1033 Program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Else, Daniel H.
2014-08-28
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Mass Shootings and Terrorism: CRS Products [June 13, 2016]
"On Sunday, June 12, 2016, approximately 50 people were killed (including the alleged assailant), and 53 more were injured in an attack on a nightclub in Orlando, FL, that catered to the lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, and transgender (LGBT) community. The alleged assailant was armed with an AR-15-type assault rifle and a pistol. The Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) has reported that these weapons were legally purchased in Florida. During the assault on the nightclub, the alleged assailant reportedly called 911 to pledge allegiance to ISIS [Islamic State of Iraq and Syria] . The assailant was killed by police after a standoff that lasted approximately three hours. This incident is the worst mass shooting in U.S. history to date. CRS [Congressional Research Service], has several different products on issues relevant to the mass shooting incident in Florida. These issues include mass murder with firearms, firearms regulation, domestic terrorism, and hate crime." This report contains a list of key reports on these issues.
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lake, Jennifer E.
2016-06-13
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Mass Shootings and Terrorism: CRS Products [Updated June 24, 2016]
From the Document: "On Sunday, June 12, 2016, approximately 50 people were killed (including the alleged assailant), and 53 more were injured in an attack on a nightclub in Orlando, FL, that catered to the lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, and transgender (LGBT) community. The alleged assailant was armed with a 5.56 caliber Sig Sauer rifle and a 9mm Glock semiautomatic. The Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) has reported that these weapons were legally purchased in Florida. During the assault on the nightclub, the alleged assailant reportedly called 911 to pledge allegiance to ISIS [Islamic State of Syria and Iraq]. The assailant was killed by police after a standoff that lasted approximately three hours. This incident is the worst mass shooting in U.S. history to date. CRS [Congressional Research Service] has several different products on issues relevant to the mass shooting incident in Florida. These issues include mass murder with firearms, firearms regulation, domestic terrorism, and hate crime. Below are key products on these issues. Congressional clients may contact the authors of the individual reports for additional information on the issues."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lake, Jennifer E.
2016-06-24
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Ricin: Technical Background and Potential Role in Terrorism [Updated April 19, 2013]
From the Summary: "In April 2013, envelopes sent to President Obama and a U.S. Senator tested positive for ricin, a deadly toxin derived from castor beans. Ricin has been identified as a potential bioweapon. Ricin is extremely toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and injection. No treatment or prophylaxis currently exists, though research into new therapies and vaccines against ricin exposure continues. Additionally, research to improve ricin detection is ongoing. Although governments have investigated ricin's potential use as a military weapon, individuals have used ricin in small quantities. Most experts believe that ricin would be difficult to use as a weapon of mass destruction, but do not discount its potential as a weapon of terror. Ricin is a select agent, and its possession, transfer, or use is regulated under domestic and international law. This report will not be updated."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Shea, Dana A.; Gottron, Frank
2013-04-19
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Securing Nuclear Materials: The 2010 Summit and Issues for Congress [April 27, 2011]
"In an April 2009 speech in Prague, President Obama pledged that his Administration would launch 'a new international effort to secure all vulnerable nuclear material around the world within four years.' To motivate world leaders to achieve this goal, the President hosted a Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, DC, on April 12-13, 2010. Leaders of 47 countries attended the summit, including many heads of state. Attendees represent a wide geographic range of states and nuclear capabilities, and include China, India, Israel, and Pakistan. The summit resulted in a joint statement saying that international cooperative action is necessary to prevent an act of nuclear terrorism. Summit attendees also pledged to improve nuclear security standards, bring international agreements into force, and share best practices. Nuclear security measures refer to a wide range of actions to prevent theft or diversion of nuclear material or sabotage at an installation or in transit. They could include physical protection measures, material control and accounting, personnel reliability screening, and training. A broader understanding of nuclear security also includes measures to prevent and detect illicit trafficking-- cargo inspections, border security, and interdiction measures. The U.S. government has worked for more than a decade both domestically and in partnership with other countries to address this problem through multiple programs at the Departments of Defense, Energy, Homeland Security, and State. The International Atomic Energy Agency has also played a lead role in these efforts, particularly since the 9/11 terrorist attacks."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Nikitin, Mary Beth Dunham
2011-04-27
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Securing Nuclear Materials: The 2010 Summit and Issues for Congress [April 16, 2010]
"In an April 2009 speech in Prague, President Obama pledged that his Administration would launch 'a new international effort to secure all vulnerable nuclear material around the world within four years.' To motivate world leaders to achieve this goal, the President hosted a Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, DC, on April 12-13, 2010. Leaders of 47 countries attended the summit, including many heads of state. Attendees represent a wide geographic range of states and nuclear capabilities, and include China, India, Israel, and Pakistan. The summit resulted in a joint statement saying that international cooperative action is necessary to prevent an act of nuclear terrorism. Summit attendees also pledged to improve nuclear security standards, bring international agreements into force, and share best practices. Nuclear security measures refer to a wide range of actions to prevent theft or diversion of nuclear material or sabotage at an installation or in transit. They could include physical protection measures, material control and accounting, personnel reliability screening, and training. A broader understanding of nuclear security also includes measures to prevent and detect illicit trafficking-- cargo inspections, border security, and interdiction measures. The U.S. government has worked for more than a decade both domestically and in partnership with other countries to address this problem through multiple programs at the Departments of Defense, Energy, Homeland Security, and State. The International Atomic Energy Agency has also played a lead role in these efforts, particularly since the 9/11 terrorist attacks."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Nikitin, Mary Beth Dunham
2010-04-16
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Ricin: Technical Background and Potential Role in Terrorism [April 18, 2013]
"In April 2013 envelopes sent to President Obama and a U.S. Senator tested preliminarily positive for ricin, a deadly toxin derived from castor beans. Ricin has been identified as a potential bioweapon. Ricin is extremely toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and injection. No treatment or prophylaxis currently exists, though research into new therapies and vaccines against ricin exposure continues. Additionally, research to improve ricin detection is ongoing. Although governments have investigated ricin's potential use as a military weapon, individuals have used ricin in small quantities. Most experts believe that ricin would be difficult to use as a weapon of mass destruction, but do not discount its potential as a weapon of terror. Ricin is a select agent, and its possession, transfer, or use is regulated under domestic and international law. This report will not be updated."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Shea, Dana A.; Gottron, Frank
2013-04-18
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H. Rept. 116-683, Part 1: National Commission on Online Platforms and Homeland Security Act, Report Together with Minority Views, to Accompany H.R. 4782, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, December 21, 2020
From the Purpose and Summary: "H.R. 4782, the 'National Commission on Online Platforms and Homeland Security Act,' would create a bipartisan, 12-member Commission comprised of non-government experts to study the ways, if any, that online platforms, including platforms used for social media and social networking, have been utilized in furtherance of acts of targeted violence, including domestic and international terrorism, as well as covert foreign influence campaigns. The Commission would examine the implications of such use, if any, on free speech, privacy, civil rights and civil liberties, as well as actions taken by platform owners and operators in response to such utilization. The Commission would be tasked with developing recommendations for how online platforms could address such utilization in ways that promote transparency, free speech and innovation on the internet, preserve individual privacy, civil rights, and civil liberties, and uphold the principles of the U.S. Constitution in accordance with relevant statutes, and take into account current or anticipated trends and technological developments, such as advancements in artificial intelligence."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2020-12-21
