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F-35 Aircraft Sustainment: DOD Faces Challenges in Sustaining a Growing Fleet, Statement of Diana Maurer, Director, Defense Capabilities and Management, Testimony Before the Subcommittees on Readiness and Tactical Air and Land Forces, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives
From the GAO [Government Accountability Office] Highlights: "DOD's F-35 Lightning II fighter aircraft provides key aviation capabilities to support the U.S. National Defense Strategy. The F-35 is also DOD's most costly weapon system, with U.S. sustainment costs estimated at more than $1 trillion over its life cycle. As of October 2019, there were more than 435 U.S. and international F-35 aircraft in operation, with more than 3,300 aircraft expected to be fielded throughout the life of the program. While there is little doubt that the F-35 brings unique capabilities to the U.S. military, DOD faces significant challenges in sustaining a growing fleet. This statement discusses F-35 sustainment challenges. It also summarizes GAO's open recommendations related to these challenges."
United States. Government Accountability Office
Maurer, Diana
2019-11-13
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2881, Secure 5G and Beyond Act of 2019
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on October 30, 2019. From the Document: "H.R. 2881 would require the Administration to develop and submit to the Congress a strategy to: [1] Ensure the security of new systems and infrastructure for mobile telecommunications in the United States and other countries; [2] Protect the competitiveness of U.S. businesses and the privacy of consumers that use those systems; and [3] Ensure that organizations that set standards for those systems and infrastructure are impartial. The bill would require the National Telecommunications and Information Administration to coordinate implementation of that strategy and to report to the Congress on the actions it takes to do so."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2019-11-13
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Iraq: Protests and the Future of U.S. Partnership [Updated November 12, 2019]
From the Document: "Mass protests and state violence against some protestors have shaken Iraq since October 2019, with more than 300 Iraqis reported dead and thousands more injured in demonstrations and isolated clashes in Baghdad and southern Iraq. Protestors and some prominent political figures have demanded the resignation of Prime Minister Adel Abd Al Mahdi and his cabinet, channeling nationalist, nonsectarian sentiment and a range of frustrations into potent rejections of the post-2003 political order. Current protests reiterate past demonstrators' concerns (with some louder critiques of Iranian interference), but the scope and endurance of the protests are unprecedented in Iraq's recent history. U.S. officials have not endorsed demands for an immediate transition, but protestors' calls for improved governance, reliable local services, more trustworthy and capable security forces, and greater economic opportunity broadly correspond to stated U.S. goals. The nature, duration, and response to the protests are deepening U.S. concerns about Iraq's stability. Related future developments could complicate U.S. efforts to partner with Iraq's government as Iraq recovers from war with the Islamic State (IS, aka ISIS/ISIL) and seeks to maintain its sovereignty. Congress is considering President Donald Trump's requests for additional military and civilian aid for Iraq without certainty about the future of Iraq's governing arrangements or how change might affect U.S. interests."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchard, Christopher M.
2019-11-12
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 2132, Promoting Security and Justice for Victims of Terrorism Act of 2019
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as reported by the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on October 21, 2019. From the Document: "S. 2132 would change the criteria for establishing jurisdiction over terrorist entities if the defendant in a case is the Palestinian Authority (PA), the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), or any organization or entity that represents Palestine in connection with official business of the United Nations. The bill would establish federal jurisdiction over a defendant--and therefore enable U.S. victims to file suit--if the entity: [1] Makes any payment to an individual (or to his or her family) who has been tried or pleaded guilty to an act of terrorism that injured or killed a U.S. national and has subsequently been imprisoned for that act, [2] Conducts any activity while physically present in the United States on behalf of the PA or the PLO, or [3] Applies for or maintains standing equivalent to membership in the United Nations or an affiliated agency. In addition, the bill would permit the PA and the PLO to accept U.S. economic and security assistance without subjecting themselves to the jurisdiction of U.S. courts."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2019-11-12
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections [Updated November 8, 2019]
From the Document: "This report provides the results of recent presidential elections in Latin America and the Caribbean. Below are three tables organized by region, that include the date of each country's independence, the name of the most recently elected president or prime minister, and the projected date of the next presidential election. Information in this report was gathered from numerous sources, including the U.S. State Department, Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA's) World Fact Book, International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) Election Guide, Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), and other news sources."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Davis-Castro, Carla Y.
2019-11-08
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U.S. Role in the World: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated November 8, 2019]
From the Document: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress regarding the U.S. role in the world, meaning the overall character, purpose, or direction of U.S. participation in international affairs and the country's overall relationship to the rest of the world. The U.S. role in the world can be viewed as establishing the overall context or framework for U.S. policymakers for developing, implementing, and measuring the success of U.S. policies and actions on specific international issues, and for foreign countries or other observers for interpreting and understanding U.S. actions on the world stage. Some observers perceive that after remaining generally stable for a period of more than 70 years (i.e., since the end of World War II in 1945), the U.S. role in the world under the Trump Administration is undergoing a potentially historic change. A change in the U.S. role in the world could have significant and even profound effects on U.S. security, freedom, and prosperity. It could significantly affect U.S. policy in areas such as relations with allies and other countries, defense plans and programs, trade and international finance, foreign assistance, and human rights."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald; Moodie, Michael, 1948-
2019-11-08
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 4356, Protecting Families of Fallen Servicemembers Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Veterans' Affairs on October 29, 2019. From the Document: "Under current law, service members may terminate telephone, cable, and internet service contracts without penalty if the service member receives orders to move to a location that the service provider does not cover. H.R. 4356 also would allow the spouse or dependent of a service member or reservist who dies while in military service, or who incurs a catastrophic injury or illness, to cancel such contracts without penalty. CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that H.R. 4356 would not affect the federal budget."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2019-11-08
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2227, Gold Star Spouses and Spouses of Injured Servicemembers Leasing Relief Expansion Act of 2019
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Veterans' Affairs on October 29, 2019. From the Document: "Under current law, service members may terminate leases for residential, business, or other properties, as well as leases for automobiles, after receiving permanent change of station or deployment orders. H.R. 2227 would permit the spouse or dependent of a service member who suffers a catastrophic injury or illness during military service to terminate property and automobile leases previously entered into by the service member. Under the bill, the spouse could terminate such leases without charge or penalty during the year following the date the service member incurs the catastrophic injury or illness. CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that H.R. 2227 would not affect the federal budget."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2019-11-08
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Nuclear Weapons Sustainment: Improvements Made to Budget Estimates in Fiscal Year 2019 Joint Report, but Opportunities Remain to Enhance Completeness
From the Document: "The Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Energy (DOE), through its National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), are undertaking an extensive, multifaceted effort to sustain and modernize U.S. nuclear weapons capabilities. These capabilities include the nuclear weapons stockpile; the research and production infrastructure; delivery systems; and the nuclear command, control, and communications (NC3) system. DOD and DOE estimates show that nuclear sustainment and modernization efforts are expected to cost hundreds of billions of dollars over the next decade."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2019-11-07
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Antidumping and Countervailing Duties: Information on Actions by Commerce and CBP to Address Reported Weaknesses in Duty Collection Processes, Briefing for Senate and House Appropriations Homeland Security Subcommittees
From the Document: "The United States assesses antidumping (AD) duties on products imported at unfairly low prices and countervailing (CV) duties on products subsidized by foreign governments to address injury to domestic industries. The U.S. system for determining AD/CV duties involves the setting of an initial estimated duty rate upon the entry of goods into U.S. commerce, followed by the retrospective assessment of a final duty rate. The Department of Commerce (Commerce) sets an initial estimated AD/CV duty rate, based on a calculation of the estimated margin of dumping or the estimated amount of subsidy, and later determines a final duty rate based on the actual amount of dumping or subsidization that occurred. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is responsible for collecting the estimated duties owed at the time of entry, which are based on the initial rate. [...] In 2016, we reported that CBP continued to face challenges collecting payment on supplemental AD/CV duty bills, attributable in part to the U.S. government's retrospective assessment of final duties owed and the complex and lengthy process for determining final AD/CV duty rates. According to Commerce, the United States is the only major user of AD/CV duty trade remedies that implements a retrospective system of duty assessment."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2019-11-07
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FY2020 Refugee Ceiling and Allocations [November 7, 2019]
From the Document: "On November 1, 2019, President Donald Trump issued a Presidential Determination setting the FY2020 refugee ceiling at 18,000. The refugee ceiling is the maximum number of refugees that can be admitted to the United States in a fiscal year. From the start of FY2020 until the signing of the Presidential Determination, no refugees could be admitted to the United States. The FY2020 refugee ceiling of 18,000 is the lowest in the history of the U.S. refugee admissions program. The Trump Administration has reduced the refugee ceiling each year, setting it at 45,000 for FY2018 and 30,000 for FY2019. These ceilings are much lower than in previous years. Actual refugee admissions in FY2019 totaled 30,000"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Bruno, Andorra
2019-11-07
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Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): Overview and Issues for Congress [Updated November 7, 2019]
From the Document: "The U.S. Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) program provides nonreciprocal, duty-free tariff treatment to certain products imported from designated beneficiary developing countries (BDCs). The United States, the European Union, and other developed countries have implemented similar programs since the 1970s. Congress first authorized the U.S. program in Title V of the Trade Act of 1974, and most recently extended the GSP program in Division M, Title V of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (P.L. 115-141). This act extended the GSP program until December 31, 2020, as well as retroactively renewing it for the time period between December 31, 2017 (the previous expiration date) and April 22, 2018. Currently, 120 developing countries and territories are GSP beneficiary developing countries (BDCs). The program provides duty-free entry into the United States for over 3,500 products (based on 8-digit U.S. Harmonized Tariff Schedule tariff lines) from BDCs, and duty-free status to an additional 1,500 products from 44 GSP beneficiaries additionally designated as leastdeveloped beneficiary developing countries (LDBDCs). In 2018, products valued at about $23.8 billion (imports for consumption) entered the United States duty-free under the program, out of $238.4 billion worth of total imports from GSP-eligible countries. Total U.S. imports from all countries amounted to about $2.6 trillion in 2018."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
2019-11-07
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Introduction to U.S. Economy: Inflation [Updated November 7, 2019]
From the Document: "Inflation tends to interfere with pricing mechanisms in the economy, resulting in individuals and businesses making less than optimal spending, saving, and investment decisions. Additionally, in the presence of inflation, economic actors often engage in actions to protect themselves from the negative impacts of inflation, diverting resources from other more productive activities. Ultimately, these inefficient decisions reduce incomes, economic growth, and living standards. For this reason, it is generally accepted that inflation should be kept low to minimize these distortions in the economy. Some would argue that an inflation rate of zero is optimal; however a target of zero inflation makes a period of accidental deflation more likely, and deflation is thought to be even more costly than inflation. In an effort to balance these two risks, policy makers, including the Federal Reserve, often target a positive, but low, inflation rate, generally around 2%, which reduces inefficiencies within the economy while protecting against deflation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Stupak, Jeffrey M.
2019-11-07
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Introduction to U.S. Economy: Unemployment [Updated November 7, 2019]
From the Document: "The official unemployment rate released on a monthly basis by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), also known as U3, measures the number of unemployed individuals as a percentage of the entire labor force. It is important to define these terms, as the BLS definitions are not entirely intuitive. The labor force is defined as all individuals aged 16 and over who are either unemployed or employed, excluding active duty military personnel. Individuals are considered employed if they did any work for pay or profit in the previous week. Individuals are considered unemployed if they satisfy the following three criteria: (1) they do not have a job, (2) they have actively looked for work in the previous four weeks, and (3) and they are currently available to work. If an individual does not have a job, but has not looked for work in the previous four weeks, and/or is not currently available for work that individual is not considered part of the labor force."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Stupak, Jeffrey M.
2019-11-07
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National Flood Insurance Program: The Current Rating Structure and Risk Rating 2.0 [November 7, 2019]
From the Introduction: "The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is the primary source of flood insurance coverage for residential properties in the United States, with more than five million policies in over 22,000 communities in 56 states and jurisdictions. The program collects about $4.6 billion in annual revenue from policyholders' premiums, fees and surcharges and provides over $1.3 trillion in coverage. [...] The price of insurance is generally based on three components: (1) the average annual loss, which is the expected loss per year; (2) the risk, which depends on the variability or uncertainty in loss estimates; and (3) expenses. These rating factors are used to calculate the premium that is sufficient to cover expected losses. The methodologies used to estimate these components, particularly the average annual loss and the risk, have changed over the decades that the NFIP has been in operation. This report will outline how the NFIP currently rates risks and sets premiums to cover losses, and how these are expected to change with the introduction of Risk Rating 2.0."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Horn, Diane P.
2019-11-07
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Renewed Great Power Competition: Implications for Defense--Issues for Congress [Updated November 7, 2019]
From the Introduction: "This report provides a brief overview of implications for U.S. defense of the shift in the international environment to a situation of renewed great power competition with China and Russia. The issue for Congress is how U.S. defense funding levels, strategy, plans, and programs should respond to this shift. Congress's decisions on these issues could have significant or even profound implications for U.S. defense capabilities and funding requirements. This report focuses on defense-related issues and does not discuss potential implications of the shift to renewed great power competition for other policy areas, such as foreign policy and diplomacy, trade and finance, energy, and foreign assistance."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2019-11-07
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Agreed-Upon Procedures: FY 2019 Excise Tax Distributions to the Airport and Airway and Highway Trust Funds
From the Document: "We performed the procedures described in the enclosures to this report on fiscal year 2019 net excise tax distributions to the Airport and Airway Trust Fund (AATF) and the Highway Trust Fund (HTF), with which you agreed. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is responsible for certifying quarterly net excise tax collections to be distributed to the AATF and the HTF. The Department of the Treasury's Office of Tax Analysis (OTA) is responsible for developing reasonable estimates of net excise tax collections to be distributed to the AATF and the HTF. These IRS certifications and OTA estimates are the bases of the net excise tax distributions to the AATF and the HTF. The sufficiency of these procedures is solely the responsibility of the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Transportation. We performed these procedures solely to assist your office in ascertaining whether the net excise tax revenue distributed to the AATF and the HTF for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019, is supported by underlying records. We make no representation regarding the sufficiency of the procedures described in the report either for the purpose for which this report has been requested or for any other purpose."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2019-11-07
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Venezuela: Background and U.S. Relations [Updated November 7, 2019]
From the Document: "Venezuela remains in a deep crisis under the authoritarian rule of Nicolás Maduro of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela. Maduro, narrowly elected in 2013 after the death of Hugo Chávez (president, 1999-2013), began a second term on January 10, 2019, that most Venezuelans and much of the international community consider illegitimate. Since January, Juan Guaidó, president of Venezuela's democratically elected, opposition-controlled National Assembly, has sought to form an interim government to serve until internationally observed elections can be held. Although the United States and 56 other countries recognize Guaidó as interim president, he has been unable to wrest Maduro from power. With Norway-backed negotiations between Maduro and Guaidó suspended, prospects for a negotiated solution to the crisis are uncertain. Venezuela's economy has collapsed. The country is plagued by hyperinflation, severe shortages of food and medicine, and electricity blackouts that have worsened an already dire humanitarian crisis. In April 2019, United Nations officials estimated that some 90% of Venezuelans are living in poverty. Maduro has blamed U.S. sanctions for these problems, but most observers cite economic mismanagement and corruption for the crisis. U.N. agencies estimate that 4.5 million Venezuelans had fled the country as of October 2019, primarily to Latin American and Caribbean countries."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Seelke, Clare Ribando; Brown, Phillip; Margesson, Rhoda . . .
2019-11-07
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EMR-ISAC: InfoGram, Volume 19 Issue 41, November 7,2019
The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following articles: "Ambulance workers four times more likely to get injured on the job"; "Registration now open for CDP's Tribal Training Week 2020"; "New Cyber Essentials answers the question 'Where do I start?'"; "Webinar: Surviving the Service - Cardiac, Cancer, Behavioral Threats "; "2019's scariest hacks and vulnerabilities"; "Low-tech social engineering attacks"; "Majority of 2019 breaches were result of unapplied security patches"; and "U.S. government and military travel details left exposed online".
Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)
2019-11-07
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 607, Timely Review of Infrastructure Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as reported by the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on October 22, 2019. From the Document: "S. 607 would authorize the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) to increase the compensation for certain positions if the agency certifies that the compensation under current law is insufficient to retain or attract personnel. The certifications would be valid for five years and could be extended."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2019-11-07
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 4719, FISH SAFE Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure on October 29, 2019. From the Document: "H.R. 4719 would reauthorize the Fishing Safety Training Grants Program and the Fishing Safety Research Grant Program for fiscal years 2020 and 2021. Those grant programs, which are administered by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in consultation with the Coast Guard, award grants to entities that provide training or conduct research on commercial fishing safety. The bill also would increase the maximum federal cost share for activities funded under those grants from 50 percent to 75 percent."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2019-11-07
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Improving Human Performance Through Mindfulness [podcast]
From the Webpage: "First responders prepare themselves physically for complex and chaotic situations but what about mental preparedness. Yonkers Fire Department Assistant Chief John Flynn (Masters 1501/ELP 1301) wanted to know if responders could optimize their crisis decision making through mindfulness training. He studied the predominant decision-making paradigms, frameworks, models and systems, alongside various mindfulness training programs and practices, to determine if mindfulness training would be a worthwhile means of enhancing first-responder crisis decision-making. John's research found that mindfulness training may improve certain human factors, skills and abilities which correlate with enhanced first responder crisis decision-making, with a consequent significant improvement of outcomes during future emergencies and disasters."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Karimi, Bijan P.
2019-11-07
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Harbor Dredging: Issues and Historical Funding [Updated November 6, 2019]
From the Document: "Congress is debating whether to support increased funding for dredging to better maintain harbor channel depths and widths. A bill passed by the House (H.R. 2440) seeks to boost dredging activity by utilizing more of the collections from a port tax levied to fund harbor maintenance. However, it is not clear whether the additional funding would increase the volume of material dredged from U.S. harbors, as a variety of factors affect the cost and performance of harbor dredging. In contrast to the House bill, in S. 2470 the Senate Committee on Appropriations recommends a Gulf Coast demonstration program addressing concerns about dredging cost and availability. According to S.Rept. 116-102, among other goals, the program should reduce the number of contract solicitations that lead to no bids or bids that are more than 25% higher than the government cost estimate and should reduce the cost per cubic yard for hopper dredge contracts."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Frittelli, John
2019-11-06
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Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress [November 6, 2019]
From the Introduction: "This report focuses on selected precision-guided munitions (PGMs) fielded by the Air Force, Army, Navy, and Marine Corps. Over the years, the U.S. military has relied on PGMs to execute ground, air, and naval military operations. PGMs have become ubiquitous in U.S military operations; funding for these weapons has increased dramatically from FY1998 to the present as depicted in. In FY2020, the Department of Defense (DOD) requested approximately $5.6 billion for more than 70,000 weapons in 13 munitions programs. DOD projects requesting approximately $4.4 billion for 34,000 weapons in FY2021, $3.3 billion for 25,000 weapons in FY2022, $3.8 billion for 25,000 weapons in FY2023, and $3.4 billion for 16,000 weapons in FY2024."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hoehn, John R.
2019-11-06
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Unauthorized Childhood Arrivals, DACA, and Related Legislation [November 6, 2019]
From the Introduction: "This report considers House and Senate measures on unauthorized childhood arrivals that have seen legislative action since 2001, focusing in particular on legislation considered in the 115th and 116th Congresses. It also discusses the related Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) initiative and DACA-related data. The material is presented chronologically to trace the development of legislative proposals on unauthorized childhood arrivals and highlight the interplay between legislative action on these measures and developments related to the DACA initiative."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Bruno, Andorra
2019-11-06
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This Land is Your Land? Eminent Domain Under the Natural Gas Act and State Sovereign Immunity [October 30, 2019]
From the Document: "In passing the Natural Gas Act of 1938, Congress acknowledged that interstate natural gas pipelines and other natural gas transmission facilities serve the public interest. To facilitate the land acquisition process for pipelines, Congress amended the Natural Gas Act in 1947 to permit natural gas companies to exercise the power of federal eminent domain. But pipeline routes can require more than just privately owned property. In 2018, a pipeline construction company sought to exercise eminent domain over land set aside by the State of New Jersey for agriculture, conservation, and recreation. When New Jersey opposed the eminent domain action, the ensuing court battle set up a clash of two powers: the pipeline company's eminent domain power and New Jersey's power to control state lands and retain its sovereign immunity against the pipeline company. The Third Circuit's opinion in 'PennEast Pipeline Company, LLC v. New Jersey' calls into doubt whether the Natural Gas Act permits natural gas companies to condemn state lands--or whether such a grant of authority would even be constitutional. The issue is poised to reach another court of appeals in the coming months and may find its way to the Supreme Court."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Holmes, Eric N.
2019-11-05
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Navy Ford (CVN-78) Class Aircraft Carrier Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated November 5, 2019]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78) class aircraft carrier program. The Navy's proposed FY2019 budget requests a total of $2,347 million (i.e., about $2.3 billion) in procurement funding for the CVN-78 program. Congress's decisions on the CVN-78 program could substantially affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements and the shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2019-11-05
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Funding U.S.-Mexico Border Barrier Construction: Current Issues [November 5, 2019]
From the Document: "The construction of barriers on the U.S-Mexico borders to control unauthorized crossings has been a matter of significant debate since President Donald Trump made construction of a border wall a key element of his campaign for the presidency. This Insight provides a brief overview of the funding history for these barriers, and how the current administration is redirecting federal funds to support construction of additional mileage."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mann, Christopher T.; Painter, William L.
2019-11-05
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H. Rept. 116-268: Identifying Outputs of Generative Adversarial Networks Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 4355, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, November 5, 2019
From the Purpose of the Bill: "The purpose of the bill is to provide for research on manipulated or synthesized content and information authenticity, including output of generative adversarial networks, otherwise known as deepfakes and to encourage public-private partnerships to develop standards for detecting and identifying such content."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2019-11-05
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Legalization Framework Under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) [November 5, 2019]
From the Document: "The population of unlawfully present aliens in the United States numbers between 10 million and 12 million, according to recent estimates. The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) takes three primary approaches to regulating this population: removal, deterrence, and--to a lesser extent-- legalization. Legalization, as used here, means the granting of a lawful immigration status to an unlawfully present alien so that he or she is no longer subject to removal under the INA. Put differently, an unlawfully present alien 'legalizes' by obtaining lawful permanent resident status (LPR or 'green card' status) or any other status (such as a nonimmigrant status) that extinguishes the statutory basis for his or her removal. The INA takes a generally restrictive approach to legalization. During much of the 20th century, a statutory provision called 'registry' allowed unlawfully present aliens to obtain LPR status based on their long-standing presence in the United States. If unlawfully present aliens had entered the United States before a fixed cutoff date and satisfied other requirements, such as a lack of certain types of criminal convictions, they could apply to the Attorney General for LPR status. The registry statute is now effectively obsolete because its cutoff date, which Congress last updated in 1986, remains fixed at 1972."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Harrington, Ben
2019-11-05
