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• Operational and Technical SIGINT--2020 Foresight

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  "In many respects the 21st Century's New World Order will not be so 'new' or so 'orderly'. The increasing rich/poor dichotomy, overpopulation, rapid urbanization, environmental degradation and disease and rising nationalism will render the international arena more volatile and unstable. Into this morass U.S. troops will be employed to deter and/or fight insurgency, terrorism, proxy warfare and drug trafficking. To support them in this environment, signals intelligence must bury its classical separations which have divided it into four disciplines during the Cold War and must provide fused, operational and technical intelligence covering the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Ongoing and currently planned programs are leading to such increased capabilities and interoperability - - the key is to not let them become new collection programs, but maintain their emphasis on information processing and dissemination which will provide focused, fused, friendly intelligence - - the 'cheaper' force multiplier of the 21st Century."

  Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)

  Henderson, Lewis S.

  1993-04
• Key Role of Air Power in the Defence of Australia

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  "The defence of the island continent of Australia poses difficult problems for its population of 17 million people. While there are no aggressors on the horizon, the defence of the country requires a clear focus to put in place an effective defence at a time of continuing resource constraints. Air power assumes a key role in the defence of Australia because its characteristics, such as mobility, flexibility, versatility, speed of response and reach, are well-matched to Australia's unique situation. While the defence of the sea-air gap to the north remains the prime consideration for defence planners, a task for which air power is well-suited, an offensive strategic strike capability is essential. The flexible strike capability provided by airpower can deter enemies, allow the initiative to be regained and the risks of gradual attrition of friendly forces to be avoided."

  Air University (U.S.). Air War College

  Birrer, Kenneth N.

  1993-04
• Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1992

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  This document produced by the State Department in April 1993 provides graphs and analysis of international terrorist acts for the year of 1992. Topics discussed include in depth regional analysis of terrorism activity, international counterterrorism efforts, the Palestinian uprising, background on major groups discussed in the report and a map of incidents.

  United States. Department of State

  1993-04
• Crime and Security Risk: Background Information for Security Personnel

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  "This study of crime and security risk provides information relevant to investigative procedures and adjudication standards. It is prepared as background information for policy makers, adjudicators, investigators, and researchers. Information is included on the prevalence of various crimes and on the frequent inadequacy of criminal history records checked during security investigations. Also discussed are means of predicting criminal behavior and the relationship of crime to other behaviors of security concern."

  Defense Personnel Security Research Center (U.S.)

  Heuer, Richards J.

  1993-04
• Arson Resource Directory

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  The Arson Resource Directory is intended to provide an explanation and identification of organizations and individuals who are concerned with arson prevention and control. This Directory is designed to help you contact resources that will assist you in coordinating your efforts with others. The Directory is divided into three parts. Part I contains the major programmatic areas, across the Nation, concerned with arson prevention and control. Part II identifies miscellaneous groupings of Federal, public, and private resources other than those falling into the programmatic areas. Part III is an alphabetical index of organizations, programs, and resources listed in the Directory. The Table of Contents identifies major organizational Parts, Sections, and Subsections. The Index identifies programs, organizations, and persons alphabetically and indicates page numbers of location.

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  1993-04
• Field Index Guide: Fire and Arson Investigators' Field Index Directory

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  This directory contains a listing of all relevant organizations and associations of particular interest to fire and arson investigators.

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  1993-04
• Use of Host Nation Support as an Alternative to Deployment of Theater Medical Facilities (Southwest Asia)

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  "The military experiences of the Persian Gulf War (Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm) and the emphasis of Congress (and the new Administration) to reduce the size of our military force drive us to re-evaluate our capabilities in the combat service support arena."

  Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)

  Hapner, Arthur W.

  1993-04
• California Army National Guard and the Los Angeles Riot, April and May 1992

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  "This study examines the factors that led to the federalization of the California Army National Guard and the use of federal troops to restore law and order to Los Angeles, CA, the second largest city in the United States. This study has immediate relevancy, as was pointed out recently, April 5-7, 1993, at The Police Foundation conference in Washington D.C. which delt [sic] exclusively with the subject of civil disorder."

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Schmidt, Eugene W.

  1993-03-22
• Letters on al-Qa'ida's Operations in Africa (English Translation)

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  "A series of letters from various authors that discuss al-Qa`ida's operations in Africa, specifically Somalia and Ogaden region. The first letter, to Abu `Abdullah [Usama bin Laden], is a report of an operative's arrival and activities in Nairobi in support of al-Qa`ida's operations in Somalia and Ogaden. The al-Qa`ida team met with Ogadin allies, and tried and failed to get to Mendira or Luuq, Somalia via plane (the trip was stymied by government regulations and inappropriate facilities in Luuq). The second letter is a report of the state and history of the Islamic movement in Somalia. In southern Somalia, Algamaa Al-Islamiah, led by Mahmud Isa, broke off from al-Ahl, led by `Abd al-Qader Shaikh Edris. The Afghan Jihad-influenced youth of the movement rose up to defend Kismayo from Aideed's advancing forces, but were defeated, and driven back. The author blames the movement for bad planning and preparation, little money, and a poor connection between the leaders and the base. The third letter is from Abu `Abdullah al-Thani Alfa Ibrahim to Abi `Abdullah Sa`ad al-Sa`ad. The author regrets that circumstances prevent him from making a trip to Africa, but since he is free at the moment, he would be happy to help African brothers obtain documents from Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, or Sierra Leone. The fourth letter, to Abu `Abdullah, is similar to the first letter in describing the failure to get to Luuq or Mendira. In the fifth letter, dated 19 March 1993, Saif al-Islam, the main al-Qa`ida operative in Ogadin, writes to Brother Othman, and describes the situation in Ghar Shaighut, the training camp he helped to establish."

  Combating Terrorism Center (U.S.)

  1993-03-19
• S. Rept. 103-23: Oversight Over Intelligence Activities, Report, March 18, 1993

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  "During the first session of the 102nd Congress, title VI of the Intelligence Authorization Act for 1991 was enacted, substantially revising the statutory framework created in 1980 for the approval of covert actions and their reporting to Congress. [...] During the 2nd session of the 102nd Congress, legislation amending the National Security Act of 1947 was enacted, setting forth for the first time in law the roles and authorities of the Director of Central Intelligence and the responsibilities of the Secretary of Defense for the National Foreign Intelligence Program. [...] In addition, during the 102nd Congress, the Committee carried out its annual budget authorization process during each session. This included a review of the Administration's National Foreign Intelligence Program as well as DoD [Department of Defense] Tactical Intelligence and Related Activities. [...] The Committee also carried out its responsibilities to the Senate to ascertain the capabilities of U.S. intelligence to verify arms control treaties pending before the Seante. The Committee collected information regarding U.S. capabilities to verify the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) as well as the proposed treaties governing chemical weapons and Open Skies. While the emphasis on counterintelligence during the 102nd Congress tended to diminish with the end of the Cold War, the Committee continued to oversee the adjustments made by U.S. counterintelligence agencies to adjust to the new security environment. [...] In the 102nd Congress, the Committee held a total of 130 on-the-record meetings and hearings. There were 34 oversight hearings and 10 business meetings. Fourteen hearings on the budget, four mark-up sessions, and four conference sessions with the House were held. Hearings on specific legislation totaled 13, and nomination hearings totalled 20. Additionally, the Committee staff held 28 on-the-record briefings."

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1993-03-18
• 1992 USAFR Emergency Mosquito Aerial Spray Operations as Part of the FEMA Hurricane Andrew Relief Effort in Florida

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  "On 3 September 1992, Headquarters USAF was tasked by CINCFOR to conduct aerial spray operations to control mosquitoes in support of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Hurricane Andrew relief effort (Atch 1). Thirty-two 910 AG personnel (Atch 2) were involved in the spray mission from 5 September through 6 October 1992. Four spray sorties utilizing 16.5 flying hours were flown to spray a total of 279,168 acres (Atch 3). Pesticide was applied at one ounce per acre. Effectiveness in controlling the target pest mosquito Aedes taeniorhvnchus was 99% for the first and third sprays and 95% and 93% for the second and fourth sprays respectively. The capability of the 910 AG Aerial Spray Branch to treat large areas with one sortie proved to be a major advantage in getting longterm mosquito control after Hurricane Andrew."

  United States. Department of the Air Force

  1993-03-16
• S. Rept. 103-20: Oversight Over Intelligence Activities, Report, March 15, 1993

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  "Several initiatives were continued that began in the 100th Congress to safeguard classified information and a systematic quarterly review of all covert action programs as well as audits by the new Audit and Investigation Staff to strengthen Congressional oversight. The Committee continued the challenge of enacting the oversight legislation that was a result of a thorough review of the laws and procedures for covert action by the Committee after the investigation of the Iran-Contra affair. A section in this report provides the details about the initial passage of S. 1721 in the FY 1990 Intelligence Authorization by the Senate but not by the house, the incorporation of these provisions as Title VII in the FY 1991 intelligence authorization, the inclusion in the FY1991 conference report approved by both Houses of Congress and the resulting Memorandum of Disapproval by the President on November 30, 1990. [...] An important endeavor during the 101st Congress was undertaken by a panel of distinguished private citizens and chaired by Eli Jacobs. This group, after six months of extensive review of the statutory framework for the conduct of U.S. counterintelligence activities, reported 13 recommendations to this committee. [...] The Committee also held the confirmation hearing on Richard J. Kerr as Deputy Director of Central Intelligence which is more fully described later in this report. A total of 118 on-the-record meetings and hearings were held during the 101st Congress. Fifty-one were oversight, 14 were business meetings and 18 were on the budget authorization process. Nine meetings were held on the TTBT/PNET [Threshold Test Ban Treaty/Treaty on Peaceful Nuclear Explosions] treaties, four on nominations, one on legislation, eight mark-up sessions and one conference committee meeting."

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1993-03-15
• National Intelligence Collection Board

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  The National Intelligence Collection Board (NICB) will assist the Director of Central Intelligence in managing the overall intelligence collection requirements process, ensuring coordination among the major collection disciplines, and evaluating performance in satisfying consumer needs for information. The Board will act as a forum for integrating the efforts of the separate collection disciplines and issuing guidance to collectors, as appropriate.

  United States. Central Intelligence Agency

  1993-03-01
• Health Hazard Evaluation Report 92-282-2297; Warren Correctional Institution Lebanon, Ohio

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  "In June 1992, t he National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request from the Service Employees International Union, District 1199, to conduct a Health Hazard Evaluation (HHE) at the Warren Correctional Institution (WCI) in Lebanon, Ohio. The requester was concerned that workers, particularly staff in the Medical Department, w ere potentially exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis . This concern arose in May 1992, when an inmate was diagnosed with active tuberculosis disease."

  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

  Kelly, John; Deitchman, Scott; Mortimer, Vincent D.

  1993-03
• Impact of the Defense Budgeting Process on Operational Readiness

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  "This thesis will examine the Department of Defense Planning System, past, present, and one of the many alternatives proposed for the future. Emphasis will be placed on the impact the present planning system has on near- term warfighting capabilities. The present system, centered in the Pentagon, has a time horizon of 5 to 15 years. Emphasis is placed on planning future programs and addressing outyear costs and capabilities; near-term warfighting capabilities may not receive the attention necessary to achieve current combat readiness. It is the contention of this thesis that in conjunction with reforms implemented to enhance the responsibility and authority of the unified and specified commands, the resource allocation process must also be changed to provide this level of management direct control of resources to meet the acquisition and operational needs necessary to achieve mission objectives."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Turley, Leslie S.

  1993-03
• Police-Community Relations in Southern West Virginia, 1993

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  "The West Virginia Advisory Committee submits this report of problems in police-community relations in the southern part of the state. Committee members had heard or received complaints about poor-community relations, mistreatment of African American citizens by law enforcement officers, and inadequate protection provided to members of the minority communities. The committee learned that minority communities had mounting concerns about the police and it was urged by community leaders to come into the affected areas to hold a public hearing to provide an airing of these concerns. The Committee believes that this report, when widely disseminated, will enhance sensitivity to Police community issues among public officials, legislators, and the general public. It hopes that informed citizenry and sensitized societal climate will lead to improved police community relations and help build a racially harmonious, pluralistic society in West Virginia."

  United States Commission on Civil Rights

  1993-03
• U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Nine-Fatality Apartment House Fire

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  This technical report series looks at an apartment house fire in Ludington, Michigan. Tenant overcrowding and inadequate fire protection led to the tragic consequences of this fire.

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration

  1993-02-28
• Statistical Analysis of Terrorism and Instability in Latin America

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  In this research the effect of socioeconomic factors on terrorism and government instability in Latin America are studied. A commonly held opinion is that terrorism and instability are caused by repressive conditions. The objective of this research was to generate a methodology to forecast terrorism and instability given certain socioeconomic indicators. This methodology was generated for individual countries, two groups of countries, and a composite developing country. A set of 28 socioeconomic factors were evaluated and reduced based on correlation analysis. Patterns of terrorism and instability were investigated through data analysis and factor analysis. Multiple regression was used to develop predictive models. Although autocorrelation was present in most of the models, all terrorism trends except in the individual country models of Paraguay and Venezuela were fairly well fitted by the models. Similar results were observed in modelling the trend of instability generated for Argentina. Data analysis showed that there was a correlation between terrorism and some socio-economic factors. Generally, countries having a relative high level of standard of living experienced less terrorism.

  Air Force Institute of Technology (U.S.)

  Hurtado, Juan A.

  1993-03
• Fire/Arson Investigation Training Resource Catalog

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  This is meant to be a document which investigators could consult for information relevant to professional education and improvement. The catalog consists of four sections. Part One contains a state-by-state listing of training opportunities from throughout the United States. Within each state, courses are listed alphabetically by name of the sponsoring organization or school. The second section of the catalog indexes the training material by primary topic. Part Three details certification requirements and procedures for national level certification programs in fire investigation and related fields. The final section of the catalog is a comprehensive bibliography of fire/arson investigation literature, compiled from material provided by the National Fire Academy's Learning Resource Center.

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  1993-03
• Alert Series: Bulgaria Movements towards Democratization

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  "Since the ruling Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) forced Bulgaria's long-time dictator, Todor Zhivkov, to resign in 1989, Bulgaria has made substantial progress toward the establishment of democracy. The country has had two parliamentary elections (the second of which ousted the BCP's successor party, the Bulgarian Socialist Party, from power) and a presidential election. Each of these elections were judged by international observers to be largely free and fair. For most sectors of the population, democratic rights and freedoms have been solidly established in both law and practice. The status of Bulgaria's ethnic minorities, however, has yet to be fully resolved. On one hand, the BSP did repeal the forced assimilation policies of the Zhivkov era, and a predominately Turkish organization, the Movement for Rights and Freedom (MRF), does play an important role in the parliament. On the other hand, there was strong judicial and legislative opposition to the MRF's registration as a political party, and a clause in the July 1991 Constitution banning ethnically and religiously based parties bars Rom and Macedonian parties from electoral politics. The open hostility displayed by a significant number of Bulgarian Christians towards ethnic Turks, Muslims, and Roms, the continuing incidents of discrimination and violence against Roms, and other similar considerations indicate that a culture of tolerance has yet to be established. Bulgaria has demonstrated a promising degree of respect for the rule of law and the provenance of international legal standards. While trials for incidents of corruption and human rights abuse during the Zhivkov era are being conducted, anti-communist 'witchhunts' appear unlikely to result."

  INS Resource Information Center

  1993-03
• New Direction for Non-Proliferation Policy: Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Third World

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  "The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in the Third World is a major national security challenge. This paper provides a summary of non-proliferation policies along with a discussion of current world realities leading to the conclusion that the existing non-proliferation regime is losing its potency. Three options are provided on potential ways and means of halting the spread of these weapons as Third World nations search for their niche in the post Cold War world. The options include the impact of continuing with current policies; an aggressive military-oriented forced compliance policy; and third, an approach that envisions nation building and developing economic power as a counter to seeking regional influence through mass destruction weapons."

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Kilgore, Darryl W.

  1993-02-26
• Proliferation as a Framework for Adaptive Planning

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  "Throughout the forty years of the cold war, the military proficiently demonstrated planning, exercising, and employing against weapons of mass destruction -- specifically nuclear weapons. However, this planning has never targeted the spread of those weapons. This paper examines the high priority the National Command Authorities place on proliferation but explains how the military failed to plan operations countering the spread of weapons of mass destruction. The four stages of proliferation (supply, demand, indigenous, threatening) provide a framework for using the adaptive planning concept and identifying proactive military objectives. The existence of nuclear technology, command and control of the weapons of mass destruction, associated moral issues, or the value of assured deterrence between two nuclear weapon states are not addressed. Weapons of mass destruction are the example used to examine the stages of proliferation. Once planning for proliferation of weapons of mass destruction has been proven effective, this framework can be applied to other types of proliferants such as narcotic trafficking and transfer of conventional/high technology arms."

  Naval War College (U.S.)

  Adkins, Marcelyn A.

  1993-02-22
• Backing into the War: A Critical Analysis of the Military Commitment to the War on Drugs

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  "This paper examines examines the role of the Department of Defense (DoD) in America's war on drugs. It is a critical analysis of the strategy that employs U.S. military forces. This paper reviews the military's historical support to the federal law enforcement community and focuses on the Congressional mandate that committed military forces to direct participation in the border interdiction program. The analysis includes an assessment of the effectiveness of the military's efforts and examines those efforts with respect to the traditional principles and concepts that govern the employment of military forces as an instrument of national power. The paper concludes that Congressional action designating DoD as the lead agency for detection and monitoring severely restricted the military's ability to develop an effective strategy; that the strategy is, in fact, ineffective. The paper recommends redefining the DoD role in border interdiction and the development of an effective strategy to support the national supply reduction efforts.... Commitment, Measure of effectiveness, Operational art."

  Naval War College (U.S.)

  Watson, Benjamin A.

  1993-02-22
• Executive Order 12838: Termination and Limitation of Federal Advisory

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  "By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the Federal Advisory Committee Act ('FACA'), as amended (5 U.S.C. App.), it is hereby ordered as follows: Each executive department and agency shall terminate not less than one-third of the advisory committees subject to FACA (and not required by statue) that are sponsored by the department or agency by no later than the end of fiscal year 1993."

  United States. Office of the Federal Register

  Clinton, Bill, 1946-

  1993-02-10
• Chaordic Threat: Right Wing Terrorism in the United States

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  Future war is emerging in our own culture and language. The threat is chaordic and possesses unity of effort with little visible unity of command. Our nation is at risk but doesn't fully comprehend an enemy that is elusive, global, serious, survivable and effective. This paper focuses on the traits endemic to a threat that purposefully avoids definition, and is strategically targeting the United States Government portion of Clausewitz's remarkable trinity as an intermediate objective. Because its shared strategic purpose is global, this chaordic threat conducts superterrorism. This threat poses a learning opportunity about full dimension war, and suggests that points of departure to the new paradigm are flattening hierarchical organizations and redefining doctrinal battlespace as battlesystem awareness. Strategic success will depend on linking security battlesystems in real battlespace.

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Driscoll, John B.

  1993-02-05
• Paradigm Found - The Nuclear and Nonlinear Battlefields

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  From the thesis abstract: "This monograph explores the similarity between the nuclear battlefield of the Pentomic Era and the nonlinear battlefield described in TRADOC [U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command] Pamphlet 525- 5 AirLand Operations: A Concept for the ~volution of AirLand Battle for the Strateqic Armv of the 1990's and Beyond. This concept is based on the assumption that future battlefields will be nonlinear (more open, less dense). Since the ideas in this pamphlet will guide developments in doctrine, organization, training, materiel, and leader and soldier development, examining this nonlinear battlefield is important. Many aspects of the Pentomic Era's nuclear battlefield are similar to the nonlinear battlefield. If a strong enough connection can be made between the two, some of the nuclear battlefield's testing and analysis data could be used to guide future nonlinear battlefield analysis. The methodology used for objectively determining similarity between the two battlefields is based on comparing the nonlinear battlefield described in TRADOC Pamphlet 525-5 to the nuclear battlefield described in various Pentomic Era books, articles, and studies. The test criteria are: battlefield characteristics (descriptive aspects which set the battlefield apart from preceding descriptions); battlefield relationships (relationships between activities, friendly and enemy forces, and combat and sustainment forces); and combat power dynamics (from FM 100-5 Operations -maneuver, firepower, protection, and leadership). Additionally, the Soviet view of the nonlinear/nuclear battlefield relationship is discussed as further evidence linking the two battlefield descriptions. Finally, the monograph ends with comments on the utility of studying military history."

  U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies

  LeGare, J. Marc

  1993-02-04
• Drug War: A Military Cure?

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  "The drug problem in the United States has reached almost epidemic proportions. Americans have become frustrated at the lack of progress that the government and civilian law enforcement agencies have made in combatting the drug problem. This lack of progress has caused many to believe that the military may provide the solution. Counter-narcotics efforts, to include production and trafficking, are a high priority mission of the Department of Defense. However, the ability of the DoD to fight in a drug war is severely limited by the Posse Comitatus Act. Although this Act has been amended to allow the military to take a more active role in counter-narcotics missions, the military is still severely constrained from using all of its resources. Civilian and military planners must answer three basic questions before they fully commit the armed forces of the United States to fight the war on drugs: (1) Should the military be involved in the drug war?, (2) What are the possibilities and limitations of military involvement?, and (3) What is the military objective? In examining these very pertinent questions, it is also necessary to consider the role of the military as 'policemen', and the impact that such a mission would have on the ability of our nation's warriors to conduct standard warfighting missions."

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Steimer, Gary R.

  1993-02-03
• Anniston Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program Tabletop Exercise (TTX), October 14, 1992

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  "The Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP) exercises are federally managed exercises involving Federal, State, and local agencies designed to enhance emergency preparedness in the areas surrounding the eight chemical stockpile storage installations. The CSEPP Tabletop exercises (ITXs) are self-evaluated exercises focusing on a thorough emergency operations plans and procedures review in an informally structured discussion forum."

  United States. Department of the Army; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  1993-02-03
• Management of DoD Interoperability Efforts for Tactical Command, Control, and Communications

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  "This report is one of two issued as part of the overall audit of U.S. interoperability with North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) tactical command, control, and communications. The report addresses the lack of combined (U.S. and Allied forces) doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures; the effectiveness of the Interoperability Improvement program, and the DoD's management of tactical C3 architectures. Tactical command, control, and communications (C3) systems are those systems that integrate various tactical combat elements into a focused, efficient, fighting force in conducting offensive and defensive ground, sea, and air operations. Interoperability is the ability of systems or forces to provide services to and accept services from other systems, units, or forces and to use the services to enable systems, units, or forces to operate effectively together. The Assistant Secretary of Defense (Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence) is responsible for the overall supervision of C3 matters. The Joint Staff Command, Control, Communications, and Computers (C4) Systems Directorate (J-6), is responsible for developing policies, plans, and programs for C3 systems to ensure adequate C3 support to the Commanders in Chief and the National Command Authorities for joint (U.S. forces only) and combined (U.S. and Allied forces) military operations. The Joint Staff Operational Plans and Interoperability Directorate (J-7) are responsible for increasing the warfighting capabilities of the unified and specified commands through joint doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures."

  United States. Department of Defense. Office of the Inspector General

  1993-02-02
• U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Children Left At Home Alone: Eleven Die in Two Fires

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  This technical report series looks at two separate fires in Detroit, MI. The causes of these fires and the factors which led to the tragic loss of these young lives provide vivid lessons about the dangers of leaving children home alone.

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration

  1993-02-01?