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Air Force Policy Directive 10-2: Operations - Readiness
"The success of any operation hinges on tasked units' readiness to perform their designed missions. This directive establishes standard readiness definitions and measures to insure accurate decisionmaking to meet the needs of theater CINCs across the spectrum of military operations."
United States. Department of the Air Force
1997-03-01
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Pilotless Air Force? A Look at Replacing Human Operators with Advanced Technology
From the thesis abstract: "Today, there are several concepts that are threatening Billy Mitchell's vision of airmen. New technology and operational concepts are threatening the existence of the human aircraft operator. Looming on the horizon are unmanned aerial vehicles, spaced based weapons, and information architectures. This research effort is limited in scope. It focuses specifically on the UAV [Unmanned aerial vehicles] issue and explores the possibility that airmen will be replaced by unmanned vehicles in the next twenty years. On the one hand, UAVs offer distinct advantages over manned aircraft. UAVs will save lives and money. UAVs are not constrained by the physiological limits of the human operator. In addition, they eliminate tough political situations that arise when airmen are shot down over unfriendly territory. On the other hand, even with advanced unmanned technology, airmen still provide the Air Force with the indispensable qualities of flexibility and adaptability. These qualities, fueled by initiative and experience, are absolutely necessary to deal with the friction inherent in war. Rapid advances in technology will produce man-in-the-loop and autonomous UAVs that will serve as force multipliers. Man-in-the-loop systems are vulnerable to communications jamming while autonomous systems do not provide the flexibility required or present a moral dilemma. Manned combat aircraft will be required to deal with uncertainty and chaos. UAVs will increase the requirements for highly trained airmen."
Air University (U.S.). Air Command and Staff College
Nolan, Robert C., II
1997-03
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United States Attorneys Annual Statistical Report: Fiscal Year 1996
This annual report summarizes "the work and accomplishments of the United States Attorneys offices during Fiscal Year 1996. [...] The United States Attorneys offices conduct most of the criminal prosecutions and civil litigation handled by the Department of Justice. They serve as the critical pro secutorial arm of the Department of Justice responsible for ensuring that the investigative efforts of the law enforcement agencies are pursued and as the nations legal advocates and defenders in civil suits brought by and against the government. The range of their responsibilities is staggering--from prosecuting those individuals who commit violent or terrorist acts to prosecuting corporations or individuals who commit fraud to defending the nation against exorbitant civil lawsuits."
Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys
1997-03
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Joint Force Quarterly: Winter 1996-97, Issue 14 [March 1997]
"NDU Press produces Joint Force Quarterly in concert with ongoing education and research at National Defense University in support of the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. JFQ is the Chairman's joint military and security studies journal designed to inform and educate national security professionals on joint and integrated operations; whole of government contributions to national security policy and strategy; homeland security; and developments in training and joint military education to better equip America's military and security apparatus to meet tomorrow's challenges while protecting freedom today."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Krulak, Charles C.
1997-03
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Building Public Trust: Actions to Respond to the Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments
From the Office of Scientific and Technical Information website: "Democratic government requires trust: people need to know and believe that the government is telling the truth. Without information about what the government is doing and why, citizens cannot exercise democratic control over government institutions. During his first year in office, President Clinton became concerned about reports that the government had conducted unethical secret human radiation experiments during the Cold War. To address this issue, in January 1994, President Clinton established the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments (ACHRE), chaired by bioethicist Dr. Ruth Faden of Johns Hopkins University. The President also directed all Federal agencies to search for records related to human subjects radiation research and provide them to the Advisory Committee. This report presents the Administration`s actions to respond to the ACHRE`s findings and recommendations."
United States. Department of Energy. Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety, and Health
1997-03
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Blueprint for a Bold Restructuring of the Organization for National Security: Phase One: The Military Combatant Commands and State Department Regional Bureaus
This paper recommends a bold restructuring of major portions of the Department of Defense and Department of State as an initial step in restructuring all U.S. national security organizations. The proposed changes are meant to improve the implementation of U.S. policy.
Army War College (U.S.)
Pasquarett, Michael; Kievit, James
1997-03
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Defense Security Service Survival Handbook: The Basic Security Procedures Necessary for Keeping You Out of Trouble
As we are well aware, there are a multitude of security practices and procedures that must be followed in
order to protect classified materials. The sheer volume of procedures can be intimidating to anyone. This pamphlet describes the basic security procedures that we should know to keep us out of trouble when handling classified materials on a daily basis. Be sure to contact your local security office for more detailed
information on these and other pertinent security procedures.
United States. Defense Security Service
1997-03
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Beyond Miranda
"Since the Supreme Court's Miranda decision in 1966, a number of important developments affecting custodial interrogation have occurred. In 1966, the U. S. Supreme Court handed down its landmark decision in Miranda v. Arizona.1 This article reviews Miranda and discusses some important developments since that decision. First, the article addresses the degree to which a statement taken in violation of Miranda can be used for impeachment purposes and whether evidence derived from a Miranda violation is admissible. It then looks at the extent to which Miranda applies to undercover police interrogation and whether Miranda warnings are required prior to routine booking questions. Next, the article comments on the development of the so-called 'public safety' exception and whether police may continue to interrogate a suspect after he makes an equivocal request for a lawyer. Finally, it examines a statutory substitute for Miranda that has yet to receive constitutional review by the Supreme Court."
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Hendrie, Edward M.
1997-03
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Child Development-Community Policing: Partnership in a Climate of Violence
"Too many of our Nation's children are falling victim to pervasive violence. Even young people who do not bear the physical scars of domestic and societal violence are often emotional casualties. The tragic consequences to children of chronic exposure to violence are considerable. They include depression, anxiety, stress, and anger. Alcohol abuse, academic failure, and the increased likelihood of acting out in a violent manner are part of the costly legacy left by a climate of violence. With the support of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the New Haven Department of Police Services and the Yale University Child Study Center have established a program that addresses the adverse impact of continuing exposure to violence on children and their families, and attempts to interrupt the cycle of violence impacting so many of our children. Reflecting New Haven's commendable commitment to community policing, the Child Development--Community Policing Program brings law enforcement and mental health professionals together to help children who are victims, witnesses, and even perpetrators of violent acts."
United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Marans, Steven; Berkman, Miriam
1997-03
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SOF Vision 2020
SOF VISION 2020 is the United States Special Operations Command's (USSOCOM) framework for building and maintaining the necessary operational capabilities of future special operations forces (SOF). This vision incorporates our two most fundamental strengths--quality people with unequaled skills and a broad-based technological edge-to ensure tomorrow's SOF are structured, trained, and equipped to counter diverse threats to our national security. SOF VISION 2020 builds upon Joint Vision (JV) 2010 concepts as they apply to SOF, while complementing Service roadmaps for the future to optimize the synergism between SOF and conventional forces. Lastly, constrained resources will continue to demand improved levels of effectiveness and efficiency. Our current National Military Strategy (NMS) is comprised of three components-peacetime engagement, deterrence and conflict prevention, and fight and win-all of which convey implications for SOF. Moreover, the increasing influence of non-traditional actors and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) introduce a new threat-one having potentially catastrophic impact. This threat requires unique skills, tactics, systems, and training to counter successfully. SOF VISION 2020 anticipates the emergence of this new threat which implies crisis resolution as an emerging component of future U.S. military strategy.
U.S. Special Operations Command
1997-03
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Preventive Defense: Military Strategy for the 21st Century
In March 1996 Secretary Perry outlined a profound change to defense policy called 'Prevent, Deter, Defeat'. Preventive Defense seeks to limit the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, encourage newly independent nations to emphasize civilian control of their military, and establish defense- to-defense relationships with other nations. This profound change in defense policy recognizes that the military aspect of national power is an integral part of fostering international friendships in non-combat situations as well. Preventive defense strategy argues that its policies are capable of preventing drastically more expensive conflicts in the future. Preventive defense seeks to promote peace and stability through friendly interaction. Preventive defense shapes the future by building closer ties between the U.S. military and foreign militaries - opening channels of communication that can reduce misunderstanding and misperception. U.S. forces must be capable of action across the spectrum of peace and conflict. In order to field this kind of force, planners must abandon the methodology of basing force structure decisions on the perceived threat. The American military needs the best weapons and equipment the nation can afford, but the seemingly insatiable appetite for modernization should not consume force structure required to execute the manpower intensive activities that prevent conflict.
Army War College (U.S.)
Shepherd, Christopher L.
1997-03
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DTIC Review: Terrorism, Peacekeeping, and Operations Other Than War
"Stability of many regions around the world is in question and requires United States intervention in time of crisis. As the world's accepted preeminent power, American military strength and leadership are essential around the globe. The world community is under assault from those who deal in proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, terrorism, international crimes and drugs. Dangers and emerging threats are here at home as well as in the rest of world. The need for an active American effort and continued peace enforcement operations has increased. The Clinton Administration recognizes new and old security challenges facing America in this new international context. The selected documents and bibliography are a representation of the information available on terrorism and peacekeeping from DTIC's collection."
Defense Technical Information Center (U.S.)
1997-03
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Immigration Challenge: The Use of U.S. Military Force to Control Illegal Immigration from Mexico
"Controlling illegal immigration into the United States has become a major issue in U.S. politics. A February 1997 report released by the INS estimates that there are currently 5 million illegal aliens in the United States. In 1986, when the estimated number of illegal aliens was also 5 million nationally, the U.S. Congress passed an immigration reform that allowed for many of the undocumented workers in the United States to become legal residents. Approximately, 3 million illegal immigrants have become legal residents since the passage of the 1986 legislation. The latest estimate confirms the claims of some U.S. lawmakers and immigration activists that U.S. immigration policy is largely ineffective. In 1995 two bills were introduced into the U.S. House of Representatives that called for the use of U.S. military forces to assist the INS in controlling the flow of illegal immigration. Both bills were killed in committee. With the most recent INS estimate, it is possible that similar legislation will again be introduced. This thesis examines the military option for border control. The findings are that the use of the military to control illegal immigration would result in lowered military readiness, and that the militarization of the border will produce tensions in U.S.-Mexico and U.S.-Latin American relations. Therefore, it is recommended that the military not be used to supplement the Border Patrol."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Grissom, Bruce W.
1997-03
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Modeling a Chemical Battlefield and the Resulting Effects in a Theater-Level Combat Model
"This thesis describes the development of a methodology to model chemical weapons use in the Joint Staff's Joint Warfare Analysis Experimental Prototype (JWAEP) and to quantify the resulting effects. The methodology incorporates organic unit assets and theater-level chemical assets into JWAEP by using the three principles of nuclear, biological, and chemical defense (NBC) which reflect joint and Army doctrine, and combines them with the basic concepts already used in existing theater-level models. Other aspects of the problem include representing chemical 'packages' on the battlefield, determining attrition and time effects, adjusting unit effectiveness, determining chemical package intelligence acquisition procedures, identifying solution techniques, verifying the results, and making recommendations. The proposed solution techniques provide a feasible methodology for integrating high resolution modeling into a low resolution model. The algorithms incorporate the chemical estimate process, Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) analysis, and employment of appropriate doctrinal unit tactics based on a perception of existing or potential chemical weapons use. Thus, the methodology provides accurate input into the JWAEP for approximating real world results as well as a structured and quantifiable framework reflecting joint and Army doctrine that can be used for stand alone chemical effects analysis. ANNOTATION: Reprint: odeling a Chemical Battlefield and the Resulting Effects in a Theater-Level Combat Model."
Air Force Institute of Technology (U.S.)
Gesling, Todd M.
1997-03
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Joint Information Warfare: An Information-Age Paradigm for Jointness
"Current concepts of 'jointness' that focus on integrating the operations of DOD's [Department of Defense] four military Services are too narrow for Information Warfare and Information Operations (IWIIO). National information power and the broad needs of national security in the dynamics of the information age necessitate a more inclusive understanding of what is meant by 'joint'. 'Joint IWIIO' must incorporate the actions and involvement of numerous non-DOD organizations and activities, to include elements of the private sector. Although their actions will not be directed by DOD, active elements in Joint IWIIO must at least coordinate their actions, even if that coordination is informal, in order to be effective. This concept of 'Joint IWIIO' should be reflected in DOD policy and military doctrines."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Kuehl, Dan
1997-03
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Army Science and Technology Master Plan
"The Army Science and Technology Master Plan provides Department of the Army Guidance to all Army science and technology organizations. The Army Science and Technology Master Plan also provides the link between Department of Defense technology planning and the plans of Army major commands, major subordinate commands, and laboratories. This strategic plan for the Army's science and technology program is based on the Army leadership's vision of the future Army and available resources. This plan is revised and approved annually by the Secretary of the Army and the Chief of Staff, Army." (The full plan can be accessed at http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/army/docs/astmp98/)
US Army Medical Department Center and School
1997-03
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Federal Immigration Law Enforcement in the Southwest: Civil Rights Impacts on Border Communities
"In the fall of 1990, the United States Commission on Civil Rights was requested by the Congress to look into border-related civil rights problems affecting communities along the U.S.-Mexico border. The Commission's Advisory Committees in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas agreed to undertake a field research project which would examine the conduct and operations of Federal immigration law enforcement in selected border communities in the southwest. In this new project, the four Committees decided to focus on issues of accountability in Federal immigration law enforcement, including the adequacy and accessibility of complaint procedures relating to allegations of misconduct and relationships between Federal immigration law enforcement agencies and the border communities they impact. In this report, the four Advisory Committees conclude that border communities in the Southwest are uniquely impacted by the presence of large-scale Federal immigration law enforcement activity and oftentimes, this serves to diminish civil rights protections, especially for Hispanics. The Committees also conclude that the existing mechanisms for redress of alleged misconduct by Federal immigration authorities are inadequate, inaccessible, and lack the confidence of the communities most directly affected. Finally, the Committees were presented with substantial testimony and information indicating that a pattern of abusive treatment by the U.S. Border Patrol might exist. While the Committees were unable to independently verify or confirm many of the allegations, the large numbers and severity of abuse complaints are a cause of deep concern to the four Committees."
United States Commission on Civil Rights
1997-03
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Department of Defense Nuclear/Biological/Chemical (NBC) Defense Annual Report to Congress (1997)
The DoD NBC defense program has made significant progress in improving the
coordination and integration of Service NBC defense research, development, and acquisition (RDA). The community is now better prepared to address shortcomings which still exist in our NBC defensive posture. The established RDA program will resolve many shortcomings by
executing current procurement plans and adapting available technologies. Funding constraints will delay modernization and could effect training realism. For programs which demand state-of-the-art solutions, the Department must demonstrate a continued commitment of time and
resources. Together with improved joint management initiatives, proactive programs, and stable
and balanced funding, U.S. capabilities and readiness will continue to improve into the future. Included in this document are chapters on NBC Defense Management, Non-Medical RDA, Medical RDA, Logistics Status, Readiness and Training, and Chemical Weapons Convention.
United States. Department of Defense
1997-03
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Air Traffic Control: Status of FAA's Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System Project
The STARS schedule, which calls for implementation at 171 air traffic control facilities between December 1998 and February 2005, is attainable only if FAA is successful in its efforts to mitigate certain risks. Specifically, FAA will need to (1) obtain commitment by key stakeholders to the STARS schedule, (2) resolve schedule conflicts between STARS and other modernization efforts, and (3) overcome difficulties in developing system software that could delay implementing STARS. FAA is aware that these issues pose a risk for STARS and has begun several risk mitigation initiatives. While such actions are encouraging, it is too early to tell how effective they will be. FAA's cost estimate for STARS has the potential to increase. The agency's total cost estimate for STARS is $2.23 billion. FAA approved this estimate in January 1996. However, a September 1996 analysis by agency officials pointed to potential cost increases that could drive the total cost estimate to as much as $2.76 billion. This possible increase is attributable to expected higher costs for operating and maintaining STARS equipment. FAA officials are continuing to revise the STARS cost estimate and now believe that cost increases may be significantly lower. At this time, however, the agency could not provide us with an updated estimate.
United States. General Accounting Office
1997-03
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Policymaker's Guide to Hate Crimes
Despite the best efforts of political and community leaders to foster tolerance and understanding, deep-seated racial tensions continue to plague the Nation. News stories of bias-motivated incidents fill the national pages of major U.S. newspapers. A rash of arsons at African-American churches in the South, for example, has spurred the Federal Government to launch a major investigation that, so far, has led to the arrest of 120 suspects. Of the 298 Federal arson investigations carried out between January 1995 and November 1996, approximately 43 percent involved fires at black churches, although white churches far outnumber black churches in the Nation. Political and religious leaders said that the disproportionate number of black churches being burned indicated that the Nation was experiencing a serious wave of hate crimes.
United States. Bureau of Justice Assistance
1997-03
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Theater Nuclear Weapons: Are They Really an Option for an Operational Commander?
The September 1994 approval of the Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) reaffirmed the current posture of non-strategic nuclear forces (NSNFs) for use by operational commanders. Joint U.S. military doctrine firmly places the responsibility for intelligent employment of theater nuclear weapons on the operational commander. The revival of operational art in professional military education has made us aware that nuclear weapons have, over the past several decades, appeared to make operational art irrelevant. Alternately, it could be asserted that effective use of operational art may obviate theater nuclear weapons.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Torcolini, Kevin M.
1997-03
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Changing Ends, Ways, and Means of National Security
"This paper explores the evolving ends, ways, and means of national security and recommends some potential methods to adapt for the future. It begins by looking at the events forcing the need for change. It examines the four revolutions in progress and how they affect national security. The geostrategic environment is changing, the world economy is growing and defense budgets shrinking, and jointness and the revolution in military affairs are affecting how military forces are employed. Next, the paper outlines the current fiscal and programming management process to include the impact Congress and acquisition reform have on that process. Finally, there are some suggestions for possible courses of action to help move DOD boldly into the 21st century."
Army War College (U.S.)
Carlisle, Herbert J.
1997-03
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Evolution of Military Health Services System Wartime Manpower Requirements Generation: From the Medical Planning Module to the Medical Analysis Tool
"Major changes in post cold war strategy led to changes in force structure, missions, and anticipated casualty rates and challenged the basic assumptions that are fundamental to the process of military medical readiness planning. The Military Health Services System (MHSS) sought to refine its wartime medical requirements in order to identify the medical forces required to support the new strategy. This thesis explores the process used to determine wartime medical manpower requirements within the MHSS, explores the evolution of medical requirements planning models from the Medical Planning Module (MPM) to the Medical Analysis Tool (MAT), and provides a comprehensive analysis of the models. Documents reviewed for this thesis include reports from DoD, GAO and Congress, congressional testimony, studies conducted by think tanks including the Rand Corporation and the Center for Naval Analysis, and pertinent DoD directives and manuals. Additional data were obtained through interviews with key officials involved in the development and implementation of the MAT, particularly the Director for Logistics J-4, Medical Readiness Division, and the primary contractor developing the MAT, Booz-Allen Hamilton. The conclusions of this research are that the MPM is inflexible, inaccurate, incompatible with current technology and planning factors, and not user-friendly. The MAT is more flexible, accurate, compatible with current technology and planning factors, and user friendly than the MPM and is the best alternative for replacing it."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Jeffs, Steven M.
1997-03
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Effects of Air Interdiction Attacks on Advancing Armored and Mechanized Ground Forces
"This report studies the effects of air interdiction attacks on advancing armored and mechanized ground forces. Air Interdiction of advancing ground forces is an asymmetric attack. The first effect is an imposed delay of movement. The second effect is a complete halt which only occurs after a ground unit suffers a particular amount of damage. Historical occurrences are examined. Doctrine and Tactics of the United States Army and the Soviet/Russian Army are examined. Previous efforts to identify breakpoints or forced posture changes are examined. A rationale for characterizing is given. A method for quantifying one component of delay is provided. Breakpoints or Forced Posture Changes are quantified."
United States. Department of the Air Force
Clevenger, Daniel R.
1997-03
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Apalachee Bay Region Hurricane Evacuation Study: Technical Data Report for Gulf, Franklin, Wakulla and Jefferson Counties, Florida (March 1997)
"The Apalachee Bay region is lightly populated but most of the population is located along the coastline within the hurricane hazard area. The infrequent occurrence of major hurricanes in the region can contribute to a false sense of security for some public officials and a portion of the citizenry. To further complicate hurricane preparedness, potential storm surges in this area are some of the highest that can be expected along the entire Florida coast. These factors present emergency management officials with a difficult task of developing hurricane evacuation plans that will be reasonably safe and effective. [...] The purpose of this Hurricane Evacuation Study is to provide emergency management officials with realistic data by quantifying the major factors involved in hurricane evacuation decision-making. The technical data presented in this report is not intended to replace any detailed operations plans developed by any of the counties within the study area. Rather, this data is provided as a framework of information that each county can use to update and revise their hurricane evacuation plans and operational procedures to improve their response to future hurricane threats."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1997-03
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International Narcotics Control Strategy Report [1996]
"The FAA requires a report on the extent to which each country or entity that received assistance under chapter 8 of Part I of the Foreign Assistance Act in the past two fiscal years has 'met the goals and objectives of the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances' (the '1988 UN Drug Convention'). Although the Convention does not contain a list of goals and objectives, it does set forth a number of obligations that the parties agree to undertake. Generally speaking, it requires the parties to take legal measures to outlaw and punish all forms of illicit drug production, trafficking, and drug money laundering, to control chemicals that can be used to process illicit drugs, and to cooperate in international efforts to these ends. The statute lists action by foreign countries on the following issues as relevant to evaluating performance under the 1988 UN Drug Convention: illicit cultivation, production, distribution, sale, transport and financing, and money laundering, asset seizure, extradition, mutual legal assistance, law enforcement and transit cooperation, precursor chemical control, and demand reduction."
United States. Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs
1997-03
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Hand Geometry Field Application Data Analysis
"Over the last fifteen years, Sandia National Laboratories Security Systems and Technology Center, Department 5800, has been involved in several laboratory tests of various biometric identification devices. These laboratory tests were conducted to verify the manufacturer's performance claims, to determine strengths and weaknesses of particular devices, and to evaluate which devices meet the U.S. Department of Energy's unique needs for high-security devices. However, during a recent field installation of one of these devices, significantly different performance was observed than had been predicted by these laboratory tests. This report documents the data analysis performed in the search for an explanation of these differences."
Sandia National Laboratories
Ahrens, Janet Steele; Ruehle, Michael
1997-03
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Weapons of Mass Destruction: DOD Reporting on Cooperative Threat Reduction Assistance Has Improved
The law requires the Defense Department (DOD) to report annually on cooperative threat reduction assistance provided to the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union. GAO must assess DOD's report within 30 days after it has been issued. This report discusses whether DOD's report (1) contains current and complete data on cooperative threat reduction assistance deliveries, including their location and condition; (2) presents the best available sources of information to show what assistance was accounted for and how it was used; (3) provides an overall determination of assistance use; and (4) lists planned audits and examinations for the coming year. GAO also follows up on DOD's implementation of recommendations GAO previously made to improve DOD's annual reports.
United States. General Accounting Office
1997-02-27
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National Missile Defense: Risk and Funding Implications for the Space-Based Infrared Low Component, Report to Congressional Committees
The Defense Department (DoD) made plans in 1995 to launch the space and missile tracking system--the low satellite component of the Space-Based Infrared System--in fiscal year 2006. This report reviews the space and missile tracking system to determine the effects of changing the deployment date from fiscal year 2006 (the original schedule) to fiscal years 2002, 2003, 2004, or 2005.
United States. General Accounting Office
1997-02-25
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Authority of the Attorney General to Grant Discretionary Relief from Deportation Under Section 212(C) of the Immigration and Nationality Act as Amended by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996: In Deportation Proceedings [February 21, 1997]
"At the request of the Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization, the Board of Immigration Appeals ('BIA') referred its decision in this matter pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 3.1(h)(iii). Respondent Soriano, a native and citizen of the Dominican Republic, was admitted to the United States in 1985 as a lawful permanent resident alien. In 1992, he was convicted under New York law of the offense of an attempted sale of a controlled substance. Based on that conviction, the Immigration and Naturalization Service ('INS') instituted deportation proceedings against him in 1994."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1997-02-21
