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Threats to the Saudi Arabian Monarchy
"This paper examines the increasing threat to Saudi Arabia's ruling family, the Al-Saud, following two terrorist bombings in eight months which claimed 26 lives (24 American). The country's economic situation has declined significantly over the past decade, resulting in a general decline in the average Saudi standard of living. A rapidly expanding population, high unemployment, the presence of almost four million foreign workers in the country, and a general perception of Royal Family corruption and mismanagement all contribute to mounting tensions and opposition to the Monarchy. Today, some question the need for a Monarchy in a country where there is increased friction between modernists and Islamic fundamentalists. This paper examines the seriousness of the current threat to the Saudi Royal Family."
Army War College (U.S.)
Manning, Joseph P.
1998-04-06
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Terrorist Threat: Alternatives to Policy in the Post Cold War
Although both our national and military strategies focused on policies to thwart the rise of terrorism, since the mid 1960's our base strategy has changed very little. Unfortunately, the current fracture of nation states, the plausible proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the growing abyss of religious, political, and economic views, and the international exportation of terrorism are all elements of the rising tide of criminal acts of violence. While the ways and means of our current policy are supportable by the elements of our national power, the ends do not sufficiently address the future national interests of security against terrorism. Only a new and more aggressive strategy will meet this upcoming challenge. A policy toward the full integration of international cooperative capabilities including counter terrorism, anti terrorism, and combined international powers is the only real combat for terrorism. This must include a rededication toward a hard line against all terrorists, a commitment to international political and economic pressure on state sponsors of terrorism, application of force where appropriate, and the exercise of effective counter terrorism measures. For the West to survive in the new world order, cooperation, diligence, and an effective international campaign against terrorism must be the solution.
Army War College (U.S.)
Wiercinski, Francis J.
1998-04-06
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Changing Face of NATO: Familiar or Unrecognizable into the Next Century?
"Since defeating its Cold War enemy, NATO now faces new challenges posed by the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the unification of Germany in 1990, the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, and their emerging ramifications. The big issue today for NATO is whether an alliance built around a defensive posture can respond adequately to these newly emerging challenges. In response to these challenges, NATO has embarked on a new policy of expansion of the Alliance. By expanding its membership east, NATO seeks to fulfill a much broader strategic objective; the creation of a peaceful, undivided, and democratic Europe. The question this paper addresses is whether the policy of expansion is the appropriate vehicle to achieve that strategic objective. In order to answer this question, the paper begins with an historical summary of NATO and provides a description of the fundamental tasks the Alliance was created to perform. The study then explores current U.S. policy to determine whether that policy is clear, consistent, and adequately resourced. Finally, the paper reviews and evaluates some of the current thinking on NATO enlargement and concludes with the assessment that NATO expansion reflects sound strategic policy."
Army War College (U.S.)
Funk, Steven C.
1998-04-06
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Future of Unconventional Warfare
The use of United States Army Special Forces in Unconventional Warfare offers a unique capability to the National Command Authorities that is unduplicated in the world today. Several military thinkers and writers have forecasted the demise of classic Unconventional Warfare since the end of the Viet Nam conflict. History has shown the opposite to be true. Unconventional approaches, including Guerrilla Warfare, Counterguerrilla Warfare, Insurgency, Counterinsurgency, Unconventional Operations and Terrorism are expanding. The United States' experiences with Nicaragua, El Salvador, Kuwait and the Republic of the Philippines resulted in victories for the United States with a low cost in United States lives and casualties. Each of these conflicts included Unconventional Warfare tactics and techniques. The experience in Somalia demonstrates the power of a small unconventional force over a superior, technologically enhanced conventional force. An unconventional force defeated the Ethiopian Army forming the country of Etheria. The explosion of the information age and instantaneous media coverage lend themselves to unconventional operations. This Study examines the application of Unconventional Warfare in the future Arsenal of the United States Army.
Army War College (U.S.)
Kilgore, Joe E.
1998-04-05
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'Slinky Effect' in Bosnia during the 1st Infantry's Tenure 1996 - June 1997
"Current doctrine and strategy is built around an endstate. The 1st Infantry Division found itself in a murky situation where the endstate was not defined. Therefore doctrine failed to present the military planner with the tools to put the Task Force Eagle mission into a neat dogmatic world. The 1st Infantry Division found a method to plan called the 'slinky effect'. While this method is not prescriptive, it shows how one organization used a flexible/ planning method to apply strategy in a non-traditional environment. The current planner's toolbox is inadequate to this task. This paper provides an alternate method with which one division planned."
Army War College (U.S.)
Robinson, Joe
1998-04-03
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Chemical-Biological Warfare Commander's Guide
This pamphlet provides information to familiarize commanders with the Chemical and Biological (CB) defense program. The significant changes in Air Force missions, roles, and manpower have resulted in an information gap in the area of CB defense. In conjunction with providing updated CB defense information; this document can be used as a tool for evaluating CB defense program readiness. It focuses on the principles of CB defense and an insight to CB vulnerability analysis. The pamphlet supports AFI 32-4001, Disaster Preparedness Planning and Operations, and the USAF CB Defense Concept of Operations.
United States. Department of the Air Force
1998-04-01
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Preemption and Retribution: Precision-Guided Munitions to Counter Terrorist Threats
The development of the second generation of precision-guided munitions and stealth technology provides the United States National Command Authorities with a military option for prevention of and retribution for state- sponsored terrorist activities. This study examines the current U.S. policy on terrorism, the ways in which the U.S. has employed elements of national power against terrorist organizations, and determines whether the development of precision-guided munitions affords the U.S. leadership with effective means to conduct preemptive and retributive operations against these terrorist organizations.
Army War College (U.S.)
Seidel, Rodger F.
1998-04-01
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Understanding Democracy
The world is changing dramatically. Despite this, threats to national and international security continue in various forms: poverty, organized crime, drug use, terrorism; violence, arms trafficking, disease, global warming, and ethnic, religious nationalist, separatist, political and economic conflicts. Nevertheless, democracy is spreading, and today many countries are called democratic. This paper describes several countries, which are very different because of their history, culture, religion, people, education, and wealth. But these countries also have something in common: They are democratic. In each, however, the democratic system differs significantly from the others. For that reason, I have tried to analyze these differences in order to better understand how democracy functions or is understood in each case.
Army War College (U.S.)
Garcia, Gilberto G.
1998-04-01
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Department of the Treasury Study on the Sporting Suitability of Modified Semiautomatic Assault Rifles
"On November 14, 1997, the President and the Secretary of the Treasury ordered a review of the importation of certain modified versions of semiautomatic assault rifles into the United States. The decision to conduct this review stemmed in part from concerns expressed by members of Congress and others that the rifles being imported were essentially the same as semiautomatic assault rifles previously determined to be nonimportable in a 1989 decision by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF). The decision also stemmed from the fact that nearly 10 years had passed since the last comprehensive review of the importation of rifles, and many new rifles had been developed during this time. Under 18 U.S.C. section 925(d)(3), the Secretary shall approve applications for importation only when the firearms are generally recognized as particularly suitable for or readily adaptable to sporting purposes (the 'sporting purposes test'). In 1989, ATF denied applications to import a series of semiautomatic versions of automatic-fire military assault rifles. When ATF examined these semiautomatic assault rifles, it found that the rifles, while no longer machineguns, still had a military configuration that was designed for killing and disabling the enemy and that distinguished the rifles from traditional sporting rifles. This distinctively military configuration served as the basis for ATF's finding that the rifles were not considered sporting rifles under the statute."
United States. Department of the Treasury; United States. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
1998-04
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Domestic Terrorism and Our National Security Strategy
The threat of terrorism has encroached our national borders and has created a heightened sense of vulnerability among many Americans. President Clinton has stated, "Fighting terrorism is and will for a long time to come be one of the top priorities of the United States." Two acts passed in 1996 have strengthened our fight against terrorism, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act and the Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Act. The Defense Against WMD Act designated the Department of Defense the executive agent for coordination of assistance in responding to threats involving biological and chemical weapons. The focus of this research project will be to follow this trail and analyze DOD's course of action in meeting their obligation and assess the probability that DOD will maintain this function after the 1 October 1999 legislative mandate.
Army War College (U.S.)
Carter, Robert D.
1998-04-01
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Medical Readiness: Efforts Are Underway for DoD Training in Civilian Trauma Centers, Report to Congressional Committees
Because the Defense Department (DoD) believes that military doctors are not prepared to provide trauma care to severely injured soldiers in wartime, Congress approved a demonstration project to train military doctors in public hospitals. Although GAO found that it is too soon to assess the effectiveness of the program--as of March 1998, only four surgeons had completed their training rotations--several questions need to be answered before the program is expanded.
United States. General Accounting Office
1998-04-01
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Multinational Corps Northeast (MNC Northeast): A Meaningful and Effective Contribution by the German Army to the Goals of NATO Enlargement?
"Within the framework of a changed security situation in Europe NATO enlargement and the attempt of an improved security architecture in Europe obviously became important. German participation to achieve this could follow various avenues. One is the creation of an additional multinational Corps. In one of Europe's traditional important geostrategic areas, the Baltic Sea region, a new multinational corps (MNC Northeast) shall be established. This Danish-German-Polish element combines first time NATO and new NATO members. This article tries to answer the question whether this will be a meaningful and efficient contribution to the goals of NATO enlargement and German security interests. In combination with new structures, multinationalty and the perception of the neighboring states the categories of the chosen level, the costs, the location and deployment are examined."
Army War College (U.S.)
Berger, Johann
1998-04-01
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Moderate Course for USAF UAV Development
From the thesis abstract: "USAF [United States Air Force] unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) advocacy from 1980 to date has swung from an apparent disinterest in UAV systems to an aggressive acceptance of UAVs to solve mission needs. However, continued UAV programmatic setbacks indicate an appropriate UAV course for the Air Force remains to be charted. Tactical UAV programs between 1980 and the early 1990s conspicuously lacked USAF involvement and demonstrated a sub-par evolution of UAV capabilities, technology and development. However, spurred by concern over mission loss to sister services, USAF demonstrated a mid-1990s new found interest in UAVs despite the less than- proven performance of previous UAV systems. USAF UAV acceptance was embodied in four UAV end states and two High Altitude Endurance (HAE) UAVs. However, continued setbacks with HAE UAV programs soon impacted USAF's ability to meet UAV end state timelines as well as USAF commitment to UAV funding. HAE UAV miscues indicate the USAF UAV course charted after its mid-1990s UAV acceptance was founded on unproven technology. Consequently, this paper recommends a moderate USAF UAV course founded on proven technology and conservative investment. This moderate UAV course is enabled by a 'wait and see' approach with the ongoing HAE UAV Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD). The 'wait and see' approach commits minimal USAF funds to HAE UAVs pending successful HAE UAV technology demonstration."
Air University (U.S.). Air Command and Staff College
Kennedy, Michael W.
1998-04
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United States Attorneys Annual Statistical Report: Fiscal Year 1997
This annual report "summarizes the work and accomplishments of the United States Attorneys offices during Fiscal Year 1997. […] The United States Attorneys offices conduct most of the criminal prosecutions and civil litigation handled by the Department of Justice. They serve as the critical prosecutorial arm of the Department of Justice responsible for ensuring that the investigative efforts of the law enforcement agencies are pursued and as the nations legal advocates and defenders in civil suits brought by and against the government. The range of their responsibilities is staggering--from prosecuting those individuals who commit violent or terrorist acts to prosecuting corporations or individuals who commit fraud to defending the nation against exorbitant civil lawsuits."
Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys
1998-04
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Health Evaluation and Technical Assistance Report 97-0034-2683; International Association of Fire Fighters Indianapolis, Indiana
"On November 12, 1996, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request from the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) Local 416 on behalf of 78 fire fighters involved in a chemical warehouse fire that took place in Indianapolis, Indiana, on October 12, 1996. Fire fighters dispatched to the fire scene experienced chemical exposures and injuries. NIOSH was asked to provide technical assistance in reviewing the circumstances surrounding fire supression and overhaul activities, evaluate the overall incident command structure, and investigate chemical exposures and injuries experienced by fire fighters. Records were reviewed for 19 fire fighters who experienced acute health effects during and after fire suppression; these health effects included frequent headaches, chemical burns, irritation on face and hands, nose bleeds, cough, and a metallic taste in the mouth. Injuries experienced by two other fire fighters included a fractured pelvis and a concussion. This medical information was summarized in a letter dated May 23, 1997. Numerous reports and notes from the Indianapolis Fire Department's (IFD) Health and Safety Office, the Indianapolis Fire Investigation Unit, the local health department, and a local hospital were collected and later reviewed. Some fire fighters were interviewed (confidentially) in person and others interviewed by telephone to gather additional details of the incident. Deficiencies that contributed to injuries and illnesses were identified. Response activities, including medical care and monitoring, were reviewed to reconstruct events both during and after the fire incident."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Cook, Calvin K.; Trout, Douglas
1998-04
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Military Modernization in the People's Republic of China: Implications for the United States and the Region
From the thesis abstract: "China is experiencing extremely rapid changes in every element of its national power--economic, political, and military. Its economy is booming, producing double-digit gains each year since the mid-1980s. This explosive growth raises the prospect of China emerging as a major global power. To help protect this potential new status, Beijing decided to modernize its military to 'gain respect' in the world community and become militarily competitive with other global powers. This resulted in a nation possessing one of the fastest growing economies in the world combined with one of the largest military machines--that is slowly gaining an offensive force-projection capability. These factors may upset the balance of power in the Asian region, in addition to posing a threat to U.S. interests. This paper examines the implications for U.S. and regional security posed by the economic reforms and the military modernization taking place in China, focusing on Chinese acquisition and indigenous production of high-technology weapons to produce an offensive force projection capability."
Air University (U.S.). Air Command and Staff College
Mathews, David B.
1998-04
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Racial Extremism in the Army
From the thesis abstract: "In this thesis I examine the problem of white supremacist extremism in the Army. I begin by analyzing the phenomenon in general. First, I define extremism in general, and then give a summary history of white racial extremism in the United States, to include focusing on such hate groups as the Ku Klux Klan and the more modem phenomenon of 'skinheads.' I then discuss the history of white supremacist extremism in the Army, culminating in the December, 1995 murders of two black civilians by soldiers assigned to the 82d Airborne Division at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. I compare and contrast the old and new Army policies on extremism. I defend the new policy as constitutional, based upon a reading of Supreme Court case law, and I analyze the justifications for the Supreme Court's deference to the military in determining its policies. I also look at the potential problems of the extremist policy being overly broad and a form of viewpoint-based discrimination. I propose a methodology to create local policies that will withstand constitutional scrutiny along these lines and lastly give three scenarios utilizing that methodology."
Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School (United States. Army)
Hudson, Walter M.
1998-04
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Surety of the Nation's Critical Infrastructures: The Challenge Restructuring Poses to the Telecommunications Sector
"The telecommunications sector plays a pivotal role in the system of increasingly connected and interdependent networks that make up national infrastructure. An assessment of the probable structure and function of the 'bit-moving' industry in the twenty-first century must include issues associated with the surety of telecommunications. The term surety, as used here, means confidence in the acceptable behavior of a system in both intended and unintended circumstances. This paper outlines various engineering approaches to surety in systems, generally, and in the telecommunications infrastructure, specifically. It uses the experience and expectations of the telecommunications system of the United States as an example of the global challenges. The paper examines the principal factors underlying the change to more distributed systems in this sector, assesses surety issues associated with these changes, and suggests several possible strategies for mitigation. It also studies the ramifications of what could happen if this sector became a target for those seeking to compromise a nation's security and economic well being. Experts in this area generally agree that the U. S. telecommunications sector will eventually respond in a way that meets market demands for surety. Questions remain open, however, about confidence in the telecommunications sector and the nation's infrastructure during 'unintended' circumstances -- such as those posed by information warfare or by cascading software failures. Resolution of these questions is complicated by the lack of clear accountability of the private and the public sectors for the surety of telecommunications."
Sandia National Laboratories
Gilliom, Laura; Drennen, Thomas E.; Cox, Roger
1998-04
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Countering the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Case for Strategic Preemption
The declaratory policy of the United States is to prevent the acquisition of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and their delivery systems. The United States has been hesitant to use military force to preempt the acquisition of WMD even with recalcitrant proliferators whose intentions and demonstrated behavior are counter to the interests of the U.S. This paper outlines the case for backing our declared policy with more aggressive counter-proliferation actions, and describes those cases where preemptive conventional military actions are not only appropriate, but are in the best long term interests of the United States.
Army War College (U.S.)
Rehbein, David J.
1998-04-01
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Proceedings of the International Conference of Fire Research for Fire Investigation
Mr. Patrick R. Schambach, ATF Assistant Director for Science and Technology working with the Department of Fire Protection Engineering at the University of Maryland, the Building and Fire Research Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Hughes Associates, Inc. (HAI) convened the International Conference on Fire Research for Fire Investigation. Approximately 70 leading authorities from the fields of fire research, investigation, and education from the Unites States and five other countries gathered at the Sheraton International Hotel at Baltimore-Washington International Airport, MD on November 12 through 14, 1997. The Conference was charged with the following: a) Assessing the current state of the art in fire investigation from a scientific and applied technology view point; b) Assessing the current needs for research, education, and related resources in the field of fire investigation; c) Recommending the role and direction that the ATF F.I.R.E. Center should take in advancing the capabilities and credibility of fire investigation and analysis; d) Advising what specific types of tests and facilities should be incorporated in the ATF F.I.R.E. Center; e) Making recommendations on the staffing that will be needed for the F.I.R.E. Center. The Conference addressed its charges and came to the following determinations.
United States. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
1998-04
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Information Technology Security Training Requirements: A Role- and Performance-Based Model
The overall goal of this document is to facilitate the development or strengthening of a comprehensive, measurable, cost-effective IT security program which supports the missions of the organization and is administered as an integral element of sound IT management and planning. Protecting the value of an organization's information assets demands no less. This approach allows senior officials to understand where, in what way, and to what extent IT-related job responsibilities include IT security responsibilities, permitting the most cost-effective allocation of limited IT security training resources. The issuance of this document is not intended to significantly modify Federal agencies' ongoing IT security awareness programs and activities, or to invalidate their IT security training courses or courseware. Rather, their courses will require comprehensive review and revalidation in accordance with this new performance-based model and requirements. It is expected that agencies and organizations will find training gaps and will need to establish priorities and strategies for filling them. This process cannot be accomplished by a single organization's IT security program office working alone. Instead, it requires a broad, cross-organizational strategy at the executive level to bring together various functions and organization entities that may not have previously worked together. The perspectives and expertise of training center personnel, course designers, program analysts, IT security specialists, training evaluators, and specialists in many related IT functional areas all are needed to achieve success. To assist in achieving this goal, this document identifies groups of individuals who will be able to use this guidance and suggests ways in which they may want to use it.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
De Zafra, Dorothea E.; Pitcher, Sadie I.; Tressler, John D.
1998-04
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Decision Matrix for Implementing an EMS Expanded Scope of Practice Process
"Fire departments involved with emergency medical service (EMS) delivery are being challenged to diversify this role through the addition of expanded scope of practice processes. The purpose of this research was to determine if the Sierra Vista fire department (SVFD) should expand their current EMS service delivery process or focus instead on improving clinical outcomes for our customers. This study employed a historical, evaluative, and action research methodology to answer the following questions: 1. What clinical outcome(s) does the EMS research literature identify as an indication that an EMS system is functioning effectively? 2. How effective is the SVFD's EMS process in achieving the clinical outcome(s) identified in question one? 3. Does the literature offer any theories or models the Sierra Vista fire department can use as a framework for deciding whether it should expand current levels of EMS service? The procedures used for this study included an extensive review of the EMS research literature as well as informal interviews with stakeholders intimate with the SVFD's EMS system. The results of this study revealed that two factors - a rapid advanced life support (ALS) response of eight minutes or less and out of hospital cardiac arrest survival - are the clinical indicators of a well functioning EMS delivery system. Since the SVFD does not measure either factor, the effectiveness of the local EMS system is unknown. Therefore, a decision matrix was created to guide the SVFD into an expanded scope role without compromising current service levels. It was recommended the SVFD: 1) immediately begin measurement of clinical indicators to establish system effectiveness; 2) begin an expanded scope process using off-duty personnel; 3) prospectively evaluate the process on a regular basis."
National Fire Academy
Grill, Michael
1998-04
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Study to Determine if Paramedic Engine Companies Would Provide a More Efficient Level of Service for the Alhambra Fire Department
"The increasing role of emergency medical services (EMS) in the Fire Service forces fire administrators to look at alternatives to providing these services. The purpose of this research project was to establish if the Alhambra Fire Department could provide a more efficient and cost effective delivery of EMS through the implementation of Paramedic Engine Companies using existing resources. This would include maintaining ambulance transportation utilizing (non-sworn) Emergency Medical Technician - 1's (EMT-1's). Evaluative and action research methodologies were used in this research to answer the following questions: 1. Is the Department efficiently and effectively utilizing its personnel resources? 2. Does the Department have resources in place to establish paramedic engine companies? 3. Does the Department meet its operational objective of providing equal levels of emergency medical services to all four fire station jurisdictions on an initial response basis? 4. Does historical data support the implementation of basic life support (BLS) ambulances? 5. Is research available to support the concept of paramedic engine companies? An assessment was conducted on how the Department currently delivers emergency medical services. Fire Department resources were evaluated to establish if they were effectively utilized in an efficient manner. Historical data was analyzed to establish patient populations based on call type and level of care provided. Literature was reviewed from a company that provides contract employees for two other fire departments in Southern California. Financial data was obtained and reviewed from the city finance department detailing the personnel cost of firefighter paramedics."
National Fire Academy
Mosack, Raymond A.
1998-04
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NFIRS Analysis: Investigating City Characteristics and Residential Fire Rates
"The objective of this study was to identify relationships between city characteristics and residential fire rates. The study analyzed data from 27 cities reporting to the United States Fire Administration's National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS). NFIRS is the largest fire data set in the country, and each year almost one million new records are added. For each city, fire rates for eight different categories of fire cause were studied, as well as the overall level of fires. The causes included fires due to arson, children playing, careless smoking, cooking, heating, electrical distribution, appliances, and open flames. In seeking to explain city-to-city variation in fire rates, we examined climate, age structure of the population, and differences in the socioeconomic status of city residents. The findings of this study are presented in comparison with the findings of previous analyses."
National Fire Data Center (U.S.)
TriData Corporation
1998-04
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Basic Awareness Factsheet for Small Business
"Chemical accident can occur at business of any size. Many small businesses handle propane, ammonia, chlorine, and other chemicals that could pose a risk to the surrounding community if an accident were to occur. Working together through their trade associations, some industries already have adopted standard operating practices that help to reduce the risk of accident, improve overall performance, and limit costly downtime. This document outlines how business should go about developing a risk management plan."
United States. Environmental Protection Agency
1998-04
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Identification of Factors for Selecting Modes and Routes for Shipping High-Level Radioactive Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel
"Section 15 of the Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act of 1990 (see 49 U.S.C. Section 5 lO5 (d) (l994)) requires the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) to conduct a study: 'To decide which safety factors, if any, shippers and carriers should consider when selecting routes and modes that would enhance overall public safety related to the transportation of high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel.' The Act also requires that DOT evaluate the degree to which each factor affects overall public safety in the transport of these materials. This report documents the results of the study."
United States. Department of Transportation. Research and Special Programs Administration
1998-04
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Infectious Diseases: Soundness of World Health Organization Estimates for Eradication or Elimination, Report to the Chairman, Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives
"Global disease eradication and elimination campaigns are initiated, primarily by WHO, to concentrate and mobilize resources from both affected and donor countries. WHO provides recommendations for disease eradication and elimination to its governing body, the World Health Assembly, based on two general criteria"scientific feasibility and the level of political support by endemic and donor countries. Formal campaigns were initiated against dracunculiasis and leprosy in 1991, and against polio and lymphatic filariasis in 1988 and 1997, respectively. Regional or subregional campaigns are also underway against measles, onchocerciasis, and Chagas disease. Disease eradication and elimination efforts are normally implemented by national governments of the affected countries. Developing countries typically receive assistance for these efforts from bilateral and multilateral donors, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector. In April 1997, WHO provided the House International Relations Committee with estimated costs and target dates for eradicating or eliminating the seven diseases. Subsequently, WHO revised some of the costs and time frames based on more recent information. We also made some adjustments for consistency among the figures. Our review focuses on the estimates that WHO provided to us as of December 1997. WHO officials estimated that about $7.5 billion would be needed to eradicate or eliminate the seven targeted diseases."
United States. Government Accountability Office
1998-04
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Security of the Western Hemisphere: International Terrorism and Organized Crime
"International terrorism and organized crime (ITOC), are engaged in what the Organization of American States (OAS) has recently defined as 'grave common crime.' ITOC are powerful enough to destabilize, challenge, and destroy targeted societies and states. The increasing influence and power of ITOC are generating transnational threats. The threat posed by ITOC is too great and too complex for civilian institutions to confront by themselves. The military could and should assist in internal protection missions if its operational role is carefully limited by a legal democratic regime. Today's security requirements call for a coordinated and cooperative application not only of all national civilian and military resources but also those of a variety of international and functional organizations. Because success against ITOC requires close unilateral and multilateral coordination, the responsibility should devolve to the OAS."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Manwaring, Max G.
1998-04
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International Energy Outlook 1998
"The report begins with a review of world trends in energy demand. The historical time frame starts with data from 1970 and extends to 1996, providing readers with a 26- year historical view of energy demand. For the first time, IEO98[International Energy Outlook 1998 ] projections are extended to 2020, so that the forecasts cover a 24- year period. High economic growth and low economic growth cases, based on different rates of growth in regional gross domestic product (GDP), are used to depict a set of alter - native growth paths for the energy forecast. The projections and the uncertainty associated with making international energy projections in general are discussed in the first chapter of the report. The status of environ mental issues, including global carbon emissions, is reviewed. Comparisons of the IEO98 projections with other available international energy forecasts are also included in the first chapter, along with a review of the performance of EIA's [Energy Information Administration] international energy projections from previous editions of the IEO. The next part of the report is organized by energy source. Regional consumption projections for oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear power, and renew able energy (hydro electricity, geothermal, wind, solar, and other renewables) are presented in five fuel chapters, with a review of the current status of each fuel on a worldwide basis. This IEO98 includes expanded coverage of the transportation sector. A discussion of energy use in the transportation sector--where EIA expects robust growth over the next 25 years--has been added to the chapter on world oil markets. The last chapter of the report contains a discussion of energy use for electricity production."
United States. Energy Information Administration
1998-04
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Landslide Hazards in Glacial Lake Clays - Tully Valley, New York
"At approximately midday on April 27, 1993, a large landslide occurred along the foot of Bare Mountain in LaFayette, Onondaga County, New York, about 12 miles south of Syracuse (figs. 1, 2). The slide moved rapidly east toward the middle of the Tully Valley and impacted approximately 50 acres of land, destroyed three homes, and resulted in the evacuation of four other homes. Debris from the slide, consisting mostly of remolded clay, covered Tully Farms Road with up to 15 feet of earth for a length of some 1,200 feet. Springs that developed near the top of the slide discharged either freshwater or brackish water, which contained concentrations of dissolved evaporites (salt and gypsum) and other minerals. The total volume of earth moved by the slide is estimated to be about 1.3 million cubic yards. According to the New York State Geological Survey, this slide is the largest to have occurred in the State in more than 75 years. Most residents were away from their homes at the time of the slide, and so there were no fatalities or serious injuries caused by the slide."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
1998-04
