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• Military Counterdrug Patrols Along the Southwest Border: A Bridge Too Far

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  This paper examines the current policy of deploying military units along the Southwest Border as part of the overall DOD counterdrug strategy. The paper looks at the impact of drug abuse in America, describes the National and Military counterdrug strategies, details the history of U.S. militarization of the Southwest Border and its relationship to current tactical operations, and examines the legal constraints of Posse Comitatus. Finally, an analysis of the effectiveness of the policy of employing military ground forces along the Southwest Border as part of the overall DOD counterdrug strategy is accomplished using the criteria of: acceptability, feasibility, and adequacy.

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Stanley, Andrew J.

  1998-05-06
• Cuban Threat to U.S. National Security

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  This report details the Cuban threat to U.S. national security as of May 6, 1998, and discusses different branches of the Cuban military and their potential to threaten the United States in light of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The report was compiled by the "Defense Intelligence Agency in coordination with the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of State Bureau of Intelligence and Research, the National Security Agency, and the United States Southern Command Joint Intelligence Center."

  United States. Defense Intelligence Agency

  1998-05-06
• H. Rept. 105-508: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999, Report to accompany H.R. 3694, May 5, 1998

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  "The Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, to whom was referred the bill (H.R. 3694) to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 1999 for intelligence and intelligence-related activities of the United States Government, the Community Management Account, and the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System, and for other purposes, having considered the same, report favorably thereon with an amendment and recommend that the bill as amended do pass."

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1998-05-05
• Electricity Restructuring Background: The Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 and the Energy Policy Act of 1992 [May 4, 1998]

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  "Electric utilities have been subject to comprehensive federal and state economic regulation since enactment of the Public Utilities Holding Company Act of 1935 (PUHCA) and the Federal Power Act. This regulatory framework remained virtually unchanged between 1935 and 1978. The oil embargoes of the 1970s created concerns about the security of the nation's electricity supply leading to enactment of the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (PURPA). For the first time, utilities were required to purchase power from outside sources. This first incremental change to traditional electricity regulation started a movement towards a market-oriented approach to electricity supply. Following the enactment of PURPA, two basic issues stimulated calls for further change: whether to encourage nonutility generation and whether to permit utilities to diversify into non-regulated activities. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT) increased competition in the electric generating sector by creating new entities that can generate and sell electricity at wholesale without being regulated as utilities under PUHCA. PURPA began to shift more regulatory responsibilities to the federal government, and EPACT continued that shift away from the states by creating new options for utilities and regulators to meet electricity demand. As the electric utility restructuring debate evolves, additional policy issues to be addressed may include federal-state jurisdictional roles, stranded cost recovery, industry structure, and non-economic regulatory factors."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Abel, Amy

  1998-05-04
• AF Policy Directive 14-3: Control, Protection, and Dissemination of Intelligence Information

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  This policy directive provides guidance for protecting intelligence information. It defines authority lines, roles, and responsibilities for oversight and implementation of programs and procedures to ensure proper controls and protection in preserving the integrity of intelligence collection systems. This document is substantially revised and must be completely reviewed. It establishes requirement for AF development of automated systems for efficiency of SCI security management. Designates HQ USAF/XOIIS as Cognizant Security Authority for SCI. Designates HQ USAF/ XOIIS, Intelligence Security Division as SCI Security Policy Team, chartered to establish SCI control and release programs for AF. It establishes one Base, one SSO policy; establishes HQ AIA/SO as OPR for compilation and submission of quarterly intelligence information compromise and security education training reporting; and discontinues requirement for HAF-IN(Q) 9327. It also contains results of Security Management Inspection Report.

  United States. Department of the Air Force

  1998-05-01
• Anarchy in the Streets: Restoring Public Security in Complex Contingencies

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  "In several recent complex contingency operations the intervening military force had to maintain minimum essential public order because the host nation capabilities were either overwhelmed by the magnitude of disorder, or because corrupt, repressive military and police were removed by the intervention. As the host nation public security capability is reinforced or rebuilt, military and political leaders must determine when conditions permit the transfer of public security functions from combat forces to military or international police and finally to the host nation public security forces. Indeed, the possible requirement to restructure the host nation public security forces may become an essential element of the intervention strategy, and would involve both military and civilian agencies. This paper proposes objective conditions to guide joint task force commanders, country teams, and interagency planners in making those transfer decisions."

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Schneegas, D.A.; Castle, James M.; Faber, Alfred C.

  1998-05-01
• Fact Sheet: Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Interim Air Quality Policy on Wildland and Prescribed Fires

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  From the abstract previously available on the Lessons Learned and Information Sharing platform: "This document contains an overview of the Environmental Protection Agency's air quality policy on wildland and prescribed fires. The document includes background information, fire and air quality information, and policy specific directives."

  United States. Environmental Protection Agency

  1998-05
• U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Interstate Bank Building Fire

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  "This is Report 022 of the Major Fires Investigation Project conducted by TriData Corporation under contract EMW-8-4321 to the United States Fire Administration, Federal Emergency Management Agency. [...] On Wednesday, May 4, and continuing into May 5, 1988, the Los Angeles City Fire Department responded to and extinguished the most challenging and difficult highrise fire in the city's history. The fire destroyed four floors and damaged a fifth floor of the modern 62 story First Interstate Bank building in downtown Los Angeles. [...] This was one of the most destructive highrise fires in recent United States history. The fire presented the greatest potential for the 'Towering Inferno' scenario of any U. S. fire experience and was controlled only through the massive and dedicated manual fire suppression efforts of a large metropolitan fire department. It demonstrated the absolute need for automatic sprinklers to provide protection for tall buildings."

  United States. Office of Homeland Security; United States Fire Administration

  1998-05
• FM 34-8-2: Intelligence Officer's Handbook

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  This Army Field Manual (FM) is a roles and missions manual for G2/S2 sections. "As the companion handbook to FM 34-8, this manual is written for officers serving as the G2 or S2 in combat, CS, and CSS units. It provides guidance for officers and NCOs assigned to G2/S2 sections. G2s should find this handbook a useful MTP when executing intelligence training responsibilities. The proponent of this publication is the United States Army Intelligence Center and Fort Huachuca, Fort Huachuca, AZ. Send comments and recommendations on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) directly to Commander, US Army Intelligence Center and Fort Huachuca, ATTN: ATZS-TDL-D, Fort Huachuca, AZ 85613- 6000. […] The G2/S2 must provide continuous intelligence and information for the commander to conduct operations and minimize risk. Intelligence is the commander's decision making tool. The commander, who drives intelligence, does so for planning before deployment, while en route, and during operations and redeployment. The S2/NCO-- Provides the commander timely and accurate intelligence, IPB, I&W, and vulnerability assessments for force protection, targeting, and BDA; Makes decisive predictions on when and where an action will take place; Prioritizes IR; Integrates with other staff elements on I&S issues; Provides the commander with a view of all facets of the battlefield; [and] Ensures his staff is trained."

  United States. Department of the Army

  1998-05-01
• U.S. Navy Salvage Report: TWA Flight 800

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  "Soon after 8:31 on the evening of 17 July 1996, Trans World Airways [TWA] Flight 800, a Boeing 747-131 bound for Paris, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean some 10 miles southeast of East Moriches, Long Island (see Figure 1-1). Throughout the night and the following day, rescuers searched for survivors. None were found. It was later established that all 230 people on board Flight 800 died. This report describes the U.S. Navy's participation in the multi-agency effort to recover the remains of the victims of the incident and the aircraft wreckage to help investigators determine the cause of the crash. The history of this effort is, first and foremost, the story of a salvage operation carried out under unusual and often trying conditions. it thus offers many insights into the techniques of open-ocean diving and marine salvage. The story is not complete, however, without a thorough examination of the way that Navy officials dealt with challenges such as interagency cooperation and public relations."

  United States. Naval Sea Systems Command

  1998-05
• Roundhouse: A Security Architecture for Active Networks

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  "We describe a high-assurance framework for networked clients and servers. Called Roundhouse consists of the following elements: (1) Pinkerton, a comprehensive model for the implementation of distributed protection domains that provide for robust protection in a networked environment; (2) Iron Horse: Functional and security design of a kernelized host providing essential ring-based protection, packet authentication, and cryptography services for higher layers. (3) DEPOT: Specification, design, and prototype implementation on a PC base of the framework and initial content of dynamically modifiable servers. The intent is that DEPOT clients and servers would take advantage of platform protected modes where available (e.g., Windows NT, Iron Horse) leading to client-server computing in a network of heterogeneously trusted hosts. As a general facility for installing and managing application 'hooks' DEPOT incorporates the following key new ideas: (1) the division of sets of hooks by module, (2) the partial ordering of modules, (3) binding hooks to network names, and (4) provision of a run-time model of module behavior with a visible state machine model that abstracts and externalizes the dynamic behavior of that module. The architecture is unique as it composes strong and weak systems securely and permits the dynamic retooling of executing software."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Irvine, Cynthia E.; Shockley, William R.

  1998-05
• Animals in Disaster

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  This manual is designed to accompany FEMA's independent study course titled "IS-11.a - Animals in Disasters: Community Planning." "Whenever and wherever disaster strikes, people and their property are affected. Over the years, we have seen whole communities destroyed and lives devastated. A problem that is increasingly being recognized is that disasters also affect animals. In times of crises, people worry not only about their family but also about the family pet; farmers worry about the livestock they are stewards of; the horse owner worries about their prize show horse or backyard pony. More and more, emergency management and agriculture officials are having to include animal issues in planning and preparedness. We are pleased to present the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) new two-module independent study course, 'Animals in Disaster.' For the first time, FEMA is addressing this important issue through training and education. A major theme throughout the course is that individuals must prepare and plan for their animals. In a flood or earthquake, State and local government must first of all take care of people; government officials will not have time to deal with all animal problems. Therefore, it is up to the individual to see that their animals are taken care of as best as possible. It is also imperative that animal owners work with one another through mutual interest groups such as kennel clubs and horse associations, agricultural organizations, county extension agencies and humane societies to develop plans for their animals. This course will help you prepare to take care of animals. It will not provide answers to all of your questions or concerns but will help you formulate answers specific to your own situation. We are pleased that you care enough to take this course."

  Emergency Management Institute (U.S.); United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  1998-05
• Health Hazard Evaluation Report 96-0171-2692; Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Washington, D.C.

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  "In April 1996, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request for a health hazard evaluation (HHE) from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF), in Falls Church, Virginia, regarding respiratory hazards associated with fire investigations. ATF trains a select number of special agents as fire investigators as part of the ATF arson enforcement program. These special agents work with counterparts in state and local fire departments to investigate the origin and cause of fires. ATF special agents and local fire investigators in the northern Virginia jurisdictions were concerned about the potential respiratory health effects from conducting fire scene examinations and the adequacy of their respiratory protection. In response to this request, environmental monitoring was performed during the investigation of two house fires on February 12 and 13, 1997, in metropolitan Washington, D.C., and Prince George's County, Maryland, and three staged fires on June 3, 1997, at the Fort Belvoir military base in Alexandria, Virginia. During these fire scene examinations, environmental samples were collected for total and respirable dust, metals, hydrogen cyanide, inorganic acids, aldehydes including formaldehyde, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), elemental carbon, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)."

  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

  Kinnes, Gregory M.; Hine, Gregg A.

  1998-05
• Evaluate Existing Fire Flow Calculation Formulas for Adoption in Our City

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  "This research project analyzed existing fire flow calculation formulas that could be adopted by the Marysville Fire District (MFD) to be utilized during the plan review process and application of the Uniform Fire Code (UFC) requirements. MFD has been using the Insurance Services Office (ISO) "Guide for Determination of Required Fire Flow" since it was referenced in the 1985 Edition of the UFC. At that time other fire flow formulas were not examined. The purpose of the project was to examine the formulas available and recommend a formula for adoption by the MFD. This research employed historical research by an examination of the literature available, evaluative research to compare the results of each formula for a given scenario, and action research to examine the results of each formula for suitablility to the needs of the MFD. The three research methods were used to identify (a) what fire flow formulas are available for use, (b) what factors such as type of construction and use should be included in calculating fire flows, and (c) what alternate methods could be adopted by the MFD to offset deficient fire flows. The major findings of this research were that the formulas found were designed to offer suppression officers a method of quick and basic fire flow calculation rather than scientific conclusions. These "rule of thumb" formulas have limited use during the plan review process. Based upon the findings of this research, the recommended formula for adoption by MFD is a combination formula based on Appendix III-A of the 1997 Edition of the UFC, the occupancy and exposure factors from the ISO formula, and some additional requirements that reflect the needs of the MFD."

  National Fire Academy

  Jacobsen, Jerold L.

  1998-05
• EPA Chemical Accident Investigation Report, Powell Duffryn Terminals, Inc., Savannah, Georgia

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  This is a report from the Environmental Protection Agency on an investigation conducted by the EPA and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. "An explosion and fire took place at the Powell Duffryn Terminals, Inc., Savannah, Georgia, on April 10, 1995, resulting in extensive public evacuations and significant plant damage. The accident involved flammable and toxic substances. EPA and OSHA undertook investigations of this accident because of the serious consequences and the opportunity for lessons learned to prevent similar accidents from occurring. The EPA and OSHA coordinated their investigations and shared their findings." The report identified the root causes and contributing factors of the accident and provided recommendations to prevent future accidents.

  United States. Environmental Protection Agency; United States. Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  1998-05
• Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders

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  "Serious and violent juvenile (SVJ) offenders comprise a troubled and often dangerous population. Although their numbers are small, they are responsible for a disproportionate amount of crime. To know what to do about this difficult problem and to garner the necessary financial, political, and public support to deal with it effectively, policymakers need a solid research foundation. To build this research base, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) convened the Study Group on Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders. The findings of this distinguished panel of researchers are quite hopeful and compelling. They conclude that it is never too early to begin efforts to prevent SVJ offending, and it is never too late to intervene with known serious and violent juvenile offenders. [...] The Study Group of distinguished experts chaired by Drs. Rolf Loeber and David Farrington presents empirical evidence that the key to reducing serious and violent offending lies with early prevention efforts aimed at high-risk youth and interventions with serious and violent juvenile offenders."

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  Farrington, David P.; Loeber, Rolf

  1998-05
• Right Makes Might: Freedom and Power in the Information Age

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  China's emergence begs a fresh look at power in world affairs - more precisely, at how the spread of freedom and the integration of the global economy, due to the information revolution, are affecting the nature, concentration, and purpose of power. Perhaps such a look could improve the odds of responding wisely to China's rise. Suppose that democracies are not only disinclined toward aggression, as is widely accepted, but also more able to build national power, by virtue of their economic and political openness. Imagine, further, that joining the existing democratic powers in a community of interests and values is the surest path any nation can take to growth, success, and power. If in fact, the information revolution has such effects, the prospect of a mighty but hostile China would be remote. Increased Chinese capabilities would be accompanied by restraint, not increased belligerence. This essay examines the relationship of intentions and capabilities--more precisely, of openness and power--in the information age. China is the case in point; but the query is a general one. Its hypothesis is that although power remains important in world politics, globalization has transformed its character, correlates, and consequences: Power now depends on freedom.

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Gompert, David C.

  1998-05
• High Performance Computing contributions to DoD Mission Success 1998

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  High Performance Computing (HPC) is a key, enabling technology that is essential to assure that U.S. Forces maintain dominance on the battlefield with minimal risk to life, even against numerically superior forces. Tracing requirements from the President's National Security Strategy to our National Military Strategy as defined by the Military Services, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the warfighting Commanders in Chief (ClNCs), one common denominator prevails-the need for militarily superior technology. Technology is a key discriminator in our deterrence of conflicts; failing to deter aggression, technology can be the difference between success and failure on the battlefield. HPC enables advanced modeling and simulation concepts and capabilities that can be used to assess the value of individual components or new weapon systems' projected performance levels. Data collected from modeling and simulation will assist milestone decisions by pointing to research, development, test and evaluation (RDT&E) of most value to the warfighter. Through the use of HPC resources for example, it is possible to simulate the capabilities of a new weapon system and to measure that system's impact on existing tactics and the predicted outcome of a military engagement (using tens of thousands of entity types). As a result, senior DoD leadership will have data to assist in the decision-making process as early as possible. These data will provide information about whether to proceed, modify, or cancel a program and where to best invest our RDT&E resources. Other mission-critical areas that could be greatly improved by advanced modeling and simulations using HPC include ocean modeling and weather prediction, bomb damage assessment, water tampering determinations, modeling of radio frequency systems and antenna designs, environmental impacts/ cleanup, and counter-proliferation and counter-terrorism scenarios.

  United States. Department of Defense

  1998-05
• Rethinking the Role of Nuclear Weapons

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  "The reduction of U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals suggests that such weapons have a reduced role in world affairs. But what that role should be is unclear. Should nuclear weapons be available only to prevent nuclear war or, instead, to underpin global security? The two concepts have divergent implications. If nuclear weapons have any use beyond retaliation for nuclear attack, the danger of nuclear war is bound to be higher. Conversely, lowering the danger of nuclear violence weakens the utility of the fear that that danger produces. In the Cold War, the fear of nuclear war was used by the United States to engender caution and stability. Had it not been for that fear, the 20th century might have had three world wars instead of two. [...] The hot debate about whether to abolish nuclear weapons is less important than the abolitionists think. Nuclear weapons are here to stay period. The more practical argument over the right size of the U.S. nuclear arsenal will be bracketed by a few thousand warheads at the high end and a few hundred at the low end. That difference matters less for U.S. interests and international security, including whether nuclear weapons are used again, than the more fundamental question: Should nuclear weapons have any purpose other than to prevent nuclear war?"

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Gompert, David C.

  1998-05
• Global Order and Security Privatization

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  "The international state system has controlled military might over the past 300 years. Some observers believe that a dramatic growth in private security could challenge this control and eventually may threaten global order with military force that is less accountable/controllable than state militaries. Max Weber maintained that the modern state arose because it 'successfully upheld a claim to the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force in the enforcement of its order.' A number of established private firms are increasingly shouldering military responsibilities which once belonged to the state. Does this growth threaten global security or could it assist fragile states undergoing dramatic changes in this post-Cold War era?"

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Howe, Herbert M. (Herbert Marshall), 1945-

  1998-05
• Responding to Proliferation Threats

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  "One of the most enduring and deeply troubling lessons from the Gulf War is that Iraq, a country of moderate technical capability and economic means, was able to move from biological weapons (BW) research to deployed weapons in only five years. Iraq possessed BW-filled munitions, including bombs and missile warheads; had the technical sophistication to weaponize three different biological agents; and had forward deployed these weapons before the start of Desert Storm. But what is particularly shocking is that these facts were discovered not from mandatory Iraqi declarations to the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM), or even from more than 30 highly intrusive, UNSCOM inspection missions. Rather, the information came to light only from the belated revelations of an Iraqi defector, Hussein Kamal, who later paid with his life. The extent and sophistication of the Iraqi BW program--and the suspicions raised by Saddam's recent efforts to prevent UNSCOM inspectors from gaining access to the most sensitive sites--underscores the reality that NBC military threats are not 'theoretical' military problems of the future; they are significant military threats today."

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Wallerstein, Mitchel B.

  1998-05
• Bureau of Justice Statistics Fiscal Year 1998: At a Glance

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  "BJS, a component of the Office of Justice Programs (OJP) in the U.S. Department of Justice, is the primary source for justice statistics in the United States. BJS collects, analyzes, publishes, and disseminates information on crime, criminal offenders, victims of crime, and the operation of justice systems at all levels of government. These data are critical to Federal, State, and local policymakers in combating crime and ensuring that justice is both efficient and evenhanded."

  United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics

  1998-05
• Air Traffic Control: Weak Computer Security Practices Jeopardize Flight Safety, Report to the Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate

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  "Given the paramount importance of computer security of ATC systems, you asked us to determine whether FAA is effectively managing physical security at ATC facilities and systems security for its current operational systems, whether FAA is effectively managing systems security for future ATC modernization systems, and the effectiveness of FAA's management structure and implementation of policy for computer security. We issued a 'Limited Official Use' report to you detailing the results of our review on April 29, 1998. This unclassified version of that report summarizes the weaknesses we found in FAA's ATC computer security program and our recommendations for corrective actions. FAA is ineffective in all critical areas included in our computer security review-facilities physical security, operational systems information security, future systems modernization security, and management structure and policy implementation."

  United States. General Accounting Office

  1998-05
• IS-10: Animals in Disaster: Module A: Awareness and Preparedness: Independent Study Manual

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  This manual is designed to accompany Module A of "IS-10: Animals in Disaster," an online independent course sponsored by FEMA's Emergency Management Institute. "Module A is divided into an overview, seven units of instruction, a final exam and appendices. A description of each unit is provided. Unit 1: Overview. Preface, purpose of the course, and information on the course […]; Unit 2: Introduction. Why are animals an important consideration in disasters? This unit describes the animal-care community, the societal impact of animal ownership and introduces the concept of the human-animal bond as a major factor affecting animal owners in disasters […]; Unit 3: The four phases of emergency management. This unit introduces the activities of mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery and addresses government and individual responsibilities for carrying out these activities; Units 4 through 6: Defining the risks and applying the four phases of emergency management. These units describe the major natural and technological hazards in the United States and provide information on typical animal-related issues that may arise in these circumstances; Units 7 and 8: The care of animals in disasters. These units contain specific information on how to provide care for animals in disasters; Unit 9: Module A final examination. By completing this unit and passing the exam, you may receive a certificate of completion from the Emergency Management Institute; Unit 10: Appendices. This unit contains reference materials that supplement the course materials and indicates where further information can be obtained."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; Emergency Management Institute (U.S.)

  1998-05
• Financial Crisis in Korea: Implications for US-Korea Relations

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  1998 represents the Year of the Tiger in more ways that one. South Korea, the largest of the economies hit severely by the economic crisis, is struggling to put its internal house in order and restore confidence. US political, security, and economic interests in a stable and prosperous Korea have been reaffirmed and strengthened throughout decades of a close, mutually beneficial alliance. However, the financial crisis has underscored the permeability of political, security, and economic "interests." Korean leadership is primarily responsible for managing the challenges facing its recovery, whether they are domestic, political, or sociocultural. The United States should strive to balance its approach to helping Korea, as well as other Asian countries, by matching its strong technical response to the crisis with a firm diplomatic show of confidence which demonstrates that Korea remains a vital strategic ally.

  Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies

  Song, Jin

  1998-05
• FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin: May 1998

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  This issue provides an article about the Comprehensive Care Model, which allows police agencies to address the problems that concern their citizens with comprehensive, proactive strategies. Another article examines peer supporters who help law enforcement employees overcome stress in their professional and personal lives. The bulletin also includes an article about telecommunications fraud, as well as an article examining investigative detention. Regular departments provide information on visual perception in low-light levels and police ethics.

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  1998-05
• Executive Guide: Information Security Management, Learning from Leading Organizations, Accounting and Information Management Division

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  "Increased computer interconnectivity and the popularity of the Internet are offering organizations of all types unprecedented opportunities to improve operations by reducing paper processing, cutting costs, and sharing information. However, the success of many of these efforts depends, in part, on an organization's ability to protect the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of the data and systems it relies on. Deficiencies in federal information security are a growing concern. In a February 1997 series of reports to the Congress, GAO designated information security as a government wide high-risk area. In October 1997, the President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection described the potentially devastating implications of poor information security from a broader perspective in its report entitled Critical Foundations: Protecting America's Infrastructures. Since then, audit reports have continued to identify widespread information security weaknesses that place critical federal operations and assets at risk. This guide is one of a series of GAO publications that are intended to define actions federal officials can take to better manage their information resources."

  United States. General Accounting Office

  1998-05
• Coast Guard 2020: Ready Today...Preparing for Tomorrow

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  "Many changes and trends in the maritime region will dramatically affect American citizens, friends, and interests in the 21st century. These trends have been identified from environmental scans, demographic forecasts, maritime commerce and transportation forecasts, and national security assessments. On the basis of these and other insightful studies, the Coast Guard believes that there will be no major changes to its traditional roles and missions. Rather, mission emphasis will shift based on changing national priorities. Future pressures on the Nation's maritime region will increase demand for Coast Guard services. It will be a major challenge to maintain excellent service to America. Austere budgets and a workforce that will remain fairly constant in numbers will constrain the Coast Guard's capacity to handle elevated operational tempos. The Coast Guard will take full advantage of evolving opportunities - especially new technologies and quality management - to meet these challenges."

  United States. Coast Guard

  1998-05
• PTSD and the Law

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  This newsletter focuses on the legal aspects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The authors focus on both civil law and criminal law cases where PTSD is used as both defense and offense in litigation. From the article: "The PTSD diagnosis represents landmark recognition that an external event can serve as the direct cause of a mental disorder. This has led one authority to state that 'accurate assessment of PTSD-specific symptoms forms the basis for defining psychic injury in law ...' (Raifman, 1983, p.124). Slovenko (1994) noted that PTSD is a favored diagnosis in tort law because it is incident-specific and easy to understand, and it tends to rule out other factors potentially involved in causation. Through PTSD, plaintiffs attempt to establish that the psychologic problems they are claiming issue from an alleged traumatic event and not from a myriad of other possible sources. A diagnosis of depression, in contrast, may expose the causation issue to many etiologic considerations. [...] Many fears have been expressed about the misuse of PTSD in criminal cases, but it is questionable whether such fears have actually come true. Appelbaum et al. (1993) carefully showed that despite early concerns, the PTSD insanity defense is raised infrequently, and, like other insanity pleas, is usually unsuccessful. [...] In some self-defense cases, PTSD may aid a defendant in showing that a particular type of provocation to which she had become especially sensitive in light of previous traumatization caused her to feel physically threatened and evoked a reasonable self-defensive reaction. The most familiar example is so-called 'battered woman syndrome'(Dutton & Goodman, 1994). In criminal trials, PTSD is unique among mental disorders in its invocation not only by the defense but also by the prosecution. The presence of PTSD in a victim, e.g., in the form of 'rape trauma syndrome' (Burgess, 1983; Frazier & Borgida, 1985), may be cited by the prosecution as evidence supporting the actual occurrence of the alleged criminal act."

  National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (U.S.)

  Pitman, R. K. (Roger K.); Sparr, Landy F.

  1998-05
• Legal Authority of Executive Office of the President to Require Independent Agencies to Conduct Background Checks of Noncareer SES Personnel Candidates: Memorandum for the Counsel to the President [April 30, 1998]

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  "You have asked whether the Office of Presidential Personnel ('Presidential Personnel') may require that so-called independent agencies ensure that candidates for noncareer Senior Executive Service ('SES') positions undergo certain reviews regarding their personal backgrounds, such as a review of Internal Revenue Service records about any tax delinquency. In particular, you have asked whether Presidential Personnel could prescribe such a rule for hiring noncareer SES personnel at the Merit Systems Protection Board. As we already have advised orally, we do not believe that any office or agency within the Executive Office of the President ('EOP'), including Presidential Personnel, may exercise that authority."

  United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel

  1998-04-30