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African Elections in 2020 [Updated February 14, 2020]
This report from the Congressional Research Service provides election snapshots for individual nations in Africa in 2020.
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Collins, Sarah R.; Arieff, Alexis; Blanchard, Lauren Ploch . . .
2020-02-14
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Assessing Underlying State Conditions and Ramp-Up Challenges for the COVID-19 Response
From the Article: "An unprecedented pandemic has exploded within the U.S. COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has now reached all 50 states and is disrupting life in large urban areas including Seattle, the Bay Area, and New York City. The rapid spread of a virus with an undefined risk of death has forced state and local governments and health systems to act urgently to mitigate the spread and respond to an increasing number of infected Americans. The speed of transmission threatens to strain health system capacity and presents a clear and present risk to health care workers. Mounting hospitalizations and intensive care needs appear to involve adults of all ages."
Commonwealth Fund
Baumgartner, Jesse C.; Radley, David C.; Collins, Sarah R. . . .
2020-03-25
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United Arab Emirates (UAE): Issues for U.S. Policy [Updated October 28, 2021]
From the Summary: "The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven principalities or 'emirates.' Its population is assessed at nearly 10 million, but about 90% of the population are expatriates from within and outside the region who work in its open economy. The UAE is a significant U.S. security partner that hosts about 3,500 U.S. military personnel at UAE military facilities, buys sophisticated U.S. military equipment, including missile defenses and combat aircraft, and supports U.S. policy toward Iran."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Katzman, Kenneth; Collins, Sarah R.
2021-10-28
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US Emergency Food Aid Programs: In the Current COVID-19 Global Environment, Commonsense Reforms Are Overdue
From the Key Points: "[1] The United States international emergency food aid program has done a tremendous amount of good for people in dire need of help since it was first launched nearly 70 years ago in 1954. [2] However, mandates that forces the program to buy almost all US food aid at home and ship at least half of it on US-registered vessels are exceptionally costly in budgetary and humanitarian terms and are damaging to national security by limiting the exercise of soft power. [3] At the same time, the domestic policy rationales used to justify those mandates in 1954 have effectively disappeared over the past 30 or so years. [and 4] The rest of the world's emergency food aid donors have shed the shackles of procurement and shipping mandates. As commercial shipping freight rates and food prices continue to soar, severely constricting US Agency for International Development's ability to use the fixed budget allocated for the international food aid program, it is time for the US to follow suit."
American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research
Barrett, Christopher B. (Christopher Brendan); Smith, Vincent H.
2021-11
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Ecology and Economics for Pandemic Prevention: Investments to Prevent Tropical Deforestation and to Limit Wildlife Trade Will Protect Against Future Zoonosis Outbreaks
From the Document: "For a century, two new viruses per year have spilled from their natural hosts into humans. The MERS [Middle East Respiratory Syndrome], SARS [Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome], and 2009 H1N1 epidemics, and the HIV and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemics, testify to their damage. Zoonotic viruses infect people directly most often when they handle live primates, bats, and other wildlife (or their meat) or indirectly from farm animals such as chickens and pigs. The risks are higher than ever as increasingly intimate associations between humans and wildlife disease reservoirs accelerate the potential for viruses to spread glob-ally. Here, we assess the cost of monitoring and preventing disease spillover driven by the unprecedented loss and fragmentation of tropical forests and by the burgeoning wildlife trade. Currently, we invest relatively little toward preventing deforestation and regulating wildlife trade, despite well-researched plans that demonstrate a high return on their investment in limiting zoo-noses and conferring many other benefits. As public funding in response to COVID-19 continues to rise, our analysis suggests that the associated costs of these preventive efforts would be substantially less than the economic and mortality costs of responding to these pathogens once they have emerged."
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Dobson, Andrew P.; Pimm, Stuart L. (Stuart Leonard); Hannah, Lee Jay . . .
2020-07-24
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Women in the Middle East and North Africa: Issues for Congress [Updated November 27, 2020]
From the Introduction: "Congressional efforts to improve conditions for women in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) have garnered widespread support since at least the early 2000s. The broad appeal may reflect a convergence of goals for those advocating positive change for women as an end-goal in itself, and those supporting such change primarily as a potential means to advance broader U.S. interests in the region, such as peace and stability, countering terrorism, increasing prosperity, and fostering good governance and human rights--goals that have been assigned unequal priority for decades. Such support reflects a growing body of research suggesting that improving opportunities and conditions for women in a society may promote such outcomes both globally and in the region. This report provides background and data on key issues regarding women in the MENA region and describes selected ways in which Congress has engaged on issues such as women's legal rights, economic participation, and political representation; the humanitarian impact of conflict and displacement on women; women's inclusion in conflict resolution and peace processes; violence against women; and women's roles in perpetuating and combatting violent extremism."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Danon, Zoe; Collins, Sarah R.
2020-11-27
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Health and Health Care Experiences of Hispanic Adults
From the Introduction: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has taken a stark disproportionate toll on people of color, including the Hispanic population. These disparate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have exposed and exacerbated longstanding underlying disparities in health and health care facing Hispanic people. Prior to the pandemic, these disparities had already been compounded by immigration policies implemented during the Trump administration that increased fears among immigrant families and made some more reluctant to access programs and services, including health coverage and health care. Although the Biden administration has since reversed many of these policies, they likely continue to have lingering effects. This report provides insights into the health care experiences of Hispanic adults amid the current environment and examines how they vary by key factors, including insurance and immigration status. A prior report examined the health and economic impacts of COVID-19 for Hispanic adults and their attitudes, experiences with, and barriers to getting COVID-19 vaccinations."
Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation
Artiga, Samantha; Hamel, Liz; Kearney, Audrey . . .
2021-07-14
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IMF's Growth Forecasts for Poor Countries Don't Match Its COVID Narrative
From the Abstract: "The International Monetary Fund's forecasts of GDP [gross domestic product] growth in 2020 suggest a substantially muted impact of the COVID [coronavirus disease 2019] crisis--about 3 percentage points smaller--for developing countries compared to advanced economies. Simple cross-country regressions show this discrepancy cannot be explained by external vulnerabilities to trade disruptions, financial crises, or commodity price shocks, which mostly suggest a more severe crisis in the developing world. It also cannot be explained by the domestic shock, because--while current case totals are greater in advanced economies--the policy responses of social distancing and lockdowns which will directly constrain economic activity have been similar across both groups of countries, and fiscal policy responses have been significantly weaker in developing countries. We hope that the relative optimism will not induce complacency and elicit a less-than-forceful response by countries themselves nor legitimize an ungenerous, conditionality-addled response on the part of the international community in the face of an unprecedented calamity."
Center for Global Development
Sandefur, Justin; Subramanian, Arvind
2020-05
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Algeria [Updated July 6, 2021]
From the Document: "More than two years after nationwide protests forced longstanding President Abdelaziz Bouteflika to step down, questions remain about the future of Algeria's political system and state-centric economy, which revolves around oil and gas exports. President Abelmadjid Tebboune (75), a former prime minister, was elected in late 2019 to succeed Bouteflika, but some observers question his legitimacy and influence within the complex elite networks known in Algeria as 'le pouvoir' ('the powers that be'). Tebboune won nearly 60% of the vote but turnout was under 40%; his reputed patron, army chief of staff General Ahmed Gaïd Salah, died soon after; and the president spent months in hospitals abroad after contracting COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] in late 2020."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis; Collins, Sarah R.
2021-07-06
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Algeria [Updated June 23, 2021]
From the Document: "More than two years after nationwide protests forced longstanding President Abdelaziz Bouteflika to step down, questions remain about the future of Algeria's political system and state-centric economy, which revolves around oil and gas exports. President Abelmadjid Tebboune (75), a former prime minister, was elected in late 2019 to succeed Bouteflika, but some observers question his legitimacy and influence within the complex elite networks known in Algeria as 'le pouvoir' ('the powers that be'). Tebboune won nearly 60% of the vote but turnout was under 40%; his reputed patron, army chief of staff General Ahmed Gaïd Salah, died soon after; and the president spent months in hospitals abroad after contracting COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] in late 2020."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis; Collins, Sarah R.
2021-06-23
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Afghan Women and Girls: Status and Congressional Action [Updated August 18, 2021]
From the Document: "The status of Afghan women and girls is increasingly precarious in light of the Taliban's takeover of the country in mid-August 2021. Given the Taliban's views on women's rights, and entrenched cultural attitudes (particularly in rural areas), the status of Afghan women and girls has long been a topic of congressional concern and action. Concern among some Members of Congress has increased in the wake of the drawdown of U.S. military and civilian personnel and the Taliban takeover. Reports indicate that the Taliban have re-imposed restrictions on women in some areas taken in 2021. In addition to fears for the rights, health, and economic wellbeing of Afghan women broadly, some Members' immediate concerns focus on evacuation and visa questions, with a longer-term focus on how, if at all, U.S. policies might induce a Taliban-led government to respect women's rights. Since 2001, Members of Congress have attempted to promote and safeguard the rights of Afghan women through oversight and funding-related legislative measures."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Thomas, Clayton (Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs); Collins, Sarah R.
2021-08-18
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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impact in Africa [Updated August 4, 2021]
From the Document: "Sub-Saharan Africa has confirmed fewer COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] cases and deaths per capita than other regions, but many countries have faced a deadlier third wave of cases since mid-2021. As of July 2021, southern African countries had the highest per-capita caseloads (and had also administered the most tests). Public health experts have expressed acute concerns about the regional surge in both cases and deaths, which they attribute to the spread of the highly transmissible Delta variant and public fatigue with infection control restrictions. Most governments in Africa have struggled to secure vaccines. Total cumulative confirmed cases and deaths remain concentrated in a handful of countries, led by South Africa. Studies suggest that case data may be underreported in many countries, and experts warn that asymptomatic transmission may have hidden the scope of the spread while allowing for potential virus mutation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis; Blanchard, Lauren Ploch; Cook, Nicolas . . .
2021-08-04
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Animal Origin of SARS-CoV-2
From the Document: "Although first detected in December 2019, COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] was inferred to be present in Hubei province, China, for about a month before. Where did this new human disease come from? To understand the origin of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to go back to 2002. At that time a novel respiratory coronavirus appeared in Foshan, Guangdong province, China, and spread to 29 countries. Altogether ∼8000 people were infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) before public health measures controlled its spread in 2003. The zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV was subsequently linked to live animals available at markets. Further sporadic spill-over events of SARS-CoV from animals took place in Guangzhou, Guangdong, and some researchers working with cultured virus were infected in laboratory accidents, but ultimately SARS-CoV was removed from the human population. Trading of susceptible host animals is an important common theme in the emergence of SARS and COVID-19."
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Lytras, Spyros; Xia, Wei; Hughes, Joseph, 1977- . . .
2021-08-17
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Information Security Controls: Cybersecurity Items, Interim Final Rule, with Request for Comments
From the Summary: "This interim final rule outlines the progress the United States has made in export controls pertaining to cybersecurity items, revised Commerce Control List (CCL) implementation, and requests from the public information about the impact of these revised controls on U.S. industry and the cybersecurity community. Specifically, this rule establishes a new control on these items for National Security (NS) and Anti-terrorism (AT) reasons, along with a new License Exception Authorized Cybersecurity Exports (ACE) that authorizes exports of these items to most destinations except in the circumstances described. These items warrant controls because these tools could be used for surveillance, espionage, or other actions that disrupt, deny or degrade the network or devices on it."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
2021-10-21
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Presidential COVID-19 Health Equity Task Force: Final Report and Recommendations
From the Letter from the Chair: "President Biden charged this Task Force with recommending actions to mitigate health inequities caused or exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and to prevent such inequities in the future. [...] This report presents a case for change, proposed actions for the Biden-Harris administration to prioritize, and outcomes to set the vision for what the country can achieve. And, of course, this report holds the specific recommendations the Task Force has generated throughout many months--recommendations intended to disrupt the predictability of who is harmed first, and harmed worst in times of national crisis."
Presidential COVID-19 Health Equity Task Force
2021-10
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Presidential COVID-19 Health Equity Task Force: Proposed Implementation Plan and Accountability Framework
From the Introduction: "As part of the administration's response to the devastating COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, President Joseph R. Biden issued Executive Order 13995, which established the Presidential COVID-19 Health Equity Task Force (The 'Task Force'). Following guidance from this executive order, the Task Force convened to recommend actions against long-standing and emerging health inequities exacerbated by the pandemic. [...1] 'Section One' of this document is a proposed implementation plan. It includes overarching implementation guidance and the 55 prioritized recommendations with action steps. [2] 'Section Two' of this document is a proposed accountability framework. It includes an evaluation framework with a logic model approach. It suggests establishing and tracking key performance indicators (KPIs). This report references various populations and settings of interest as communities of color and other underserved populations, considering where people live, work, and learn."
Presidential COVID-19 Health Equity Task Force
2021-10
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Collateral Damage from COVID
From the Introduction: "We are flooded with data and stories on infections, hospitalizations, and deaths attributed to COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. At nearly 650,000 U.S. deaths as of the beginning of September 2021, those numbers are very large, and the immediate day-to-day impact of the pandemic has tended to dominate the news. But there is also a great deal of underreported collateral damage, costing many lives while shattering hopes and dreams, especially among the working poor. [...] This collateral damage--unintended consequences--of our personal and policy responses to the virus is immense. Excess deaths from causes other than COVID have been sharply higher than normal during the pandemic. These consequences can be extreme, such as violence and deaths of despair, but many other all-too-human costs--divorces, alcoholism, drug abuse, and derailed careers--have yet to be measured. It will be some time before all the costs can be tallied, but we can start to see and quantify many of them, and also highlight others that need to be investigated. Understanding the full scope of the damage will help close gaps between conventional wisdom and reality. Ideally, it should also inform our future personal and policy responses to pandemics and other emergencies. We owe it to ourselves to dispassionately study policy choices that were made, so that we can respond faster and better in the future. It will be invaluable if we can also recognize that scientific method does not mean seeking out evidence that supports one's personal opinion, but involves actively seeking to test our hypotheses, and openly exploring alternative perspectives."
Reason Foundation
Arnott, Robert D.; Kalesnik, Vitali; Wu, Lillian
2021-10
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State Cross-Agency Collaboration During the COVID-19 Pandemic Response
From the Introduction and Background: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has offered major challenges and opportunities for state policymakers. Due to strained resources and rapidly changing circumstances, states have had to adapt quickly as they plan, coordinate, and manage services for residents. Several states established strong inter-agency partnerships to collectively facilitate cross-sector solutions in the immediate crisis. Public health, social service and other public sectors engaged in new ways with the health sector to address the range of health and social challenges and to strengthen the safety net. Some of this engagement leveraged cross-sector strategies already proliferating across the country to advance whole person health (including in rural communities) and spurred efforts to address long-standing health inequities, especially in communities of color. This brief highlights Illinois, Indiana, and Rhode Island's cross-agency strategies during COVID-19, and it draws out themes, lessons, and best practices for states to consider during recovery and when preparing for future public health emergencies."
National Academy for State Health Policy (U.S.)
Higgins, Elinor; Cooper, Rebecca
2021-10
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Current Responses to Housing Insecurity: A Focus on Vulnerable Residential Renters and Landlords
From the Document: "On July 31, 2021, the federal eviction moratorium that kept an estimated 30 million people in their homes at the height of the pandemic officially expired. While the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a subsequent order on August 3, 2021 to temporarily halt evictions in counties where COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] is spreading rapidly, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled later that month that the CDC exceeded its statutory authority by imposing the nationwide eviction moratorium, effectively ending it. The ruling means that eviction proceedings can resume where state or local moratoriums are not currently in place. [...] Although certain state and local governments extended their eviction moratoriums, housing experts still expect a wave of evictions this year, prompting an immediate need to alleviate the pressures on renters and landlords. In response, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (New York Fed), in partnership with the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia (Philadelphia Fed), the Local Initiatives Support Corporation (LISC), and the Housing Initiative at Penn (HIP), convened a roundtable of housing practitioners, policymakers, and funders to identify solutions. This roundtable discussion is part of the New York Fed's broader body of work seeking to enable economic mobility for low- and moderate-income households, especially those facing poverty or structural disparities related to race or ethnicity. Below are key takeaways that we heard from experts on the experiences of renters and landlords."
Federal Reserve Bank of New York
Body, Dyvonne; Landau, Rebecca; Reyes, Edison . . .
2021-09-23?
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Congress and the War in Yemen: Oversight and Legislation 2015-2019 [Updated September 6, 2019]
From the Summary: "This CRS [Congressional Research Service] report provides an overview of the role Congress has played in shaping U.S. policy toward the conflict in Yemen, with summary tables providing information on various legislative proposals considered in the 114th , 115th , and 116th Congresses. These proposals have reflected a range of congressional perspectives and priorities, including [1] the authorization of the activities of the U.S. Armed Forces related to the conflict; [2] the extent of U.S. logistical, material, advisory, and intelligence support for the coalition led by Saudi Arabia; [3] the approval, disapproval, or conditioning of U.S. arms sales to Saudi Arabia; [4] the appropriation of funds for U.S. operations in support of the Saudi-led coalition; [5] the conduct of the Saudi-led coalition's air campaign and its adherence to international humanitarian law and the laws of armed conflict; [6] the demand for greater humanitarian access to Yemen; [7] the call for a wider government assessment of U.S. policy toward Yemen and U.S. support to parties to the conflict; [8] the nature and extent of U.S.-Saudi counterterrorism and border security cooperation; and [9] the role of Iran in supplying missile technology and other weapons to the forces of the Houthi movement."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sharp, Jeremy Maxwell; Collins, Sarah R.; Blanchard, Christopher M.
2019-09-06
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Cost of a Cyber Incident: Systematic Review and Cross-Validation
From the Objectives: "This study is part of an analysis by the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency's (CISA's) Office of the Chief Economist (OCE) to understand the impacts, costs, and losses from cyber incidents to enable cyber risk analysis and inform cybersecurity resource allocation decisions. [...] The goal is to provide a systematic review that contains a thorough characterization of the current state of the literature and a meaningful synthesis of the published results. More specifically, OCE's analysis has three primary objectives. The first objective is to conduct an in-depth survey of the cyber loss literature and to identify the extent to which the costs of cyber incident losses have been tracked and analyzed within the private and public sectors. The second objective is to identify defensible estimates of cyber losses that are based on historical data and can be used to inform prospective analyses of cybersecurity investment benefits. The third objective is to clearly understand the limitations of the currently available estimates and identify a potential approach to resolving the informational and methodological gaps."
United States. Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency
2020-10-26
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Youth Homelessness: HUD and HHS Could Enhance Coordination to Better Support Communities, Report to the Chairwoman, Committee on Financial Services, House of Representatives
From the Highlights: "Youth homelessness is a widespread problem, with one recent study estimating that one in 10 young adults experience some form of homelessness over the course of a year--such as living on the streets or in a shelter or temporarily staying with others. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to study youth homelessness. This report examines, among other things, HUD [Departments of Housing and Urban Development]'s and HHS [Health and Human Services]'s coordination to address youth homelessness and challenges communities face in serving youth through HUD and HHS programs. GAO analyzed federal agency documents related to homelessness efforts; conducted structured interviews with a nongeneralizable sample of 24 local homelessness providers, selected to reflect communities of different sizes and with different types of programs for youth; and interviewed other local program staff, youth homelessness researchers and advocates, and federal officials."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2021-09
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Brief History of NORAD
From the Document: "By 1957, the details had been worked out and the top defense officials in each nation approved the formation of the North American Air Defense Command [NORAD], which was stood up on 12 September at Ent AFB [Air Force Base], in Colorado Springs, Colorado, home of the US Continental Air Defense Command and its subordinates, including USAF [United States Air Force] Air Defense Command. General Earl Partridge, USAF, who was both the ADC [Area Defense Counsel] and CONAD [Continental Air Defense Command] Commander, also became commander of NORAD, and the senior Canadian RCAF [Royal Canadian Air Force] official, Air Marshal Roy Slemon, who had been the key Canadian delegate in most of the cooperation talks, became deputy commander, NORAD. Nine months after operational establishment of the command, on 12 May 1958, the two nations announced they had formalized the cooperative air defense arrangements as a government-to-government bilateral defense agreement that became known as the NORAD Agreement. The NORAD Agreement and its associated terms of reference provided the political connections which would make possible the longevity of the Canadian-US aerospace defense relationship into the future years. The NORAD Agreement, with its requirement for periodic review, ensured a flexibility to adapt to a changing defense environment as would be evident by the events that would soon face the fledgling command."
North American Aerospace Defense Command
Jacoby, Jr., Charles H.
2013-12-31
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Pandemic, Social Unrest, and Crime in U.S. Cities (September 2021 Update)
From the Introduction: "This report updates our previous studies of crime changes during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, extending the data through the first three quarters (January-September) of 2021. The results are generally consistent with those of our earlier work and our conclusions have not changed: as the pandemic subsides, long lasting reductions in violence and crime will require cities to adopt evidence-based crime-control strategies and long-needed reforms to policing. [...] For this report, we assessed weekly changes over time in the following ten crimes: homicide, aggravated assault, gun assault, domestic violence, robbery, residential burglary, nonresidential burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and drug offenses, with a special emphasis on homicides. The crime data were obtained from online portals of city police departments that provided weekly data for the period between January 2018 and September 2021. Offense counts were converted to weekly crime rates per 100,000 city residents for analysis. The crime data are subject to revision, and offense classifications varied somewhat across the cities. Not all of the cities reported data for each of the crimes or for each week. The total number of cities reporting crimes ranged from 24 for robbery and motor vehicle theft to 13 for gun assault and domestic violence. Homicide data were available for 22 cities."
Council on Criminal Justice
Rosenfeld, Richard; Lopez, Ernesto
2021-09
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NORAD and USNORTHCOM Mission Directive 1
From the Document: "This directive provides the overall organization of Headquarters North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM). This publication applies to all NORAD and USNORTHCOM directorates, special staff elements and subordinate joint organizations. Specific applicability to component commands will be as amplified in operations plans, orders, and other appropriate instructions of this headquarters. [...] Mission Directive 1 (MD 1) remains active and provides the overall organizational structure for headquarters NORAD and USNORTHCOM."
North American Aerospace Defense Command; United States. Northern Command
2016-04-19
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Navy TAGOS(X) Ocean Surveillance Shipbuilding Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated October 19, 2021]
From the Document: "The Navy wants to procure in FY2022 the first of a planned new class of seven TAGOS(X) ocean surveillance ships. The Navy's proposed FY2022 budget requests $434.4 million for the procurement of the first TAGOS(X). [...] TAGOS ships support Navy antisubmarine warfare (ASW) operations. As stated in the Navy's FY2021 budget submission, TAGOS ships 'use the Surveillance Towed-Array Sensor System (SURTASS [Surveillance Towed-Array Sensor System]) to gather undersea acoustic data. They also carry electronic equipment to process and transmit that data via satellite to shore stations for evaluation.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-10-19
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COVID-19 and World Peace: An Overture to a New Era or Business as Usual?
From the Introduction: "The outbreak of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], which began at the end 2019 in China and led to more than two million infected by April 2020, is now recognized as an inflection point to longstanding international tensions, political relations, and even the conduct of war. Secretary-General of the UN António Guterres called for a 'global ceasefire'; a cessation of hostilities to free people, money and capabilities to fight COVID-19. Additional issues, such as climate change, economic cooperation, and social interaction during this crisis at this moment, are now recognized as being at a watershed moment. This snapshot investigates how the call by Secretary-General Guterres was answered, and how far and in what capacity the results of this response will impact upon the future."
Hague Centre for Strategic Studies
Bolder, Patrick
2020-04-21?
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Exercise Report: Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant [July 22, 2008]
From the Executive Summary: "On July 22, 2008, a Radiological Emergency Preparedness (REP) Full Participation Plume Exposure Pathway Exercise was conducted in the 10-mile Emergency Planning Zone (EPZ) around the Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant (PINGP) by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security/Federal Emergency Management Agency (DHS/FEMA) Region 5. The purpose of this exercise was to assess the level of State and local preparedness in responding to a radiological emergency. [...] No Deficiencies were identified for the State of Minnesota or for Dakota and Goodhue Counties during this exercise. There were four Areas Requiring Corrective Action (ARCAs) identified for the State of Minnesota. One ARCA for Goodhue County from a prior exercise was resolved during this exercise. No ARCAs were identified for the Counties of Dakota and Goodhue during this exercise. [...] No Deficiencies were identified for the State of Wisconsin or for Pierce County during this exercise. There were two ARCAs identified for the State of Wisconsin. One ARCA for the State of Wisconsin was resolved during this exercise. No ARCAs were identified for Pierce County during this exercise."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2008-11-07
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COVID-19: HHS Agencies' Planned Reviews of Vaccine Distribution and Communication Efforts Should Include Stakeholder Perspectives, Report to Congressional Committees
From the Highlights: "Vaccination remains critical in the federal response to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. Vaccine implementation-- prioritizing, allocating, distributing, and administering doses--requires coordination among federal, state, and local levels and other stakeholders. HHS agencies--including CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] and HRSA [Health Resources and Services Administration]--set up federal vaccine distribution programs, such as CDC's retail pharmacy program that sends doses directly to pharmacies. The federal government also sends vaccine doses to states for further distribution. The CARES [Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security] Act includes a provision for GAO [U.S. Government Accountability Office] to report on its ongoing monitoring and oversight efforts related to the COVID-19 pandemic. This report examines (1) stakeholder perspectives on federal programs to distribute and administer COVID-19 vaccines, (2) efforts to inform health officials, providers, and the public about vaccination, and (3) actions HHS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services] agencies are taking to evaluate their vaccine implementation efforts. GAO reviewed data and documents from HHS, CDC, and HRSA, and reviewed information from and interviewed state and local health officials in four states and one city selected, in part, for geographic variation. GAO also interviewed other stakeholders, including 12 national associations representing health care providers and others."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2021-11
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Water Resources Development Act of 1979, Part 4, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Water Resources of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, Ninety-Sixth Congress, First Session, September 6 and 7, 1979
These are the September 6 and 7, 1979 hearings on "Water Resources Development Act of 1979 (Part 4)," held before the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Water Resources of the Committee on Environment and Public Works. The hearings contained in this document discuss the following Senate Bills: "S. 703: A Bill Authorizing the Construction, Repair, and Preservation of Certain Public Works on Rivers and Harbors for Navigation, Flood Control, and For Other Purposes,"; and "S. 1241: A Bill to Authorize the National Water Resources Policy and Development Act of 1979, to Direct the Water Resources Council to Act as the Coordinating Body for a Program of Water Resources Assistance to the States." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Vernon Behrhorst, Michael Blumenfeld, Alan Cranston, John C. Danforth, Ernest F. Hollings, Thomas P. O'Neill, Strom Thurmond, Robert Alpern, James Fish, Ron Linton, J.W. "Pat" O'Meara, Edward Osann, Theodore M. Schad, Henry Silbermann, Diann H. Stuempfle, Don Welch, and E.M. Wilson.
United States. Government Printing Office
1979
