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U.S. Policy Regarding Iran in the Post-Gulf War Era
"Regardless of its outcome, the current Persian Gulf Crisis will necessitate a thorough reappraisal of U.S.-Iranian relations. A crisis conclusion consistent with the goals of United Nations Resolution 678 will inevitably increase Iran's already significant weight in the regional power equation and, thereby, force U.S. leaders to reconsider the level and character of America's presence in the Gulf. On the other hand, a coalition failure to dislodge the Ba'athist regime of President Saddam Hussein could prompt a wide variety of Iranian responses -- some inimical and others compatible with long-term U.S. interests. Whatever the future holds in store, the crisis will make an already resurgent Islamic Republic of Iran a regional actor the United States simply cannot ignore. This paper advances a framework for developing a new U.S. approach to Iran. It not only paints the historic backdrop against which the Bush Administration must craft its strategic review, but also recommends a policy of cautious rapprochement -- a policy that will require the conduct of tough bilateral and multilateral negotiations dealing with issues ranging from a regional security accord to the fate of American hostages held by Lebanese terrorists."
National War College (U.S.)
Rains, Roger A.
1991-02-23
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State Department: Status of the Diplomatic Security Construction Program, Briefing Report to the Chairman, Committee on the Budget, U.S. Senate
Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO examined the Department of State's implementation of its Diplomatic Security Construction Program, focusing on: (1) program funding; (2) project status; and (3) planning issues. GAO found that: (1) State's Office of Foreign Buildings Operations (FBO) believed that the lack of appropriations hindered efforts to implement more projects; (2) over half of the 57 projects' schedules were delayed by more than 1 year; (3) as of November 1990, project cost increases averaged 21 percent; and (4) reasons for delays and cost increases included inaccurate cost and requirements estimates, problems acquiring sites, changes in project design and security requirements, and contractor performance problems. In addition, GAO found that, of the 57 planned projects: (1) 7 were completed, 5 were under construction, and 1 was out for construction contract bid, as of November 1990; (2) 16 were either under design, out for architectural and engineering selection, or in site acquisition status; and (3) 28 were on hold, deferred, or cancelled. GAO also found that FBO did not: (1) identify the Diplomatic Security Construction Program as a separate program in its 5-year program plan; (2) indicate whether it planned to complete the program; (3) indicate program costs; (4) identify the criteria used to establish funding priorities; and (5) identify how security threats at overseas posts would affect future construction priorities.
United States. General Accounting Office
1991-02-20
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U.S.-Iranian Relations: Rebuilding the Pillar
"In 1970, Iran and Saudi Arabia were identified by U.S. President Richard Nixon as the two 'pillars' of U.S. foreign policy in the Persian Gulf. On February 1, 1979, the relationship between the governments of the United States and Iran experienced a complete reversal when Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned to Iran. Subsequent relations between the two governments remained cold and distant throughout the 1980s. The second major war in 10 years is now raging in the Persian Gulf. What will the Persian Gulf look like in the aftermath of the war? Any discussion of this question must include the role to be played by the Government of Iran. The United States now has an opportunity to reverse its relationship with Iran and rebuild the pillar of U.S. foreign policy in the Gulf."
National War College (U.S.)
Studenka, John M.
1991-02-15
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Department of Defense Civil Disturbance Plan
"This operations plan (OPLAN) is entitled Department of Defense Civil Disturbance Plan. Its nickname is GARDEN PLOT. This OPLAN provides guidance and direction for participation by all Department of Defense (DOD) components in civil disturbance operations in support of civil authorities. All parts of this OPLAN are unclassified. In accordance with (IAW) DOD Directive 3025.12, the Secretary of the Army is the DOD Executive Agent for military operations in response to domestic civil disturbances within the fifty states, District of Columbia, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, U.S. territories and possessions, and any political subdivision thereof. This OPLAN is published under the authority of this executive agency. GARDEN PLOT applies to the military departments, the unified and specified commands, the defense agencies, and other DOD components for planning, coordinating, and executing military operations during domestic civil disturbances."
United States. Department of the Army
1991-02-15
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Executive Order 12751: Health Care Services for Operation Desert Storm
"By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 'et seq'.), section 5011A of title 38 of the United States Code, and pursuant to the national emergency declared with respect to Iraq in Executive Order No. 12722 of August 2, 1990, it is hereby ordered that, in the event that the Department of Veterans Affairs Is requested by the Department of Defense to furnish care and services to members of the United States Armed Forces on active duty in Operation Desert Storm, the Secre· tary of Veterans Affairs may, pursuant to this order, enter into contracts with private facilities for the provision of hospital care and medical services for veterans to the fullest extent authorized by section 5011A(b)(1)-(2} of title 38 of the United States Code."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Bush, George, 1924-
1991-02-14
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United States versus the Third World Submarine: Are We Ready?
"The United States faces a serious problem with proliferation of highly capable state of the art submarines and submarine technology. The Maritime Strategy, developed primarily to advance the interests of the United States vis-a-vis the Soviet Union, is flexible enough to allow the Third World submarine challenge to be discounted. The United States needs to recognize that a problem exists and take action to diminish the threat. This study examines historical submarine usage and the capabilities of new generation diesel-electric submarines to provide the reader with an appreciation for the types of situations that may present themselves in the future. With a rapid spread of submarines throughout the world, the United States will soon be involved in some type of crisis that requires a significant Anti-Submarine Warfare force."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Cragg, Clinton H.
1991-02-11
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Targeting International Terrorism with the Law of Armed Conflict: An Alternative Strategy
"The Law of Armed and Peacetime Reprisal are reviewed and analyzed relative to their applicability toward using the U.S. Armed Forces against international terrorists. The Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) is proposed as an alternative to the currently used law enforcement approach. The LOAC provides a viable, more practical alternative to law enforcement for dealing with international terrorism. Legal obligations more often posed against use of the LOAC against international terrorists are analyzed and refuted."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Fengya, Darryl J.
1991-02-11
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U.S. Bases in Japan: Do We Still Need Them?
"While U.S. bases in Japan remain vital to the security of America's Pacific interests, Soviet peace initiatives and domestic budget deficits have farced a reexamination of U.S. security policy with its reliance on overseas basing. The American force structure in Japan, the unique Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security, the Japanese 'comprehensive security' strategy, and threats to U.S. interests in the Pacific are described. The importance of the bases to the National Security Strategy, and their role in executing the Maritime Strategy in a global war against the Soviet Union are analyzed. Prospects for retention of the bases are positive, but are threatened by the divisive trade issue, a perceived Japanese 'free ride' on defense, charges of one-way technology transfer, a changing political balance in Japan, a diminished threat perception in both countries, and Soviet disarmament initiatives. Recommendations to perpetuate basing rights include severing trade-defense linkage; encouraging Japan to assume a greater role in international affairs, expand its defense forces, increase its overseas development assistance, and pay more U.S. basing costs; and promoting joint U.S.-Japanese weapons development."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Mitchell, James L.
1991-02-11
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Chemical Warfare: Implications for Operation Desert Storm and Beyond
"This paper presents the potential for use of lethal and incapacitating chemical agents in the Persian Gulf. Insight from past chemical warfare case studies, current int'l law, and U.S. and Soviet policy, strategy and tactics provide a basis for examination of Iraq's chemical warfare potential and operational strategy. In addition, a survey of Naval War College students assesses the current U.S. Armed Forces level of chemical warfare readiness. This analysis combined with the U.S. experience and current war with Iraq as well as proposing a more viable operational capability to meet stated national policy in response to chemical weapons."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Trummer, Frederick G. Jr.; Twining, Bruce L.
1991-02-11
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Counterinsurgency: An American Political and Military Weakness
"Current American capability in counterinsurgency is analyzed by comparing past and present U.S. policy and military preparedness to operate within the revolutionary warfare environment. A comparison of U.S. policy and military capabilities is made concerning High Intensity Conflict (HIC), Medium Intensity Conflict (MIC), and Low Intensity Conflict (LIC) environments, and the results show a substantial weakness in the counterinsurgency arena. Although a reasonable policy has been established based on a legitimate threat analysis, American effort's to develop a strategy and organize, train, and equip, U.S. military forces to operate within the counterinsurgency environment are inadequate."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Schattle, Duane P.
1991-02-11
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U.S. Navy's Role in Joint Task Force (JTF) Counternarcotics Operations: 'Mission Impossible' or 'A Recipe for Success'
From the thesis abstract: "Title XI of the National Defense Authorization Act for 1989 assigned the Department of Defense responsibility to coordinate the detection and monitoring tenants of U.S. counternarcotics operations. After 18 months of joint detection, monitoring , and interdiction, coordinated through DoD's Joint Task Force (JTF), the results have been dispiriting at best. The U.S. Navy as the principle maritime/air detection and monitoring tenant has experienced problems with interoperability (technical equipment and operational methodology), intelligence hoarding, training, and parochialism amongst the various counternarcotics agencies. This paper highlights DoD's initial concerns about counternarcotics missions, limitations imposed by the Posse Comitatus Act, and discusses the U.S. Navy's role in JTF detection and monitoring operations."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Hagy, Richard E., II
1991-02-11
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Stress Management: Model Program for Maintaining Firefighter Well-Being
"Stress is recognized as one of the most serious occupational hazards affecting a firefighter's health, well-being and career. On the other hand, we know that stress is not something to be avoided absolutely, as it is essential for vitality and optimal functioning. In this program, participants will learn about fire service stress and how to apply sound stress managing principles for the purpose of minimizing the health-ravaging and costly consequences of excessive stress. Participants will learn how to become active, competent architects of career and life."
United States Fire Administration
1991-02
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Lower Southeast Florida Hurricane Evacuation Study: Technical Assessment for Broward County
This study is an update of the, 1983 study for Broward county and is, intended to provide emergency management officials with detailed data quantifying the major factors involved in hurricane evacuation decision making. The development of the SLOSH model, as well as regional development and population growth, necessitated this update.
National Hurricane Center (2012- )
1991-02-01?
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Lower Southeast Florida Hurricane Evacuation Study: Technical Assessment for Palm Beach County
This study is an update of the 1983 study for Palm Beach county and is intended to provide emergency management officials with detailed data quantifying the major factors involved in hurricane evacuation decision making. The development of the SLOSH model, as well as regional development and population growth, necessitated this update.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1991-02-01?
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National Search and Rescue Manual Volume II: Planning Handbook
"This Manual, prepared under the direction of the Interagency Committee on Search and Rescue (ICSAR), provides guidance to federal agencies concerned with the implementation of the National Search and Rescue Plan. It was intended for use as a reference book for providing specific information and instruction for search and rescue (SAR) planners"
United States. Coast Guard; United States. Department of the Army; United States. Department of the Navy . . .
1991-02-01
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Health Evaluation Report 87-352-2097; International Association of Fire Fighters Anaheim, California
"The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was contacted by the health and safety department of the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) in 1987 and requested to conduct medical screening tests on the approximately 800 fire fighters who would be attending their convention in Anaheim, California. During October 18-22, 1987, NIOSH conducted audiometric testing on 333 fire fighters attending the Ninth Redmond Symposium on Occupational Health and Hazards of the Fire Service. Pulmonary function tests (PFT) were also conducted on an equal number of fire fighters attending the symposium. The results of the PFT examinations were sent to the individual fire fighters who had participated in the screening, but further population analyses of the PFT data were not conducted, based on a determination by NIOSH medical personnel."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Tubbs, Randy L. (Randy Lloyd)
1991-02
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Semiannual Report to Congress on the Effectiveness of the Civil Aviation Security Program: July 1, 1989-December 31, 1989
"The report includes an analysis of the current threat against civil aviation along with information regarding hijacking,attempts, security incidents, bomb threats,and passenger screening activity. It also summarizes ongoing activities to assure adequate protection of civil air commerce against hijacking/sabotage and related crimes, and other aspects of the Civil Aviation Security Program."
United States. Federal Aviation Administration
1991-02
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Adjusting to a New Security Environment: The Defense Technology and Industrial Base Challenge
The size, form, and purpose of the United States anneal forces are all being examined along with questions of how much defense the Nation needs and how much it can afford. While no clear answers have yet emerged, there is a consensus that-despite Operation Desert Storm-as long as positive trends in U.S.-Soviet relations continue, U.S. defense procurement during the coming decade will be much less than in the preceding one. As a result, the defense technology and industrial base that develops and produces our military systems is currently in flux, changing in both size and form. OTA has been asked by several congressional committees and individual Members of Congress to conduct an assessment of what form the future defense technology and industrial base might take; what form it ought to take; what government policies can do to draw these two together; and how the sweeping changes expected in the base can be managed to minimize adverse economic effects and ensure sufficient future technology and industrial capability to meet the Nation's needs. To set the context for this assessment, this background paper outlines the complex defense technology and industrial base challenges that confront the Nation in adjusting to a new security environment. It examines the role of the defense technology and industrial base in maintaining America's security, and the major factors affecting the country's evolving security posture.
United States. Government Printing Office
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1991-02
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Lower Southeast Florida Hurricane Evacuation Study Technical Assessment: A Summary for Broward County
"One of the most hurricane vulnerable areas of the United States is the lower southeast coast of Florida. This area is comprised of Monroe County (the Florida Keys) and the mainland counties of Dade, Broward and Palm Beach. Historically, there have been many hurricanes which have affected this region, either directly or indirectly. This technical report is for the Broward County portion of the study area. The tracks of the primary storms affecting Broward County are shown on Figure 2-3, Chapter Two, Hazard Analysis. [...] The Lower Southeast Florida hurricane evacuation study is an update of the 1983 regional study for Monroe, Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach counties and is intended to provide emergency management officials with detailed data quantifying the major factors involved in hurricane evacuation decision making. This is a document that evaluates the evacuation procedures specifically for Broward County."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States. Army. Corps of Engineers; National Hurricane Center (2012- )
1991-02
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Executive Order 12743: Ordering the Ready Reserve of the Armed Forces to Active Duty
"I hereby order as follows: To provide additional authority to the Department of Defense and the Department of Transportation to respond to the continuing threat posed by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the authority under section 673 of title 10, United States Code, to order any unit, and any member not assigned to a unit organized to serve as a unit, in the Ready Reserve to active duty (other than for training) for not more than 24 consecutive months, is invoked and made available, according to its terms, to the Secretary concerned, subject, in the case of the Secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, to the direction of the Secretary of Defense. The term 'Secretary concerned' is defined in section 101(8) of title 10, United States Code, to mean the Secretary of the Army with respect to the Army; the Secretary of the Navy with respect to the Navy, the Marine Corps, and the Coast Guard when it is operating as a service in the Navy; the Secretary of the Air Force with respect to the Air Force; and, the Secretary of Transportation with respect to the Coast Guard when it is not operating as a service in the Navy."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Bush, George, 1924-
1991-01-18
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Echelons Above Corps (EAC) Intelligence and Electronic Warfare (IEW) Operations
In the mid-seventies, two events created a void in echelons above corps (EAC) intelligence doctrine and force structure: the transition of Army doctrine from field Army to EAC and the implementation of decisions resulting from the Intelligence Organization and Stationing Study. In 1982, the Army Chief of Staff approved the changes resulting from this document for planning purposes. During this time, US Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) completed the EAC Intelligence, Security, and Electronic Warfare Architecture Study. This was the base document for EAC intelligence and electronic warfare (IEW) force development. FM 100-16, published in April 1985, incorporated key IEW doctrinal principles. This manual applies those principles to the Military Intelligence (MI) brigades EAC) that support IEW in different theaters. The brigades are the critical parts of the IEW structure established at EAC. The IEW
functions of the MI brigades EAC) forge the links with the EAC staff, the echelons above corps intelligence center EACIC), echelons corps and below (ECB), other MI brigade elements, other services, and national level intelligence agencies. This manual provides the doctrine for EAC IEW operations, including organizations, missions, functions, and capabilities of MI organizations at EAC. This manual further supports Army doctrine described in FM 100-5 and FM 100-20. This manual is not designed nor intended to be a descriptive tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) manual. The uniqueness
of the EAC theaters in which the IEW units are located prohibits such a task. The geographical and operational focus of the theaters, along with command and National Command Authorities (NCA) guidance, orients the specific IEW support missions; for example, functional and regional tailoring to best
achieve the assigned mission.
United States. Department of the Army
1991-01-15
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Operating Policies and Procedures Memorandum 91-1: El Salvadoran and Guatemalan Cases Subject to Temporary Protected Status and Settlement in American Baptist Churches v. Thornburgh--II
"The interim final regulations implementing temporary protected status ('TPS') pursuant to Sections 302 and 303 of the Immigration Act of 1990 have been forwarded to each Immigration Judge under separate cover. See 56 Federal Register 617-624 (January 7, 1991) as attached to Memorandum for All Immigration Judges dated January 8, 1991. Currently, TPS may apply only to El Salvadorans who entered the United States prior to September 19, 1990, and meet certain other statutory and regulatory requirements."
United States. Department of Justice. Executive Office for Immigration Review
Robie, William R.
1991-01-11
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Executive Order 12742: National Security Industrial Responsiveness
"The United States must have the capability to rapidly mobilize its resources in the interest of national security. Therefore, to achieve prompt delivery of articles, products, and materials to meet national security requirements, the Government may place orders and require priority performance of these orders."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Bush, George, 1924-
1991-01-08
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National Security Strategy: The Counternarcotics Effort Revisited 1991
"The proliferation of illicit drugs threatens our nations security and raises questions about how the military can be used to support our nation's strategy to control illicit drugs. The civilian sector, the Administration, Congress, and the military have all wrestled with how best to combat this major social problem. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 represented the first step by the President and Congress to increase military involvement in the counternarcotics effort. Subsequently, the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 was passed. In 1989, amendments to Title XI of the Defense Authorization Act assigned the Department of Defense significant new responsibilities in the counternarcotics effort. Further, the amendments enhanced the role of the National Guard in the counternarcotics effort. The National Guard's role in supporting drug law enforcement agencies in the continental United States has received a great deal of attention in recent years. This study project revisits the issues of our country's counternarcotics effort, focusing on the role of the military. Through interviews, research and a survey, the study explores the mood of the nation in determining the amount of support that exists in our country for the use of military forces in controlling illicit drugs. The study provides insights to the critical questions: Does the nation support the use of the military in our effort to control illicit drugs? Does the nation support the Presidents National Drug Control Strategy?"
Army War College (U.S.)
Portante, Guido J.
1991
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Analysis of U.S. Military Presence in North East Asia - Does Our New Strategy Fit the Circumstances
"Since World War II, the United States has invested heavily in the Pacific Region. This region is now our largest trading partner. We have active security arrangements with Japan, the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, Thailand, and Australia. We also have non-treaty security relations with several other countries in the region. The possibility of a diminished Soviet threat, reductions in our defense budget and allies who have the ability to do more for their own defense, suggest that it is now desirable to reduce U.S. forces in the region."
National War College (U.S.)
Walters, Jimmy L.
1991
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Policing the New World Order: An Alternative Strategy
"The United States responded decisively in the recent Persian Gulf crisis. The Bush Administration considered successful resolution of this crisis a precursor to the 'new world order'. Many questions now confront policymakers as America approaches the 21st Century. A pressing question is: Can America continue to serve as the world's policeman? America's challenge for the 1990s is to avoid the trappings of world policing that past superpowers have experienced throughout history, a la Pax Britannica. The United States can achieve this by first, formulating its national security strategy to elevate the role of the United Nations as the world's policeman. Second, the United States' national security strategy should support establishment of a United Nations standing 'peacemaking' force. This force would provide the United Nations and international community a short notice military employment capability during the early 'warning period' of an impending crisis. Such a force would ultimately lower the United States' profile as the world policeman in the emerging new world order."
National War College (U.S.)
Huddleston, Louis D.
1991
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Soldiers and Legislators: A Common Mission
"Legislators and soldiers share a common mission. Both have the responsibility, in their own way, for maintaining the national defense. But despite the deep inter-involvement of the two institutions, serious misconceptions cloud many senior officers' understanding of Congress's role in national defense. Most officers can vaguely recall their youthful civics classes that described the process by which a bill becomes law, but they are often unprepared to face the powerful clash of interests that forms the modern legislative process. Military officers must be willing to shed their cynicism, naïveté, and even hypocrisy by learning how the constituency, modus operandi, and professional bias of legislators must necessarily differ from those of the military. By arriving at an understanding of the uniquely American legislative process and by appreciating the complex pressures on Congress, senior military leaders will more effectively contribute to the nation's defense."
Army War College (U.S.)
Ivany, Robert R., 1947-
1991
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Drugs on the Border: The Role of the Military
"Mention military involvement in counter-drugs, and the fictional Tom Clancy-conceived scenario above may provide the sort of images that come to the average American's mind. Bloody, violent acts committed against culpable drug smugglers are the stuff of best-selling fiction, but they are just that--fiction. The reality of military support is not so dramatic, but it constitutes a solid contribution to law enforcement and valuable, real-world training for the participating units. This is true wherever the military is involved and especially on the Southwest land border. Although the military has provided counter-drug support for a number of years, the issue came to the fore in the fall of 1989 when President Bush declared drug abuse to be the gravest domestic problem facing our nation and a threat to the national security. These sentiments were seconded by Secretary of Defense Cheney. who declared, The detection and countering of the production, trafficking, and use of illegal drugs is a high priority national security mission of the Department of Defense. Cheney further charged the military's major commanders with hemispheric responsibilities to draft plans on how they could contribute to the counter-drug effort. That these statements were reaffirmed one year later in the midst of Desert Shield is testament to their enduring importance and a tocsin call for military support. The danger that drugs pose to our nation needs little elaboration."
Army War College (U.S.)
Brown, Dale E.
1991
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U.S. Naval Flight Surgeon's Manual, Third Edition
"As we quickly approach the 21st Century, the Navy Medical Department stands ready to take on some of the greatest challenges it has ever faced. With the Cold War now a part of history, we must learn to operate within a new world order; one in which we must maintain our level of readiness within the context of an ever changing geopolitical environment. Critical to our future success in responding to the needs of the Fleet and Fleet Marine Force will be our ability to synthesize past experiences into our current knowledge base while simultaneously projecting requirements into the future. One important way of accomplishing such a task is by the sharing of information as quickly and efficiently as possible. The Third Edition of the Flight Surgeon's Manual represents a major tool in this process. It is the culmination of 13 years of effort in distilling out the very best of aerospace science and technology."
Naval Aerospace Medical Institute (U.S.)
1991
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Memorandum of Understanding on Port Readiness, Revision No. 2
"The purpose of this revision is to change, modify, or revise selected parts of both the original Memorandum of understanding (MOU) between the Department of Defense (DOD) and Department of Transportation (DOT) concerning Port Readiness, signed 7~January 1985, and Revision No. 1."
United States. Coast Guard
1991
