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U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Five-Fatality High-Rise Office Building Fire
"At 1029, June 30, 1989 in Atlanta, Georgia an electrical fire originating on the sixth floor of a 10-story office building killed five people, and injured 23 civilians and six firefighters. One woman had jumped from a sixth floor window prior to the Fire Department's arrival and was seriously injured. Firefighters removed approximately 14 people over aerial ladders and rescued five others from the interior of the building. The electric closet where the fire started opened directly onto the exit corridor. When the fire erupted, it immediately blocked the corridor, keeping most victims away from the two exits serving the floor. This fire was reported to be the first multiple death U.S. high-rise office building fire in over 10 years. The fire demonstrates the need for automatic sprinkler protection for high-rise buildings and illustrates the impact that occupant behavior can have on survival in fire situations."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
1989-06-30
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International Terrorism: Status of GAO's Review of the FBI's International Terrorism Program, Statement of Arnold P. Jones, Director, Administration of Justice Issues, General Government Division
GAO discussed its review of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) international terrorism program. GAO noted that its review of FBI investigations closed between January 1, 1982 and June 30, 1988, has progressed slowly because FBI has taken: (1) about 3 months to update a database of closed investigations so that GAO could select a sample for review; (2) about 6 months to complete GAO questionnaires; and (3) several months to review, edit, and provide GAO with the copies of selected case files. GAO found that FBI opened cases because the subjects were believed to be: (1) directly involved in terrorist acts; (2) members or leaders of terrorist groups; or (3) associated with terrorist groups. GAO estimated that: (1) about 99 percent of the investigations were not extensive; (2) 38 percent of the subjects were U.S. persons; (3) FBI recorded information on individuals in its databases in 47 percent of the cases; and (4) FBI monitored or observed First Amendment activities in 11 percent of the cases. GAO also found that FBI closed cases for a variety of reasons, with the most frequent reason being that it did not develop information that linked the subject with terrorist activities.
United States. General Accounting Office
1989-06-22
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Computer Security: Virus Highlights Need for Improved Internet Management, Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives
From the GAO [Government Accountability Office] websites: "Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the November 1988 Internet computer virus incident. GAO found that: (1) the Internet virus infected up to 6,000 computers within hours after it appeared, clogging systems and disrupting most of the nation's major research centers; (2) university computer experts eradicated the virus at most sites within 2 days; (3) the virus caused lost computer processing and staff time, but no permanent damage; (4) a few changes to the virus program could have resulted in widespread damage and compromise of sensitive or private information; (5) the incident highlighted such vulnerabilities as the lack of an Internet focal point for addressing security issues, security weaknesses at some sites, and problems in developing, distributing, and installing software fixes; and (6) agencies and groups have taken such actions as creating computer emergency response centers and issuing ethics statements. GAO also found that factors hindering prosecution of computer-virus-type incidents included the lack of federal statutes specifically directed at computer-virus-type incidents and the technical nature of computer-virus-type cases."
United States. General Accounting Office
1989-06-12
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Residential Fire Sprinklers Retrofit Demonstration Project Phase I: Multi-Family Structures
"The United States Fire Administration's (USFA) goal is to reduce the number of fire deaths and injuries occurring annually in the U.S., particularly among those populations that face disproportionately high risk of death due to fire. They include children, minorities, the elderly, and handicapped persons. The USFA believes that the total number of fire deaths and injuries can be substantially reduced through the application of residential fire suppression systems (including fire sprinklers) in dwellings of all types. Thus, quick response fire sprinkler systems, state-of-the-art in residential fire suppression technology, were the focus of a research partnership between the USFA, the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and the NAHB National Research Center (Research Center). The goal of the two-phase program was to investigate and document the technical and administrative barriers to retrofitting fire suppression systems in existing buildings that house the targeted groups; and, to contribute to other research on the technical, economic, and policy issues surrounding residential fire suppression."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
1989-06-09
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Guide to Understanding Trusted Facility Management
This guideline contains information derived from the requirements of the TCSEC
prefaced by the word "shall", and recommendations derived from good
practices prefaced by the word "should" when conducting trusted facility
management. The recommendations in this document are also not to be construed
as supplementary requirements to the TCSEC. The TCSEC is the only metric
against which systems are to be evaluated. Throughout this guideline there will be examples, illustrations, or citations of administrative roles and operations that have been used in trusted facility management. The use of these examples, illustrations, and citations does not mean that they contain the only acceptable procedures, methods, or processes. The selection of these examples is based solely on their availability in the computer security literature. Examples in this document are not to be construed as the only implementations that will satisfy the TCSEC requirements or intended to single out any particular operating system to highlight weaknesses and shortfalls, but merely to provide clarification. The examples are suggestions of appropriate implementations.
United States. Department of Defense
1989-06
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From the Streets of Washington to the Roofs of Saigon: Domestic Politics and the Termination of the Vietnam War
From the thesis abstract: "This is a study of the termination of asymmetrical limited war. Its central thesis is that the major policy choices of a great state's leadership in the closing stages of such a war are best understood from an analysis of domestic politics. Two analytic tasks are undertaken to support this claim. The first task is to elaborate an institutional conception of how domestic politics influences policy making in asymmetrical limited war termination. An institutional view of domestic politics exposes the strong influence which domestic political motivations have on a President's foreign policy decisions and illuminates domestic political processes as powerful instruments which compel the President to respond to domestic imperatives, even in the face of certain external demands. The second analytic task is to defend this approach to the study of war termination against the challenge of structural realism. Wars seem particularly suited to structural-realist analyses because they are essentially contests of power. Knowing the distribution of power in the international system and the location of the belligerents within that system permits relatively certain predictions regarding the outcome of a conflict: strong nations win wars against weak nations. However, big nations don't always win their small wars."
United States. Department of the Army
Lute, Jane Holl, 1956-
1989-05-25
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Working Theory of Operational Art in Modern War
From the thesis abstract: "This paper proposes a working theory of operational art practiced in counterinsurgency war (i.e., modern war). The underlying hypothesis of the paper is that operational art in modern war uses different logic than that used in conventional war. The inspiration for this hypothesis comes from Final Draft FM 100-20/AFM 2-XY Military Operations in Low-Intensity Conflict, 24 June 1988. This draft manual states that operational commanders use a conventional warfare type logic process when planning for LIC. For structure and comparison, this paper's base is built upon an analysis of the theory of operational art in conventional warfare as articulated in Professor James J. Schneider's 'Theoretical Paper No. 3, The Theory of Operational Art.' The paper proceeds from a definition of operational art in modern war. This is followed by a discussion of the linkage between the domains of war and constructive forces. Friction and fog are next discussed, followed by the ends-ways-means-risk relationship of operational planning. A section on materials will introduce the concept of centers of gravity. Schneider's analogy of the operational commander and the artistic painter helps to understand the next section entitled 'the operational canvas.' The final two sections will address the tools and methods available to the operational commander."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies
Thornton, Skip
1989-05-16
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U.S. - Latin American Relations Beyond Cuba, Panama, Nicaragua and El Salvador
"An analysis of future problems in US Latin American relations is pursued by focusing in the foreign policy objectives of US diplomacy. Primarily the problems of the ten countries of South America are considered since it is felt by the author that those of Central America are well known and do not need further analysis. The coming elections in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru pose distinct threats to stability. Economic difficulties, [e]specially foreign debt, inflation, low growth rates and poverty, is the major challenge facing most of the region. Lack of mutual understanding and cooperation has worked against positive and constructive policies. The drug problems will continue to be a major source of friction. Democracy will return to the region but will not solve any of the major problems facing most South American countries."
Naval War College (U.S.). Center for Naval Warfare Studies
Swett, Jorge
1989-05-08
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War on Drugs -- Can an Operational Artist Help Win It?
From the thesis abstract: "The purpose of this paper is to examine the current drug war and to determine if an operational artist's approach to planning and problem solving is applicable for the United States in its war against drugs. This paper is significant because the military's role in the drug war, while limited and sporadic in the past, is increasing, and if civilian agencies currently fighting the lion's share of the war continue to lose ground, then the military can expect to see its involvement significantly expanded. The following methodology was used to examine the drug war and to make a determination concerning the applicability of an operational artist's methods. First, a current estimate of the drug war is presented. Its purpose is to identify the drug war's major participants; present their goals, objectives, and strategies; identify their bases, lines of operation and current
use of available means and methods of operation; and discuss possible strengths and weaknesses. Second, the central concepts of operational art are identified and discussed and a determination is made concerning their applicability. The concepts examined are; operational art itself, centers of gravity, the relationship between ends, ways, means, and strategy, campaign planning, branches and sequels, culminating points, and operational
maneuver. In addition operational guidance for the design and conduct of an operational artist's campaign plan for the drug war is presented. This study concludes that the central concepts of operational art and an operational artist's planning methods are applicable and can help the U.S. turn the tide in its war on drugs."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies
Smith, Matthew L.
1989-05-06
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U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Gasoline Tanker Incidents in Chicago, Illinois and Fairfax County, Virginia - Case Studies in Hazardous Materials Planning
This technical report series looks at two gasoline tanker incidents. Effective planning, incident command and agency cooperation led to successful control in these major roadway hazardous materials incidents.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
Jennings, Charles
1989-05
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Perimeter Barrier Selection Guide
From the Defense Technical Information Center website: "This document provides a methodology to determine the magnitude of the threat from attack vehicles to the perimeter of a facility. The threat is determined by the penetration tolerance and the maximum speed attainable. After the threat is defined this document assists in choosing an appropriate barrier."
United States. Department of State; United States. Department of Transportation
Hathaway, William T.; Hammar, Patricia K.
1989-05
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Semiannual Report to Congress on the Effectiveness of the Civil Aviation Security Program: July 1, 1988 - December 31, 1988
"The report includes an analysis of the current threat against civil aviation along with information regarding hijacking attempts, security incidents, bomb threats, and passenger screening activity. It also summarizes ongoing activities to assure adequate protection of civil air commerce against hijacking/sabotage and related crimes, and other aspects of the Civil Aviation Security Program."
United States. Federal Aviation Administration
1989-05
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Space in Warfare
"An application of the Principles of War with space as the primary focus illustrates the contributions that space can make to the battlefield of today and tommorrow. Beginning with its birth in 1947, the United States Air Force has laid claim to the realms of space. Although officially given the space charter by Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamarra in 1960, the United States Air Force as a whole has not been an articulate and knowledgeable advocate of space systems. This lack of advocacy is caused by a lack of understanding of the role of space in modern warfare. Once this understanding is gained, the warfighter will not only be able to use what space systems are available, but demand systems to better fulfill his needs."
Air University (U.S.). Air War College
Shattuck, Julian W.
1989-05
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Alluvial Fans: Hazards and Management
This publication provides information on the risks of alluvial fan flooding. "Flood hazards in the American West are often greatly underestimated due to the dry conditions, lack of rainfall and absence of defined watercourses. Ironically, western floods are quite severe and powerful, exhibiting unpredictable flow paths and high velocities that usually occur with little advance warning time. These floods can cause considerable erosion in some areas while depositing large amounts of sediment and debris in others. With rapid growth continuing throughout the West (particularly in many major metropolitan areas) hillside building sites have become more popular as the supply of prime developable land becomes depleted. This has resulted in an increasing amount of development occurring in floodplain areas called alluvial fans."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; Federal Insurance Administration. Office of Loss Reduction
1989-05
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Significant Incidents of Political Violence against Americans 1988
"Significant Incidents of Political Violence Against Americans: 1989, published by the Bureau of Diplomatic Security's Office of Intelligence and Threat Analysis (DS/DSS/ITA), is intended to provide a comprehensive picture of the range of political violence that American citizens and interests have encountered abroad during 1989. In addition to examining terrorism-related acts, this study also includes other instances of violence affecting Americans. This chronology is designed to encompass major anti-U.S. incidents that occurred in 1989. Unfortunately, to keep the publication at the unclassified level, some incidents had to be omitted due to the sensitive nature of the information associated with them. The selection of incidents used in this study was based upon the following criteria: (a) lethality; (b) major property damage; (c) unusual tactics or weapons used; and (d) perceptibility of targets as U.S. or representative of U.S.interests."
United States. Department of State. Bureau of Diplomatic Security
1989-05
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Security Architecture for a Secure Military Message System
"This document defines a security architecture used in the Secure Military message System (SMMS) project at the Naval Research Laboratory. The goal of this architecture is to provide high assurance that the full-scale prototype message system being constructed as a part of this project is secure. It presents design decisions and shows why a system built according to these decisions will conform to a formal model of security for processing military messages."
Naval Research Laboratory (U.S.)
Moore, Andrew P.; Cornwell, Mark R.
1989-04-28
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New Threat to National Security: Environmental Deterioration
From the thesis abstract: "Since the mid 1960s, 'national security' has been conceptualized in almost strictly military terms, rooted in the assumption that the principal threat to security comes from the military actions of other nations. […] Consideration of military threats, particularly from the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact countries, has become so dominant that new threats to U.S. security, such as economic and environmental threats which military forces cannot address and may in fact exacerbate, tend to be ignored. […] The deterioration of the global environment is on a scale that encompasses the major life-supporting systems of the earth's biosphere. It includes the exhaustion of soils, loss of forests, alteration of the earth's climate and biogeochemical cycles, the accumulation of hazardous and radioactive wastes, and the decline of ecological communities. […] Although environmental deterioration threatens the security of all nations by undermining the resource support systems on which human activity and economic well-being depend, most countries are doing little to preserve their environmental security. In 1986, for example, the U.S. spent about $275 billion on military defense but only $18 billion to address environmental threats which are as concrete and potentially as devastating as our perceived military threat."
National War College (U.S.)
Patterson, Sue H.
1989-04-10
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U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Power Off to Hard-Wired Detector in Nine-Fatality House Fire
"A fire originating in the first floor of a two-story, wood-frame house with two rental units in Peoria, Illinois, killed two adults and seven children on April 11, 1989. Two other adults and a teenager were injured, though they were able to escape from the burning house onto a porch roof from a second story window. This was the worst life-loss fire in Peoria for at least the past three decades."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
Carpenter, Daniel J., Jr.; Jennings, Charles
1989-04
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U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Conservative Approach to Chemical Plant Fire
This technical report series looks at a chemical plant fire in Ventura County, CA. A conservative approach and planned tactics resulted in safe and effective handling of this fire.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
1989-04
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Guidelines for Formal Verification Systems
This document explains the requirements for formal verification systems that
are candidates for the NCSC's Endorsed Tools List (ETL). This document is
primarily intended for developers of verification systems to use in the
development of production-quality formal verification systems. It explains
the requirements and the process used to evaluate formal verification
systems submitted to the NCSC for endorsement.
United States. Department of Defense
1989-04-01
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Biological Defense Research Program: Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement
"The proposed action, and subject of this Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS), is continuation of the Biological Defense Research Program (BDRP). The BDRP is a research, development, test and evaluation (RDT&E) program conducted by the Department of Defense (DoD), with the Department of the Army (DA) serving as the executive agent. This FEIS addresses the ongoing program and provides a basis for evaluating future BDRP activities. The objectives of the BDRP are to develop measures for detection, treatment, protection and decontamination of potential biological warfare threat agents. Development of medical defensive measures, such as prophylactic vaccines and drugs, therapeutic measures, and patient treatment and management protocols are important components of the program. The purpose of the BDRP is to maintain and promote a solid national defense posture with respect to potential biological warfare threats. The BDRP supports RDT&E efforts necessary for the maintenance and development of defensive measures and materiel to meet these threats. In addition to promoting the national defense posture, the BDRP benefits the scientific community in general through its research and development efforts, and benefits the global population in the development of diagnostic methods, and vaccine and drug therapies for the treatment of diseases."
United States. Army Medical Research and Development Command
1989-04
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National Hurricane Operations Plan [1989]
"The tropical cyclone warning service is an interdepartmental effort to provide the United States and designated international recipients with forecasts, warnings, and assessments concerning tropical and subtropical weather systems. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the Department of Commerce is responsible for providing forecasts and warnings for the Atlantic and Eastern and Central Pacific Oceans while the Department of Defense provides the same for the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean (see Figure 1-1.) [...] This plan provides the basis for implementing agreements of the Department of Commerce, Department of Defense, and the Department of Transportation reached at the annual Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference (combined Atlantic and Eastern Pacific)."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1989-04
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Holding the Edge: Maintaining the Defense Technology Base
Technological superiority has been a cornerstone of United States security and industry since World War II. That cornerstone is not crumbling, but over the past decade it has weathered significantly. Foreign companies have made deep inroads into high-technology markets that had been more or less the exclusive domain of U.S. industry. In addition to causing economic problems, this has fostered dependence on foreign sources for defense equipment at a time when the technology in defense systems comes increasingly from the civilian sector. At the same time, the Department of Defense reports that Soviet defense technology is catching up with ours, and sophisticated Western military equipment is routinely sold to third world nations. These trends-and others-have prompted the Senate Committee on Armed Services to ask what needs to be done to maintain the base of high technology on which U.S. national security depends. This report examines the management of DoD technology base programs and laboratories. It also analyzes the process through which technology is introduced into defense systems, in order to understand why it takes so long and what might be done to speed the process up. Finally, this report examines the exploitation of civilian commercial sector technology for defense needs. It concentrates on the dual questions of expediting military access to civilian technology and keeping the necessary base of technology alive and well in the United States. Volume 2 of this report contains extensive appendices and will be published in the summer of 1989.
United States. Government Printing Office
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1989-04
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Role of the Reserve Components in the War on Drugs
"Military involvement in the drug war expanded with the passage of the Defense Authorization Act of 1988 and the subsequent Congressional appropriation of $300 million for funding interdiction and eradication operations. Since the active armed forces and their reserve components are constitutionally restricted from enforcing laws within the country's borders, domestic military support to civilian law enforcement agencies must be provided by the National Guard, which is not limited by the statutory restraints of other federal troops. This study examines the key legislative acts which led to the organizational structure of the present day Guard and explains the various statuses under which state troops can operate. It further points out the types of anti-drug transactions involving the Guard in the past decade and summarizes future plans for Congressional funds. The purpose of this report is to recognize potential problems and weaknesses and recommend solutions which will aid America in its struggle for a drug-free society. With adequate monetary allocations, proper training, and national support, the National Guard can supply military support to civilian law enforcement agencies within the Nation's boundaries."
Army War College (U.S.)
Dickens, Homer Q.
1989-03-31
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Marine Accident Report: Grounding of the U.S. Tankship Exxon Valdez on Bligh Reef, Prince William Sound Near Valdez, Alaska
"This report explains the grounding of the U.S Tankship EXXON VALDEZ near Valdez, Alaska on March 24, 1989. The safety issues discussed in the report are the vessel's navigation watch, the role of human factors, manning standards, the company's drug/alcohol testing and rehabilitation program, drug/alcohol testing, vessel traffic service, and oil spill response. Safety Recommendations addressing these issues were made to the US Coast Guard, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Exxon Shipping Company and other tankship companies carrying North 510pe crude oil from Port Valdez, the State of Alaska, the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, and the Alaska Regional Response Team."
United States. National Transportation Safety Board
1989-03-24
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Executive Order 12873: Delegation of Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Functions
This 1989 Executive Order 12873 from president George H. W. Bush titled "Delegation of Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Functions" discusses the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act. From the document: "By virtue of the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United Stales of America, including the Robert T. Stefford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, as amended (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.), and in order to conform delegations of authority to recent legislation, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Section 4-203 of Executive Order No. 12148 is amended to read: Section 4-203. The functions vested in the President by the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, es amended (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.), except those functions vested in the President by Section 401 (relating to the declaration of major disasters artd emergencies), Section 501 (relating to the declaration of emergencies}, Section 405 (relating to the repair, reconstruction, restoration, or replacement of Federal facilities), and Section 412 (relating to food coupons and distribution), are hereby delegated to the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Bush, George, 1924-
1989-03-23
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Low Intensity Conflict: A Chemical Corps Role?
"The increased focus on the lower end of the spectrum of conflict, particularly low-intensity conflict (LIC) itself, highlights the critical balance which must be obtained between rapid deployment and mission capability. Combat support and combat service support activities must be able to demonstrate a direct application to mission accomplishment or be relegated to follow-on forces which can only be brought into theater when time and lift assets allow. The role played by the Chemical Corps in chemical-biological (CB) defense is acknowledged and recognized throughout the Army, but what if an immediate CB threat is lacking. If Chemical Corps units and personnel cannot perform any other roles which will contribute directly to mission accomplishment, then they are not needed on the battlefield. On the other hand, if there are unique missions which these forces can accomplish which effectively serve to multiply the overall effectiveness of the force, then they should be deployed into theater early. This study looks at lessons learned from previous combat operations performed by Chemical Corp personnel and units in an attempt to assess the validity of a present role in LIC."
Army War College (U.S.)
Read, Richard D.
1989-03-20
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'And That Goes for Domestic Wars Too,' The Weinberger Doctrine and Domestic Use of the Military
From the thesis abstract: "As the traditional foreign threats to the security of the United States seem to ebb under the impact of glasnost and perestroika the nation turns its attention to the domestic threats to the national security and public health and welfare. The two greatest of these are the plague of illegal drugs and the virtually unrestricted flow of illegal immigrants. Although the United States has a strong history of restricting use of the national military in domestic roles, calls are heard now for use of that force to seal the border against these threats. This study looks at the nature of the domestic threats, the brief history of domestic use of the military, and the recommendations for use of the military protect the nation against these internal problems. The study looks at model for analyzing proposed commitment of U.S military forces overseas authored by then Secretary of Defense Weinberger and then applies it to the recommendations for domestic commitment to see if the model is a useful tool in that role. With a purpose of finding an analytical framework for response to recommendations for military use in domestic affairs that focuses on the best interests of national security and traditional American values rather than parochial military interests, the study finds the Weinberger Doctrine an excellent model for the purpose."
Army War College (U.S.)
Cathcart, James A.
1989-03-13
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Health Evaluation Report 87-109-1950; North Riverside Fire Department North Riverside, Illinois
"In January 1987 the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request from the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) to evaluate the toxicity of smoke clouds produced by a zinc chloride (ZnCl2) smoke generating device (5S smoke bomb) used for smoke training drills at the North Riverside Fire Department, North Riverside, Illinois. During the second of two exercises in October, 1986, fire fighters reportedly experiences adverse health effects including fever, chills and soreness of joints."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Zey, John N.; Richardson, Fred
1989-03
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Evaluating Emergency Management Models and Data Bases: A Suggested Approach
From the Preface: "The Center for Computing and Applied Mathematics, National Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is conducting a research effort under the sponsorship of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to develop a set of guidelines which promotes both a critical review and unbiased evaluation of FEMA models and data bases. Large-scale models and data bases are key informational resources for FEMA. The type and nature of FEMA models and data bases, however, are perhaps unique within the Federal government in that they are often concerned with severe changes or disruptions ranging from limited effects to extremes. In order to carry out its emergency missions, it is necessary for FEMA to determine which models, modeling techniques and data bases are appropriate for what purposes and which ones need modification, updating and maintenance. The development of evaluation guidelines is therefore of direct benefit to FEMA in discharging its emergency management duties."
United States. Department of Commerce
Chapman, Robert E.; Gass, Saul I.; Filliben, James J. . . .
1989-03
