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Critical Infrastructure Protection: Fundamental Improvements Needed to Assure Security of Federal Operations, Statement of Jack L. Brock, Jr., Director, Governmentwide and Defense Information Systems Accounting and Information Management Division, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism and Government Information, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate
Since the early 1990s, an explosion in computer interconnectivity, particularly the growth in Internet use, has revolutionized the way that the government and the world communicate and do business. The benefits have been enormous. Without proper safeguards, however, this widespread interconnectivity poses enormous risks to critical operations and infrastructures in such areas as telecommunications, power distribution, law enforcement, national defense, and other government services. This testimony discusses efforts by federal agencies to deal with computer security issues. Recent audits by GAO and agency inspectors general show that the government is not adequately protecting critical federal operations and assets from computer attacks. This testimony provides greater detail on these problems and discusses broader issues that need to be considered as a national strategy for critical infrastructure protection is being considered.
United States. General Accounting Office
1999-10-06
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Financial Management Service: Significant Weaknesses in Computer Controls
In connection with fulfilling our requirement to audit the U.S. government's fiscal year 1998 financial statements, GAO reviewed the general and application computer controls over key financial systems maintained and operated by the Department of the Treasury's Financial Management Service (FMS). This report discusses the results of GAO's fiscal year 1998 tests of the effectiveness of general and application controls that support key FMS automated financial systems and GAO's follow-up on the status of FMS' corrective actions to address weaknesses identified in our fiscal year 1997 audit. These systems, some of which are operated and maintained by contractors and the Federal Reserve Banks (FRB), are critical to FMS' mission of serving as the government's financial manager, central disburser, collections agent, and reporter of financial information. GAO issued a separate report to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System on the results of our testing of the general and application controls over key FMS systems that the FRBs maintain and operate. As discussed in this report, GAO identified computer control weaknesses at FMS and its contractor data centers that place its financial systems at significant risk of unauthorized disclosure and modification of sensitive data and programs, misuse or damage to computer resources, or disruption of critical operations. Also, the pervasiveness of these weaknesses places billions of dollars of payments and collections at risk of fraud. This report provides an overall assessment and summary of FMS' computer control weaknesses and recommendations to the agency head.
United States. General Accounting Office
1999-10-04
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Critical Infrastructure Protection: Comprehensive Strategy Can Draw on Year 2000 Experiences, Report to the Chairman, Special Committee on the Year 2000 Technology Problem, U.S. Senate
The nation's computer-based critical infrastructures are at increasing risk of severe disruption. Interconnectivity increases the risk that problems affecting one system will also affect other interconnected systems. Although these problems could be caused by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, and system-inducted problems, such as the Year 2000 conversion problem, government officials are increasingly concerned about attacks from individuals and groups with malicious intentions, such as terrorists and nations engaged in information warfare. Critical systems could be disrupted, sensitive data could be read or copied, and data or processes could be tampered with. A significant concern is that terrorists or hostile foreign states could target critical systems, such as those supporting energy distribution, telecommunications, and financial services, in order to harm the public welfare. The need to strengthen computer security in both government and the private sector has been recognized over the past several years by many groups, including GAO, and several steps have been taken to address the problem. During 1996 and 1997, federal information security was addressed by the President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection, which had been created to investigate the country's vulnerability to both "cyber" and physical threats. A 1998 Presidential directive recognizes that overcoming computer-based threats to the country's critical infrastructures requires new approach involving coordination and cooperation across federal agencies and among public and private sector groups and other nations.
United States. General Accounting Office
1999-10-01
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Military Role in Internal Defense and Security: Some Problems
This Center for Civil-Military Relations paper analyzes some of the difficulties that emerge when the military is employed in domestic law enforcement, citing examples from history. Lessons drawn on the behavior of civilians during crises and options for those interested in establishing a sound and democratic public order policy are included.
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Moyano Rasmussen, Maria Jose
1999-10
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Military Assistance to the U.S. Postal Service
"This instruction sets procedures for the prompt transfer of military resources among combatant commands as required by the reference. It also ensures compatibility of military assistance to the US Postal Service with other military plans. Responsibilities and guidance for plans to support USPS operations by the Military Services, combatant commands, and other DOD components are in the reference."
United States. Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
1999-10-01
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Policy Guidance for Treatment of Reserve Component (RC) Members at Military Medical Treatment Facilities (MTF) for Health Care Related to an Immunization
"The attached memorandum from the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs instructed medical treatment facility (MTF) commanders to provide full access to Reserve component members at Department of Defense (DoD) MTFs for evaluation and treatment of adverse events potentially related to DoD directed immunizations. Supporting this guidance, the attached memorandum from the Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs to the Reserve component (RC) Chiefs emphasized their responsibility to inform members who experience any adverse reaction which may have resulted from a DoD immunization of the availability of evaluation and treatment, if required, at an MTF."
United States. Department of Defense
1999-10-01
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Use of Force by Police: Overview of National and Local Data
"Law enforcement officers are authorized to use force in specified circumstances, are trained in the use of force, and typically face numerous circumstances during their careers when use of force is appropriate--for example, in making some arrests, restraining unruly combatants, or controlling a disruptive demonstration. When the level of force exceeds the level considered justifiable under the circumstances, however, the activities of the police come under public scrutiny. [...] This report is one in a series of publications by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) that seek to inform public discussion by examining police use of force from many perspectives. The report provides an overview of the state of research knowledge about police use of force, updates progress on the national BJS Police-Public Contact Survey (PPCS) and the database project of the International Association of Chiefs of Police, provides the latest findings from NIJ-supported use-of-force research projects in several local jurisdictions, and offers a researcher's suggestions for a future research agenda on police use of force, with special attention given to issues of excessive force."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Adams, Kenneth, 1953-; Alpert, Geoffrey P.; Dunham, Roger G. . . .
1999-10
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New Enterprise Team: (NETeam) Recommendations: The Director's Work Plan for Change
This document is a self assessment of the NSA and how it can make itself a more effective intelligence agency. In the light of the aggressive timeline of this study and the complexity of the issues examined, this report is not an exhaustive examination of all issues facing NSA today and in the future. The recommendation of the NSA focus instead on actions that they believe must be taken as a matter of urgency for the very survival of the institution. The recommendations center on six core issues: decision-making; leadership; strategic alignment; customer, partner, stakeholder relationships; resource management; and the workforce.
United States. National Security Agency
1999-10-01
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Policies and Procedures for Fire Service Operations During Civil Disturbances
"The purpose of this research was to identify the principal causes of civil disorder, and to develop policies and procedures that facilitate safe and effective fire and EMS [Emergency Medical Services] operations under such conditions. The research also sought to determine how fire and police could best coordinate their efforts. The problem is how to provide for fire and EMS operations in areas involved in civil disorder. The tactics which many protestors are employing, and the actions they are frequently taking pose a significant risk to emergency responders. Action research methodology was employed to answer four research questions: What is civil disorder, and what are the most frequent causes of civil disturbances that result in fire suppression or emergency medical services response? What policies should be in place to provide fire service command officers a frame work within which to operate? What procedures should be employed by fire fighters and emergency medical persom1el when responding into areas involved in civil disorder to minimize risk to themselves and the public? At what level should fire and police coordinate operations and interact with one another in areas involved in civil disorder?"
National Fire Academy
Groves, Randall B.
1999-10
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The Emergency Communication Triangle
"This training material focuses on the content of emergency warning messages. Research has shown that when an emergency occurs, people often do not get the information they need for the purpose of taking appropriate action. This safety talk presents a procedure, using mental cues that can be used by senders and receivers of emergency warnings."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1999-10
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Evaluation of Currently Available Thermal Imaging Equipment to Assist the Selection and Specification for the Village of Mundelein Fire Department
From the applied research project's abstract: "The problem that was identified for this applied research project was the need by the Mundelein, Illinois Fire Department to select and purchase thermal imaging equipment. In the current fiscal year budget, the Village included funds for the purchase of two thermal imaging cameras. One thermal imaging camera is to be located at each of the two fire stations. With numerous manufacturers, each touting that their equipment is superior to that of their competition, it has become increasingly difficult to select equipment that will provide all the necessary features that are essential to the Village of Mundelein Fire Department's operations."
National Fire Academy
Justus, Randy C.
1999-10
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Effect of Privatization of EMS on the First Responder Network of Bexar County, Texas
"In October, 1998, the contract for Emergency Medical Service (EMS) to unincorporated Bexar County, Texas, was awarded to a private company, American Medical Response (AMR). Prior to this date, EMS was provided by San Antonio Fire Department EMS. County Fire protection and EMS first responder service was, and continues to be, provided by the 28 volunteer and municipal fire departments surrounding San Antonio. The problem was that the first responders, loosely organized as the First Responder Network, must work with a private EMS agency after working for over 24 years with the San Antonio EMS. The purpose of this research was to identify the effects of this privatization on the First Responder Network. Descriptive research supported by historical research methods was used in this analysis."
National Fire Academy
Winn, Thomas T.
1999-10
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Animal Care: Safeguarding the Welfare of Animals
This document describes the Animal Care (AC) program in the US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). As USDA's guardian of animal welfare, AC makes sure that proper care is provided to most warmblooded, animals used in research or exhibition, sold as pets at the wholesale level, or transported in commerce.
United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
1999-10
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Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement
"The legal system always has relied on the testimony of eyewitnesses, nowhere more than in criminal cases. Although the evidence eyewitnesses provide can be tremendously helpful in developing leads, identifying criminals, and exonerating the innocent, this evidence is not infallible. Even honest and well-meaning witnesses can make errors, such as identifying the wrong person or failing to identify the perpetrator of a crime. To their credit, the legal system and law enforcement agencies have not overlooked this problem. Numerous courts and rulemaking bodies have, at various times, designed and instituted special procedures to guard against eyewitness mistakes. Most State and local law enforcement agencies have established their own policies, practices, and training protocols with regard to the collection and handling of eyewitness evidence, many of which are quite good. In the past, these procedures have not integrated the growing body of psychological knowledge regarding eyewitness evidence with the practi cal demands of day-to-day law enforcement. In an effort to bring together the perspectives of law enforcement, lawyers, and researchers, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) convened the Technical Working Group for Eyewitness Evidence (TWGEYEE). The purpose of the group was to recommend uniform practices for the collection and preservation of eyewitness evidence."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1999-10
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Chemical and Biological Defense: Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program for Oregon and Washington, Report to the Honorable Ron Wyden, U.S. Senate
"We are recommending that the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency work closely with officials at the state and local levels in Oregon to develop effective plans that follow the results-oriented principles embodied in the Results Act. Such a strategy could help establish a framework for program coordination and implementation in which all the entities involved understand their roles and responsibilities, the time frames within which they must be achieved, and the resources available to achieve them."
United States. General Accounting Office
1999-10
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Building Performance Assessment Report: Oklahoma and Kansas: Midwest Tornadoes of May 3, 1999: Observations, Recommendations, and Technical Guidance
"The number of tornadoes that occurred on May 3, 1999, in Oklahoma and Kansas, their severity, and the level of devastation they caused have not been seen in a generation within the United States. One of the missions of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) that directly supports the 'National Mitigation Strategy' is: to significantly reduce the risk of loss of life, injuries, economic costs and destruction of natural and cultural resources that result from natural hazards.' In response to the disasters caused by the May 3 tornadoes, FEMA deployed a Building Performance Assessment Team (BPAT), composed of national experts to Oklahoma and Kansas. The mission of the BPAT was to assess the performance of buildings affected by the tornadoes, investigate losses, and describe the lessons learned. This report presents the BPAT's observations, conclusions, and recommendations, which are intended to help communities, businesses, and individuals reduce future injuries and the loss of life and property resulting from tornadoes and other high-wind events."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Mitigation Directorate
1999-10
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Development of an Infrasound Propagation Modeling Took Kit
"The development of technologies for utilizing a network of atmospheric infrasound sensors to monitor compliance with a Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) is currently underway. Detection and localization capabilities are required for achievement of an effective monitoring system. The dynamic nature of the atmosphere, the uncertainties involved in characterizing high-altitude temperatures and winds, and the long ranges over which infrasound signals propagate combine to make accurate predictions of infrasound propagation difficult. Reliable models are needed in order to predict infrasound propagation paths from potential event locations worldwide. Existing model implementations can be difficult to use and neglect dynamic atmospheric effects. In this effort, propagation modeling techniques and sources of atmospheric data were reviewed, and models and databases deemed most suitable for application to infrasound monitoring were selected for incorporation in an integrated software tool kit. The software called InfraMAP, for Infrasonic Modeling of Atmospheric Propagation, was developed to support the CTBT researcher and analyst. The software includes three types of high-fidelity propagation models: ray tracing, normal modes, and parabolic equation (PE); it also includes two empirical models of the global atmosphere that include temporal effects: a horizontal wind model, and a temperature/density model. Enhancements to the existing propagation models were also implemented to improve the functionality of the software. Algorithms were developed for assessing variability in propagation parameters, specifically travel time and arrival azimuth, based on perturbations to mean wind profiles." Note: This document has been added to the Homeland Security Digital Library in agreement with the Project on Advanced Systems and Concepts for Countering WMD (PASCC) as part of the PASCC collection. Permission to download and/or retrieve this resource has been obtained through PASCC.
BBN Technologies
Gibson, R. (Robert); Norris, David
1999-10
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Economic Impact of Pandemic Influenza in the United States: Priorities for Intervention
"We estimated the possible effects of the next influenza pandemic in the United States and analyzed the economic impact of vaccine-based interventions. Using death rates, hospitalization data, and outpatient visits, we estimated 89,000 to 207,000 deaths; 314,000 to 734,000 hospitalizations; 18 to 42 million outpatient visits; and 20 to 47 million additional illnesses. Patients at high risk (15% of the population) would account for approximately 84% of all deaths. The estimated economic impact would be US$71.3 to $166.5 billion, excluding disruptions to commerce and society. At $21 per vaccinee, we project a net savings to society if persons in all age groups are vaccinated. At $62 per vaccinee and at gross attack rates of 25%, we project net losses if persons not at high risk for complications are vaccinated. Vaccinating 60% of the population would generate the highest economic returns but may not be possible within the time required for vaccine effectiveness, especially if two doses of vaccine are required."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
Meltzer, Martin; Cox, Nancy J.; Fukuda, Keiji
1999-10
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Domestic Preparedness Program: Testing of Photovac MicroFID Handheld Flame Ionization Detectors Against Chemical Warfare Agents: Summary Report
This report characterizes the chemical warfare (CW) agent detection potential of the commercially available Photovac MicroFID Handheld Flame Ionization Detector. These detectors were tested against HD, GB, and GA vapor at various conditions. This report is intended to provide the emergency responders concerned with CW agent detection an overview of the detection capabilities of these detectors.
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Longworth, Terri L.; Ong, Kwok Y.; Barnhouse, Jacob L. . . .
1999-10
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Threats to the US Electric Power Infrastructure: October 1999-October 2000
This presentation covers issues relating to possible threats against the electrical power infrastructure in the United States. The growing worldwide cyber threat can target the Internet-connected computer system of a major electrical power company and wreak havoc. Moreover, as a result of an increase in worldwide connectivity, hackers can exploit systems at fewer dollars: One company received approximately 230,000 unauthorized attempts in one month, of which over 80,000 originated from China. The impact resulted in blocked and logged messages by the company's firewall. The potential adversaries include hackers, criminals, insiders, economic competitors, terrorists, and nation states.
National Infrastructure Protection Center (U.S.)
1999-10
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Developing a Firefighter Wellness/Fitness Program
"Over the years, the Clinton Township Division of Fire has spent thousands of dollars to purchase, upgrade and maintain stations and equipment; unfortunately, the Division has not done as well with the most important resource - its firefighters! The problem was that the Clinton Township Division of Fire did not have a comprehensive wellness/fitness program in place for the Division's firefighters. The purpose of this applied research project was to identify methods available to initiate a comprehensive wellness/fitness program for firefighters. This research utilized action research methodology to develop a checklist of items to address when implementing a firefighter wellness/fitness program in a small organization. The research questions investigated were: 1. What are the necessary components of an effective firefighter wellness program? 2. What components have been included in firefighter wellness programs in both adjacent and like-sized fire departments? 3. What is the projected impact of a firefighter wellness program on the operation of the Clinton Township Division of Fire? There were two primary procedures employed in the research. The first was collecting wellness/fitness program information from adjacent and like-sized fire departments through the use of a survey. The other was the review of written and instructional materials available to identify recommended wellness/fitness components and to examine the impact of firefighter wellness/fitness programs on the fire department."
National Fire Academy
Stickle, Randy
1999-10
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Fire Prevention Program Evaluation for Florence Fire and EMS Department
"Florence is a growing suburban community located in northern Kentucky. The fire department had operated as a combination department for 25 years. Fire prevention activities within the fire department had not kept pace with needs of the community. The problem was that the fire prevention program had become fragmented when the fire prevention manager position was vacated. Since there was no manager, activities were diminished and opportunities were ignored. The purpose of this research was to evaluate existing fire prevention and public education activities and to evaluate qualifications needed to manage the program. The evaluative research method was used. The research questions answered were: 1. Are existing prevention activities and procedures adequate? 2. What activities should be included in the fire prevention program? 3. What rank and/or special qualifications are required for the fire prevention manager/coordinator? Research procedures consisted of a literature search and a survey of personnel. Results of the research provided evidence that Florence Fire and EMS [Emergency Medical Services] was performing some appropriate fire prevention activities, but significant modifications were necessary. A fire prevention program manager was needed to coordinate the program and implement changes. Additional activities and training were to be introduced. Recommendations included establishing program content, consolidating existing activities in the program, developing fire prevention training, and identifying selection criteria for the program manager."
National Fire Academy
Zumbiel, Gary
1999-10
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Eyewitness Evidence: A Trainer's Manual for Law Enforcement
Eyewitnesses provide critical evidence. NIJ's Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement (published in 1999) outlined basic procedures to obtain the most reliable and accurate information from eyewitnesses. Now NIJ has published a multimedia training package to accompany the Guide. The training package contains a slide presentation, audio and video clips of interviews and lineups, and exercises designed to enhance learning and make training sessions more interactive and visually interesting for law enforcement students.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1999-10
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Public Assistance Guide - FEMA Publication 322, October 1999
When a disaster occurs, it is the responsibility first of the local community
and then the State to respond. Often, their combined efforts are not sufficient to cope effectively with the direct results of the disaster. This situation calls for Federal assistance to supplement State and local efforts. The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, Public Law 93-288, as amended, authorizes the President to provide such assistance. Assistance is coordinated through the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). This guide explains the portion of the law that provides Federal grants for infrastructure
recovery through the Public Assistance (PA) Program. Potential recipients of this funding include State and local governments and certain types of Private Nonprofit (PNP) organizations.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1999-10
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Establishing a Relationship between Alcohol and Casualties of Fire [1999]
"Though the rate has significantly decreased, the United States continued into the late 90's with one of the highest fire death rates in the industrialized world. Given the advancements in fire prevention, including public education, building design, consumer product safety, and sophisticated levels of the fire protection in this country, it is puzzling to many as to why this is so. In an effort to identify the underlying problem(s), researchers have been delving deeper into the extent to which human behavior affects our fire losses. The connection between alcohol and the ignition, detection, and escape from the fire has been broadly examined by numerous medical and fire protection organization studies. A series of landmark studies undertaken by the Johns Hopkins University and the National Bureau of Standards in the 1970's were among the first to discover a definitive link between alcohol consumption and fire deaths. Many studies have now confirmed their general findings. Alcohol intoxication may increase the risk of initiating a fire by impairing one's judgment and coordination. An intoxicated individual who is smoking may also succumb to the depressant effects of alcohol, fall asleep and drop a lit cigarette on upholstery or clothing. Intoxication also acutely diminishes one's ability to detect a fire. Under the sedative effects of alcohol, an alcohol-impaired person may fail to notice the smell of smoke, or fail to hear a smoke alarm. Escape from a fire can be hampered by the loss of motor coordination and mental clarity caused by alcohol, even when warning signs are heeded."
United States Fire Administration
TriData Corporation
1999-10
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Executive Order 13139: Improving Health Protection of Military Personnel Participating in Particular Military Operations
Executive Order 13139 recognizes that military personnel deployed in particular military operations
could potentially be exposed to a range of chemical, biological, and
radiological weapons as well as diseases endemic to an area of operations. The Order details government policy and required actions regarding administration of investigational new drugs to members of the Armed Forces.
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Clinton, Bill, 1946-
1999-09-30
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FEMA Rapid Needs Assessment: Team Field Operations Guide
"The Field Operations Guide (FOG) for Rapid Needs Assessment Team Response is intended to serve as a field reference guide for Interagency Rapid Needs Assessment Teams while conducting initial assessment operations on disasters. It is a compilation and summary of important methodologies and procedures for conducting and logistically supporting an assessment mission. The FOG also lists participating agency responsibilities, position description summaries, operational checklists and provides sample reporting formats. The FOG is color-coded by section and corresponds to the Table of Contents to promote ease of access to reference material. It is expected that all Team personnel will use the FOG as a tool for both training and assessment operations. It should be kept ready for immediate access with each responder's personal gear bag."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1999-10
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Evaluation of Labor-Management Models for Implementation in the Federal Way Fire Department
"The Federal Way Fire Department has had a long history of conflict between the labor and management components of the fire department. The firefighters and officers, represented by the International Association of Firefighters Local #2024, and the management team have shared very little trust between them as a result of this historical tendency towards disagreeing about almost everything. As both labor and management approach the year 2000, both realize that the change in this antagonistic relationship needs to occur in order for positive progress to be made on a number of significant issues facing them. The purpose of this research paper was to evaluate potential labor-management models for implementation in the Federal Way Fire Department. The goal was to establish a process for labor and management to work together on issues prior to their becoming another source for conflict. The study used was an evaluative methodology. The questions that needed to be answered to assist in the process were: 1) What successful labor-management models exist in today's fire service? 2) What successful labor management models exist in the private sector? 3) What successful conflict resolution methods exist for contractual negotiations or other conflicts in today's fire service? 4) What successful methods exist for dealing with grievances in today's fire service? This project was initiated by conducting research at the National Fire Academy in the Learning Resource Center. Research was also conducted utilizing the Federal Way Fire Department training library, the Pierce County (WA) Library System, as well as the King County (WA) Library System."
National Fire Academy
Church, Allen D.
1999-10
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Emergency Response to Schools: 'Preparing for Disaster'
"As we begin the 21st century it is unfortunate that our schools continue to be plagued with violence and disaster which has resulted in the death of our children. It seems all too often the evening news shows emergency responders facing incidents where students and faculty have been shot or crushed from some type of mass-casualty incident in our schools. The problem has been the ability of our emergency responders to handle large incidents requiring multiple agencies to respond and assist. Anderson Township has the same exposure as many other communities in that it has many schools. The Anderson Township Fire and Rescue Department may also be called to deal with an incident that causes it to perform unlike ever before. No longer can we sit and wait, using the mindset that it won't happen here. A serious evaluation of the possibilities that may occur is imperative. The purpose of this research project was to review previous violent and mass-casualty incidents in schools, determine what actions were taken by emergency responders in managing the incident and develop recommendations for improvement. This research was developed using a combination of historical and evaluative research to address the following questions: 1. What type of violent and mass-casualty incidents have occurred in our schools? 2. What type of problems have the emergency responders encountered? 3. What measures can be taken to reduce the problems encountered by emergency responders? This project looked at several fatal incidents ranging from a boiler explosion, a tornado strike to a series of violent incidents."
National Fire Academy
Riemar, Tom
1999-10
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Multiple-Fatality Fires Reported to NFIRS 1994-1996
"Each year in the United States, there are more than 2,800 fatal residential home fires. Nearly one in six of these fires is a multiple-fatality fire, a fire in which more than one civilian is killed. This report characterizes multiple-fatality fires by contrasting them with single-fatality fires. By analyzing the events and circumstances surrounding different types of fatal fires, this report provides insight into how they can be prevented and how lives can be saved. Since the majority of fire deaths among civilians occur in the home, residential structures are the primary focus of this report. Findings are based on comparisons of multiple- and single-fatality fires that occurred between 1994 and 1996 and were reported to the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS)."
National Fire Data Center (U.S.)
1999-10
