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• U.S. Intelligence Community Manual for Physical Security Standards for Sensitive Compartmented Information Facilities (SCIFs)

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  Physical security standards are hereby established governing the construction and protection of facilities for storing, processing, and discussing Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI) which requires extraordinary security safeguards. Compliance with this DCID 1/21 Implementing Manual (hereafter referred to as the "Manual") is mandatory for all Sensitive Compartmented Information Facilities (SCIFs) established after the effective date of this manual, including those that make substantial renovations to existing SCIFs. Those SCIFs approved prior to the effective date of this Manual will not require modification to meet these standards.

  United States. Central Intelligence Agency

  1994-01-30
• Aviation Security: Additional Actions Needed to Meet Domestic and International Challenges, Report to Congressional Committees

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  In the aftermath of the 1988 terrorist bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has taken many steps to strengthen security at U.S. airports; however, many questions about domestic and international aviation security remain unanswered. This report examines in detail FAA's efforts to (1) assess, in conjunction with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the security of domestic airports; (2) determine whether a similar level of protection exists for U.S. citizens traveling on foreign airlines; and (3) improve security for mail and cargo.

  United States. General Accounting Office

  1994-01-27
• AF Instruction 14-302: Control, Protection, and Dissemination of Sensitive Compartmented Information

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  This instruction implements AFPD 14-3, "Control, Protection, and Dissemination of Intelligence Information", AFMAN 14-304, "The Security, Use, and Dissemination of Sensitive Compartmented Information (U)", Director of Central Intelligence Directive (DCID) 1/19, "DCI Security Policy Manual for SCI Control System", and DCID 1/21, "DCI Manual for Physical Security Standards for SCI Facilities", and explains Air Force rules, responsibilities, and terminology for the security, use, and dissemination of Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI). It also describes the functions and responsibilities assigned to Air Force senior intelligence officers (SIO), SCI security officials, communications security (COMSEC) managers and custodians who are SCI indoctrinated, and commanders and supervisors of SCI-indoctrinated individuals. This instruction requires the collection and maintenance of information to be protected by the Privacy Act of 1974. The authority to collect and maintain this information is in Executive Order 12333, "United States Intelligence Activities". System of records notice F205 497 IG/INS applies. This revision aligns the instruction with AFPD 14-3. This document supercedes AFR 200-7, 16 October 1992; and AFR 205-19. This publication is available digitally on the SAF/AAD WWW site at: http://afpubs.hq.af.mil.

  United States. Department of the Air Force

  1994-01-18
• Search and Rescue Operations Following the Northridge Earthquake: January 17, 1994 Los Angeles, California

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  "This report is part of a series of reports on technical rescue incidents across the United States. Technical rescue has become increasingly recognized as an important element in integrated emergency response. Technical rescue generally includes the following rescue disciplines: confined space rescue, rope rescue, Trench/colapse rescue, ice/water rescue, and agricultural arid industrial rescue. The intent of these reports is to share information about recent technical rescue incidents with rescuers across the country. The investigation reports, such its this one, provide detailed information about the magnitude and nature of the incidents themselves; how the response to the incidents was carried out and managed; the impact of these incidents on emergency rcsponders and the emergency response systems in the community; and the lessons learned. [...]At 0431 hours on January 17, 1994, a 6.7 magnitude earthquake struck the Los Angeles area. The epicenter was located within the Northridge area of the San Fernando Valley, approximately 20 miles east of downtown Los Angeles (see Appendix A). Many experts believe that because the earthquake occurred on a holiday morning, casualties were significantly lower than they would have been if the quake had happened at any other time. Over the following days, several aftershocks occurred that continued to damage structures as well as jeopardize the safety of rescue personnel. For firefighters and other emergency responders, the Northridge Earthquake was another in a long line of disasters that have challenged their resolve in recent years. Southern California has been walloped by major wildland fires, floods, mud slides, earthquakes, and riots."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  1994-01-17
• AF Instruction 14-206: Modeling and Simulation

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  This instruction implements AFPD 14-2, "Intelligence Collection, Production, and Application". This instruction guides intelligence modeling and simulation activities. It also includes intelligence support to modeling and simulation (M&S) activities in weapon systems acquisition, research and development, test and evaluation, education and training, military operations, and national level policy making. This revision aligns this instruction with AFPD 14-2. This publication is available digitally on the SAF/AAD WWW site at: http://afpubs.hq.af.mil.

  United States. Department of the Air Force

  1994-01-14
• Memorandum for Secretaries of the Military Departments, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Assistant Secretaries of Defense for Personnel and Readiness and Reserve Affairs: Direct Ground Combat Definition and Assignment Rule, January 13, 1994

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  "My memorandum dated April 28, 1993, directed the Military Services to open more specialties and assignments to women and established an Implementation Committee to ensure that those policies are applied consistently. I also charged the Committee to review and make recommendations on several specific implementation issues. The Committee has completed its first such review, that of the 'appropriateness of the 'Risk Rule'', reference (b), and concluded that, as written, the risk rule is no longer appropriate. Accordingly, effective October 1, 1994, reference (b) is rescinded. My memorandum restricted women from direct combat on the ground. The Committee studied this and recommended that a ground combat rule be established for assignment of women in the Armed Forces. Accordingly, the following direct ground combat assignments rule, and accompanying definition of 'direct ground combat,' are adopted effective October 1, 1994 and will remain in effect until further notice."

  United States. Department of Defense

  1994-01-13
• 1994 Report to Congress: U.S. Immigration Policy: Restoring Credibility [Executive Summary]

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  From the introduction: "The U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform was created by Congress to assess U.S. immigration policy and make recommendations regarding its implementation and effects. Mandated in the Immigration Act of 1990 to submit an interim report in 1994 and a final report in 1997, the Commission has undertaken public hearings, fact-finding missions, and expert consultations to identify the major immigration-related issues facing the United States today. This process has been a complex one. Distinguishing fact from fiction has been difficult, in some cases because of what has become a highly emotional debate on immigration. We have heard contradictory testimony, shaky statistics, and a great deal of honest confusion regarding the impacts of immigration. Nevertheless, we have tried throughout to engage in what we believe is a systematic, nonpartisan effort to reach conclusions drawn from analysis of the best data available."

  U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform

  1994
• United States Merchant Marine: A Valuable Strategic Resource, Now and For the Future

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  "Alfred Thayer Mahan has been quoted as saying '[A] nation's maritime commerce strength in peacetime is the most telling indication of its overall endurance during war.' In today's modern context there still exists within our nation's defense planning, the understanding of the need for a maritime capability to support our projected wartime and emergency contingencies. In his February, 1993 Chairman's report, General Colin L. Powell highlighted the role of sealift capacity to meet our nation's strategic lift needs in addressing the new regional and flexible focus of our worldwide military missions. In his Annual Report to the President and the Congress in January 1994, former Secretary of Defense Les Aspin discussed the essential role that mobility forces, including sealift, will play in our nation's effort at responding to regional dangers and opportunities. The question arises however whether Mahan's nexus still exists as it pertains to the role of our merchant marine in our wartime or national emergency sealift effort."

  National War College (U.S.)

  Richardson, Thomas W.

  1994
• U.S. Department of State Climate Action Report, September 1994

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  "This document, the Climate Action Report [CAR], represents the first formal U.S. communication under the Framework Convention on Climate Change, as required under Articles 4.2 and 12. It is a snapshot--a description of the current U.S. program. It does not seek to identify additional policies or measures that might ultimately be taken as the United States continues to move forward in addressing climate change, nor is it intended to be a revision of the U.S. Climate Change Action Plan. It is not a substitute for existing or future decision-making processes--whether administrative or legislative--or for additional measures developed by or with the private sector. Meeting the formal reporting requirements in the Climate Convention, this document is also intended to identify existing policies and measures, and thus to assist in establishing a basis for considering future actions. This document has been developed using the methodologies and format agreed to at the Ninth Session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change. We assume that this communication, like those of other countries, will be reviewed and discussed in the evaluation process for the Parties of the Convention. We hope that the measures detailed here provide useful examples of possible directions for the future."

  United States. Department of State

  1994
• Military Dermatology

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  This volume places military dermatology in its historical context and emphasizes the conditions that specialists and general medical officers in the field are likely to see (eg, friction blisters, macerated feet, superficial fungal infections). Owing to the military's new peacekeeping role, this volume also discusses diseases that are uncommon in the United States but prevalent worldwide in specific geographical locations (eg, cutaneous tuberculosis, mycobacterial infections). Chapter 5, Cutaneous Reactions to Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Warfare, is unique to a textbook of this type.

  United States. Department of the Army. Office of the Surgeon General

  1994
• National Interest: From Abstraction to Strategy

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  "National interest lies at the very heart of the military and diplomatic professions and leads to the formulation of a national strategy and the calculation of the power necessary to support that strategy. Upon reflection, however, one comes to realize how hard it is to turn concepts of national interest into working strategy. It requires one to perceive the world with undistorted clarity and even to anticipate the second- and third-order effects of policies. This essay will argue that the concept of national interest still has utility, not as an objective fact but as a philosophical argument in favor of limiting the number of crusades a country may be inclined to undertake."

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Roskin, Michael, 1939-

  1994
• Managing the US Defense Industrial Base: A Strategic Imperative

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  "The United States government is hindered by the uncertainty which pervades nearly every aspect of domestic activity and foreign policy. Unanticipated political, social, and economic phenomena--disorder, globalization of national economies, and various regional attempts to integrate economic and national security policies--suggest the complexity of the environment in which US defense planning is being conducted. It is within this dynamic context that the defense industrial base must be managed to ensure that risks to national security--some old, some new, some merely unfamiliar--are not aggravated by failure to preserve and exploit our competitive advantages in technology and productivity. [...] We are replacing Cold War assumptions and concepts whose purpose was to ensure a robust and responsive military component of national security strategy. Four topics among the many that confront defense planners in this new environment deserve particular attention. All have in common a search for reasonable assumptions and affordable policies to exploit what is undoubtedly our greatest national strength: a highly competitive and technologically advanced industrial base which can be sustained largely by market forces independent of direct intervention by the federal government. The four topics are the relationship between mobilization planning and the industrial base; the requirement to develop and assess resource preparedness options; the need to remain aware of how the defense technology industrial base is changing; and the Federal Emergency Management Agency's evolving role in managing US industrial preparedness."

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Austin, Mike

  1994
• Use of Military Power in Pursuit of National Interests

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  "In remarking that 'war is merely the continuation of policy by other means,' Clausewitz unambiguously defined the conduct of war--the use of military force--as a means for a state to achieve policy and not an end in itself. He implied, but did not state, that other means must also exist. These other means as well as the use of military force emanate from the four elements of national power: military, economic, political, and social. What Clausewitz did not discuss in his treatise On War were the circumstances under which war becomes the correct means with which to pursue policy--the imposition or dominance of one state's national interests over those of another state. He never answered the question: When is it proper to use military force in the pursuit of national interests?" This article explores the answer to that question.

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Arnold, Edwin J., Jr.

  1994
• Terrorism and America: A Comprehensive Review of the Threat, Policy, and Law, Hearings before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session on Examining the Scope of Current Threats of Terrorism to the United States and Its Allies, Focusing on Explosives and Explosives Regulation, and Related Extradition, International Law, and Immigration Issues, April 21 and 22, 1993

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  From the opening statement of Joseph R. Biden, Jr.: "Almost 2 months ago, a massive bomb exploded in the World Trade Center in New York City. Six people died, over 1,000 people were injured, and at least $1 billion of damage resulted as the explosion ripped through seven concrete floors and destroyed the buildings' power, communications, and safety systems. The terror felt by those present at the explosion was visible on the faces of the survivors as they streamed out of the building, and this terror was shared by all Americans who felt suddenly vulnerable because terrorism was no longer an abstract concept to them. It threatened an American landmark on American soil. Since the bombing, law enforcement officials have made substantial progress in uncovering who carried out the World Trade Center bombing. Several suspects are now under arrest and indictment, and many facts about the attack and how it was carried out are now known. Nonetheless, it is clear that many questions remain to be considered and hopefully answered." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Orrin G. Hatch, Patrick J. Leahy, Carol Moseley-Braun, Dianne Feinstein, Arlen Specter, Charles E. Grassley, Alan K. Simpson, R. James Woolsey, William S. Sessions, Laurence Pope, James L. Brown, Bill Davis, Frederick Smith, Jr., Joseph C. Lund, Sr., Mark Richard, Michael D. Cronin, James L. Ward, and Robert K. Harris.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1994
• Countering Chinese Proliferation Activity

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  "Control of the proliferation of nuclear technology (including fissile material), chemical and biological weapons and their precursors, and ballistic missile delivery systems continues to be a priority for the Administration. While progress has been made with a number of key countries (e.g. Russia, Israel, South Africa, Argentina) to control the flow of technologies applicable to weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), concrete progress with China remains elusive. China continues to serve as the major source of proliferation concern for the United States. It is imperative that steps be taken to alter Chinese behavior since a failure to do so places in danger the whole of the Administration's nonproliferation policy. This paper analyzes Chinese behavior, the threat posed to U.S. interests, and proposes a series of short-term steps to move the situation beyond its current impasse and to bring Chinese comportment into line with prevailing world standards."

  National War College (U.S.); National Defense University

  Tomchik, Stephen J.

  1994
• Bridging the Intelligence-Policy Divide

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  "'Intelligence failure' is a frequent topic of discussion in news media and academic journals. The focus usually is on a failure of the intelligence Community to predict events abroad-a dramatic development like the overthrow of the Shah of Iran or a longer term trend like the collapse of Communism. Observers also criticize policymakers who fail to heed intelligence warnings, as in the Vietnam War or US involvement in Lebanon. But there is a third type of weakness that can reduce the effectiveness of intelligence and policy-the failure of communication between intelligence officers and policy officials. In recent years, both intelligence officers and policy officials have taken important steps to improve understanding of each other and to bridge the cultural gap that can reduce effective communication between the two groups. With this in mind, the CIA's Center for the Study of Intelligence and Georgetown University's Institute for the Study of Diplomacy have sponsored an ongoing dialogue between current and former intelligence officers and policy officials in the hope that discussion of their experiences will provide valuable insights for current and future practitioners. This article summarizes the results of about 20 interviews and three seminars that include more than 60 intelligence officers and policy officials."

  Center for the Study of Intelligence (U.S.)

  1994
• Lebanon and the Intelligence Community

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  "Throughout America's Lebanon adventure, US intelligence analysts, particularly CIA analysts, were uncommonly convinced that much of the administration's policy was misguided and ill fated. They eagerly awaited the administration's call for Special National Intelligence Estimate (SNIE), the premier instrument of US intelligence analysis, in which they might spell out the evidence and reasoning behind their reservations. While they waited, they pushed other established channels of communication, and their professional proprieties, to the limit in an attempt to et their message through. But dissatisfaction with Lebanon intelligence was almost universal: policymakers felt increasingly ill served, and analysts felt increasingly ill used. The two sides agreed only, if for different reasons, that intelligence analysis was not playing its proper role. The intelligence process may not, in the end, have offered up many insights about Lebanon, but Lebanon, in retrospect, says a great deal about the intelligence process."

  Center for the Study of Intelligence (U.S.)

  Kennedy, David W.; Brunetta, Leslie

  1994
• Openness and Secrecy

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  "The American system of government is rooted in openness. Article I of the Constitution provides that 'Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same' and that 'a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published' by the government. When combined with First Amendment guarantees of a free press, these provisions created the basis for open government. The Founding Fathers believed that openness was vital because the Colonies' disputes with the government of King George III taught them that participation of the governed could succeed only if the governed were well informed."

  Center for the Study of Intelligence (U.S.)

  Gries, David D.

  1994
• Intelligence Revolution and the Future

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  "The intelligence revolution is a distinctly 20th century phenomenon, one of the least well understood developments of our time. It began with the surfacing of some extraordinary fantasies into the political consciousness of modern Europe. As the century opened, French society shuddered its way through the scandal known as the Dreyfus affair, in which a French Army colonel of Jewish extraction was accused of spying against the state. The charges were trumped up, but before their fictionality could be revealed they set off a wave of anti-Semitism, heightened by manifestations of French national insecurity."

  Center for the Study of Intelligence (U.S.)

  Wark, Wesley K., 1952-

  1994
• From COI to CIG: Historical Intelligence Documents

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  "With this edition, 'Studies in Intelligence' inaugurates a series of reprints of important documents that help illustrate the evolution of the CIA [Central Intelligence Agency]. The following documents chronicle presidential decisions leading to the eventual creation of the Agency." Documents include a "Presidential Order establishing a Coordinator of Information (COI) on July 11, 1941"; "Roosevelt's Military Order of 13 June 1942 creating the Office of Strategic Services (OSS)"; "Roosevelt administration press release announcing the creation of the OSS on 13 June 1942"; "Executive Order 9621 of 20 September 1945 abolishing the OSS"; and "Presidential Directive of 22 January 1946 establishing the Central Intelligence Group (CIG)".

  Center for the Study of Intelligence (U.S.)

  1994
• United Nations Special Commission: Future Roles in Non-Proliferation and Regional Security?

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  "The first objective of this report is to explore the disparity between United States declaratory policy and actual force capabilities. This report will secondarily pose questions and purpose decision making criteria which are essential to ensure successful future nuclear strategic force employment and planning. This report is primarily concerned with the gap in U.S. declaratory and operational (or action) policy as it applies to current counterforce targeting problems. It is important to distinguish between declaratory policy and actual operational policies to appreciate the complexities of the debate and to resolve questions concerning future force planning."

  National War College (U.S.)

  Kessler, J. Christian

  1994
• Deterrence and the New Nuclear Threats

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  "The emergence of new nuclear states, some of which are hostile to the US, has brought into question the future applicability of the nuclear deterrence concept. This paper addresses this fundamental question and its implications on future defense planning. It first discusses the dangers of the newly emerging nuclear states and the threats they pose to US interests. It then analyzes the declining utility of US nuclear weapons as a deterrent to the emerging threat. Finally, it recommends some options for dealing with the threat and enhancing overall deterrent capabilities."

  National War College (U.S.)

  Macelhaney, Mace

  1994
• Islamic Fundamentalism in Egypt: U.S. Policy Recommendations

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  "This paper will discuss Islamic Fundamentalism in Egypt; specifically, who and what the Islamic fundamentalists are, the policy and actions of the Egyptian Government in response to the threats of Islamic fundamentalists, and the United States reaction and current policy on Egypt. Recommendations for improvements to U.S. policy will also be provided." The author uses specific examples of Islamic fundamentalist groups in Egypt, such as the Muslim Brotherhood, the Islamic Group, and the al-Jihad, explaining their emergence, political and social goals, and leadership. To supplement the explanation of fundamentalist groups, Liberatore delves into the social and economic reasons for the attraction of fundamentalism in Egypt. Included in this discussion are Egyptian "unemployment, underemployment, and poverty" levels. In response to the population's discontent, the Egyptian government, led by President Mubarak, has instituted anti-terrorism policies consisting of public education and propaganda against fundamentalist groups, harsh anti-terrorism legislation, and economic reforms. Lastly, Liberatore explains U.S. and Egyptian relations.

  National War College (U.S.)

  Liberatore, Carla

  1994
• Algeria: A Country in Crisis

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  This research paper examines Algeria's troubled history and chances for peace in the future. The author states that, "the country is on the brink of social collapse as militant Islamic fundamentalists challenge the oppressive measures of the current regime." A brief history of Algeria's political and violent conflicts is provided, as well as a discussion of the consequences of socialism and the exploitation of oil and natural gas resources on state revenues and social strife. To further her argument, Geiger clarifies the role population growth has had on agricultural problems. Also included in the document is a discussion of how "Islamists took the opportunity to focus and feed the discontent [in Algeria] and provided structure to the disaffected youth of the country." This discontent led to the creation of the Islamic Salvation Front, which politically opposed the ruling National Liberation Front. The author explains that, "if the fundamentalists succeed in Algeria, they will join Iran and the Sudan as focal points for other fundamentalist groups in Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt and other countries of the region."

  National War College (U.S.)

  Geiger, Donna V.

  1994
• CIA, 'Pork Barrel' Politics or You Can't get to West Virginia from Here!

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  "Graham Allison is one scholar who has provided such a structure for analysis [on pork barrel politics]. His study of governmental decision making and, in particular, his 'Bureaucratic Politics' paradigm provides an excellent framework to briefly study and dissect this process. Having the theoretical structure, we must also attempt to apply a real life example of the process in order to test the theory. For this undertaking I have chosen the decision by the CIA in 1991 to attempt to consolidate 21 of its leased sites in the Washington D.C. area into two locations in West Virginia. It is this decision, the challenge of it by the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI), and the ultimate outcome that represents bureaucratic politics at its finest. In order to have a common frame of reference I will highlight the key elements of Allison's paradigm used in my analysis."

  National Defense University

  Maguire, Daniel M.

  1994
• Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief: Are the National/International Coordinating Agencies Capable of Fulfilling the Mission

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  "The focus of this paper, an examination of the range of possibilities and training considerations necessary for successful participation by the US military in non-combat roles, will underscore its role in Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief operations. The inclusion of activities and events by the members of the Second Brigade of the 82nd Airborne Division and other elements of the XVIIIth Airborne Corps will serve to illustrate events that are relevant to the examination of non-combat roles for the US military during its participation in JTF Andrew operations. My personal observations are based on my own involvement in these operations in two distinct roles: I acted as the Brigade Task Force S-5, initially responsible for civil-military interface with state and local governments and NGOs operating within South Dade County. As more units were deployed to the AOR, I also served as commander of a Batallion Task Force Relief Area (an area encompassing over 20 square miles and inhabited by over 28,000)."

  National Defense University

  Svitak, George M.

  1994
• Generation Gap: Open-Source Information, Intelligence, and the Government

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  "This paper will describe the current generation gap between the government and open-source information. Information is intelligence and the government has not yet come to grips with the management, collection and exploitation of this extremely valuable commodity. I will provide some current challenges for both the open-source community and the intelligence community, suggest some management techniques and explain the importance of information knowledge. Finally, I will suggest a strategy that needs to be provided which will unite the government and private sector in a partnership. This strategy for partnership must be developed to provide the decision-makers with immediate, concise information to make appropriate decisions. As the United States copes with the changing world, there will be a need for immediate, expert analysis of whatever information is available in support of policy decisions, contingency planning, or humanitarian assistance. After all, our National Security could rest on major decisions being made accurately and in a timely manner."

  National Defense University

  Nance, Mick

  1994
• Intelligence Community Reorganization of 1992

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  "The end of the cold war and the federal deficit (national interest) led Congress to propose legislation in 1992 to reorganize the Intelligence Community. Senate and House bills laid out almost identical legislation designed to reduce duplication of effort and improve the quality of intelligence. (value maximizing). If approved, bureaucratic control of the Intelligence Community, including all budgetary control, would have been centralized under a newly created Director of National Intelligence. It was taken as a given, that the defense budget and with it the intelligence budget had to be reduced if the United States was to attain the goal of a balanced budget. All of this is consistent with what Graham Allison calls the 'Model I Rational Policy' concept of 'The Government' as a rational unitary decision maker, with one set of specified goals and one set of perceived options. I However, a closer examination of the details of the legislative process reveals what Allison calls the 'Model II Organizational Process'. The original legislation died, but 'The Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993', which became law, is the result of classic Model II activity. The details of this decision making process in which the Director of Central Intelligence and the Secretary of Defense are able to retain all of the power intended for the new Director of National Intelligence form the core of this paper. Figure 1 provides a brief legislative history of the reorganization."

  National Defense University

  Lemon, Jean

  1994
• Serial No. 103-24: National Academy of Sciences Report on Health Effects of Agent Orange, Hearing Before the Committee on Veterans Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session, August 4, 1993

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  From the opening statement of Thomas A. Daschle: "Let me just begin by commending the 16-member NAS [National Academy of Sciences] panel. As everyone on this committee knows, they worked for no compensation. They didn't get a penny, and I think that needs to be emphasized. That they did this because they believe in what they are doing. We chose them because we wanted to ensure that there was no charge of some kind of subjectivity here in the analysis. And I think under the circumstances and given the time they had, they did an extraordinary job. The report, as most of the members, I am sure, know, confirms the association between exposure to Agent Orange and other herbicides used in Vietnam and five specific diseases, and suggests that there may be a relationship with additional diseases. The NAS scientists indicate that more research is necessary, and, as the chairman so well knows, that is the reason why we called for the series of bienniel [sic] reviews over the next 10 years." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Gillespie V. Montgomery, Bob Stump, Lane Evans, Michael Bilirakis, Joseph P. Kennedy, II, Christopher H. Smith, Steve Buyer, Thomas J. Ridge, Jack Quinn, David E. Bonior, Jesse Brown, Susan Mather, Mary Lou Keener, R.J. Vogel, Dennis M. Cullinan, Thomas A. Daschle, Paul S. Egan, David W. Gorman, John Hanson, Betty Mekdeci, Kenneth I. Shine, Bryan C. Smith, David Tollerud, Graham Colditz, and E.R. Zumwalt.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1994
• Challenges to U.S. Security in the 1990's: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on International Security, International Organizations and Human Rights of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, Second Session, March 17, April 21, June 9, June 27, and August 1, 1994

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  From the opening statement of Tom Lantos: "Today the subcommittee begins a new series of hearings on the subject of challenges the U.S. security in the 1990's. We have found, much to the surprise and dismay of many of our fellow citizens, that the post-cold war world is neither tranquil nor peaceful nor secure. Nonetheless, I don't think there are any in America or elsewhere who would wish to return to the stability of the cold war. In the changed international conditions, it is essential that we evaluate the challenges to our Nation's security and that we consider the diplomatic and military policies we must adopt in order to meet these challenges. There are a number of elements that we plan to consider during the course of this set of hearings. Among the challenges that we would like to evaluate are the problems of nuclear proliferation, the changed nature of terrorism, the globalization of crime and narcotics, the future international impact of political developments in Russia and the Republics of the former Soviet Union, and the future role of the United States' security alliances with our European and Asian allies." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Zbigniew Brzezinksi, Lawrence Eagleburger, Dante B. Fascell, R. James Woolsey, Leonard S. Spector, Thomas B. Cochran, George Soros, R. Bruce McColm, Patricia Keefer, Doug Bereuter, William Potter, and Tom Lantos.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1994