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Freedom of Information Act Requests in FY2020: By the Numbers [October 26, 2021]
From the Document: "The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA; 5 U.S.C. §552) establishes a presumption that agency recordsin the possession of the executive branch and departments of the federal government are accessible to the public. Under FOIA, the burden of proof to access government information shifted from a requester's 'need to know' to a 'right to know' doctrine, where the federal government has to show a need to keep the information secret (H.Rept. 109- 226). Government-wide information on the administration of FOIA is provided by the Department of Justice (DOJ) at http://www.foia.gov. This In Focus provides and discusses information from agencies on the volume of FOIA requests during FY2020 and FY2019 that were received, processed, and backlogged."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Stuessy, Meghan M.; Marchsteiner, Kathleen E.
2021-10-26
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Coup-Related Restrictions in U.S. Foreign Aid Appropriations [Updated October 26, 2021]
From the Document: "Recent events in Sudan, Guinea, Burma, and Mali have brought attention to a provision that has appeared in annual State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs (SFOPS) appropriations legislation since 1986 that restricts U.S. foreign assistance following a coup d'état."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis; Lawson, Marian Leonardo; Chesser, Susan G.
2021-10-26
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Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pledges by Selected Countries: Nationally Determined Contributions and Net-Zero Legislation [October 26, 2021]
From the Summary: "Human-related emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) have increased globally over time. These increasing emissions contribute to a changing climate, which is a concern for governments, organizations, and other stakeholders. Many governments are taking steps to reduce GHG emissions in an effort to lessen the potential impacts of climate change. Two ways in which national governments are making efforts to reduce GHG emissions are by setting emission reduction targets in updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and by enacting domestic legislation aimed at achieving net-zero emissions, referred to as net-zero legislation. Netzero emissions or net-zero refers to situations where human-caused GHG emissions are balanced by removal of GHG from the atmosphere, including by natural storage in forests and other ecosystems as well as by technological removal and storage. [...] Several bills proposing net-zero emissions goals for the United States have been introduced in recent Congresses. Discussion of legislative proposals for U.S. net-zero emissions is beyond the scope of this analysis."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Procita, Kezee
2021-10-26
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Native American Heritage Month: Fact Sheet [Updated October 26, 2021]
From the Introduction: "Native American Heritage Month (also known as National American Indian Heritage Month) celebrates the contributions and achievements of Native Americans. November was first designated as National American Indian Heritage Month on August 3, 1990, by P.L. 101-343, To authorize and request the President to proclaim the month of November 1990, and thereafter as 'Native American Indian Heritage Month.' Since then, Presidents have issued annual proclamations promoting this observance. On June 26, 2009, P.L. 111-33, Native American Heritage Day Act of 2009, designated the Friday after Thanksgiving as Native American Heritage Day. This guide assists congressional offices with work related to Native American Heritage Month celebrations. It provides links to sample congressional speeches and recognitions, presidential proclamations, statistical data, cultural resources, and selected federal agencies and programs that focus on Native American issues. This guide also includes links to selected educational and advocacy organizations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Crane-Hirsch, Audrey Celeste
2021-10-26
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Palestinians: Background and U.S. Relations [Updated October 26, 2021]
From the Summary: "The Palestinians are an Arab people whose origins are in present-day Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. Congress pays close attention--through legislation and oversight--to the ongoing conflict between the Palestinians and Israel. The current structure of Palestinian governing entities dates to 1994. In that year, Israel agreed with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to permit a Palestinian Authority (PA) to exercise limited rule over Gaza and specified areas of the West Bank, subject to overarching Israeli military administration that dates back to the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. After the PA's establishment, U.S. policy toward the Palestinians focused on encouraging a peaceful resolution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, countering Palestinian terrorist groups, and aiding Palestinian goals on governance and economic development. Since then, Congress has appropriated more than $5 billion in bilateral aid to the Palestinians, who rely heavily on external donor assistance."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Zanotti, Jim
2021-10-26
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 2525, Domains Critical to Homeland Security Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on August 4, 2021. From the Document: "S. 2525 would authorize the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to identify and analyze potential threats to infrastructure, industries, technologies, and intellectual property critical to the economic security of the United States. The agency would be required to report its findings and recommendations to the Congress annually through 2026. The bill would authorize the appropriation of $1 million each year from 2022 through 2026 to carry out the new requirements. Using historical patterns of spending for similar programs and assuming appropriation of the authorized amounts, CBO estimates that implementing S. 2525 would cost $3 million over the 2022-2026 period and $2 million after 2026."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-10-25
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Defense Information Systems Agency Strategic Plan: FY2022-2024
From the Document: "This strategic plan focuses our efforts toward a shared transparency of understanding so that we can achieve the velocity of action needed to win. We are taking bold and decisive action to ensure that the information technology [IT] that supports our current and next-generation warfighters and weapons systems are protected from intrusion and attack while creating secure access to critical information -- anytime, anywhere. We are leveraging advances in automation to deliver and modernize capability at speed, while unifying security and the end-user experience to achieve an optimized enterprise IT environment. Achieving our strategic vision requires consolidating and standardizing IT services, adopting proactive early-warning monitoring or sensing practices, automating responses, migrating legacy services and capabilities to cloud-based offerings, and developing mobile capabilities at all classification levels so that our support to the mission is never diminished, regardless of work location."
United States. Defense Information Systems Agency
2021-10-25?
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H. Rept. 117-154: Real Justice for Our Veterans Act of 2021, Report to Accompany H.R. 4035, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, October 25, 2021
From the Purpose and Summary: "H.R. 4035, the 'Real Justice for Our Veterans Act,' would assist many of our nation's justice-involved veterans and would, in general, improve the delivery of services in veterans and drug courts. The bill has three discrete aims. First, the bill would expand data collection regarding the effectiveness of veterans treatment courts (VTCs). Second, it authorizes a pilot program that would investigate and promote promising retention models in veterans and drug treatment courts. And lastly, and perhaps most critically, it would open up drug treatment courts to veterans in areas where there may not be a veterans treatment courts. Each of these critical changes would promote higher participation and higher rehabilitation of veterans who have mental health and substance abuse issues."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2021-10-25
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 316, Fly Safe and Healthy Act of 2021
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on May 12, 2021. From the Document: "S. 316 would require the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) to establish a 180-day pilot program to conduct temperature checks for passengers, crew members, and other people who pass through security checkpoints at airports. Anyone with a fever would be subject to secondary medical screening for COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. Passengers with a fever who do not pass the secondary screening would be prohibited from flying but would be allowed to reschedule or to receive a voucher or a refund. Employees with a fever who do not pass the secondary screening would be prohibited from entering airport areas beyond the checkpoint and would be covered by their employer's current leave policies. Finally, the bill would require TSA to alert passengers to the program and to report to the Congress on the program's implementation. CBO assumes that the bill will be enacted by the end of calendar year 2021. Using information from TSA about similar programs, and assuming that the pilot program would be conducted at one large, one medium, and one small airport, CBO estimates that it would cost $18 million to implement S. 316; such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-10-25
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Defense Primer: Department of the Navy [Updated October 25, 2021]
From the Document: "The Department of the Navy (DON) is a single military department that includes two military services--the Navy and the Marine Corps. As such, DON has a single civilian leader, the Secretary of the Navy, and two four-star military service chiefs--an admiral whose title is the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), and a general whose title is the Commandant of the Marine Corps. Although the title 'Secretary of the Navy' includes only the term 'Navy,' the secretary serves as the civilian leader for both the Navy and Marine Corps. The CNO and the Commandant of the Marine Corps are members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS). The Secretary of the Navy is Carlos Del Toro, the CNO is Admiral Michael Gilday, and the Commandant of the Marine Corps is General David Berger."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-10-25
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Defense Primer: Geography, Strategy, and U.S. Force Design [Updated October 25, 2021]
From the Document: "World geography is an influence on U.S. strategy, which in turn helps shape the design of U.S. military forces. [...] Most of the world's people, resources, and economic activity are located not in the Western Hemisphere, but in the other hemisphere, particularly Eurasia. In response to this basic feature of world geography, U.S. policymakers for the last several decades have chosen to pursue, as a key element of U.S. national strategy, a goal of preventing the emergence of regional hegemons in Eurasia."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-10-25
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Military Medical Care: Frequently Asked Questions [Updated October 25, 2021]
From the Summary: "Military medical care is a congressionally authorized entitlement that has expanded in size and scope since the late 19th century. Chapters 55 and 56 of Title 10, U.S. Code entitle certain health benefits to military personnel, retirees, and their families. These health benefits are administered by a Military Health System (MHS). The primary objectives of the MHS, which includes the Defense Department's hospitals, clinics, and medical personnel, are (1) to maintain the health of military personnel so they can carry out their military missions, and (2) to be prepared to deliver health care during wartime. Health care services are delivered through either Department of Defense (DOD) medical facilities, known as 'military treatment facilities' (MTFs), as space is available, or through networks of participating civilian health care providers. As of 2020, the MHS operates 721 MTFs, employs nearly 61,000 civilians and 78,000 military personnel, and serves 9.6 million beneficiaries across the United States and in overseas locations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mendez, Bryce H. P.
2021-10-25
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Israel: Background and U.S. Relations in Brief [Updated October 25, 2021]
From the Summary: "Israel has forged close bilateral cooperation with the United States in many areas. U.S. law requires the executive branch to take certain actions to preserve Israel's 'qualitative military edge,' or QME, and expedites aid and arms sales to Israel in various ways. Additionally, a 10- year bilateral military aid memorandum of understanding--signed in 2016--commits the United States to provide Israel $3.3 billion in Foreign Military Financing and to spend $500 million annually on joint missile defense programs from FY2019 to FY2028, subject to congressional appropriations. In 2021, some Members of Congress have increased their scrutiny over Israel's use of U.S. security assistance, contributing to debate on the subject."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Zanotti, Jim
2021-10-25
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Defense Primer: Naval Forces [Updated October 25, 2021]
From the Document: "U.S. naval forces give the United States the ability to convert the world's oceans--a global commons that covers more than two-thirds of the planet's surface--into a medium of maneuver and operations for projecting U.S. power ashore and otherwise defending U.S. interests around the world. The ability to use the world's oceans in this manner--and to deny other countries the use of the world's oceans for taking actions against U.S. interests--constitutes an immense asymmetric advantage for the United States. As discussed elsewhere (see CRS [Congressional Research Service] In Focus IF10485, 'Defense Primer: Geography, Strategy, and U.S. Force Design', by Ronald O'Rourke), the size and composition of U.S. naval forces reflect the position of the United States as a Western Hemisphere power with a goal of preventing the emergence of regional hegemons in Eurasia. As a result, the U.S. Navy includes significant numbers of aircraft carriers, nuclear-powered attack submarines, large surface combatants, large amphibious ships, and underway replenishment ships."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-10-25
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Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA) [Updated October 25, 2021]
"Throughout much of the 20th century, domestic violence remained a hidden problem. Survivors (or victims) were hesitant to seek help, primarily because of fear of retaliation by their partners and concerns about leaving their communities. In the 1960s and 1970s, shelters and services for survivors became more widely available. In 1984, the Department of Justice (DOJ) issued a report that examined the scope and impact of domestic violence in the United States, and recommended improvements in law enforcement and community responses to offenses that were previously considered 'family matters.' As a result of efforts by advocates and DOJ, Congress held a series of hearings on domestic violence. In response, the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act [FVPSA] was enacted as Title III of the Child Abuse Amendments of 1984 (P.L. [Public Law] 98-457). [...] FVPSA supports temporary shelter and services for survivors, as well as children exposed to domestic and teen dating violence. The law currently authorizes three major activities: the National Domestic Violence Hotline; domestic violence shelters, victim services, and program support; and the Domestic Violence Prevention Enhancement and Leadership Through Alliances (DELTA) program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Billings, Kara Clifford
2021-10-25
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Cybersecurity: Comparison of Selected Cyber Incident Reporting Bills--In Brief [Updated October 25, 2021]
From the Introduction: "The 117th Congress has debated requirements for nonfederal entities to report to the federal government incidents of cyberattacks. As part of this debate, Members of Congress have introduced legislation seeking to address reporting requirements in different ways. This report compares selected bills addressing cyber incident reporting from the first session of the 117th Congress, specifically: [1] H.R. 5440, the Cyber Incident Reporting for Critical Infrastructure Act of 2021 (as introduced); [2] S. 2407, the Cyber Incident Notification Act of 2021 (as introduced); [3] S. 2875, the Cyber Incident Reporting Act of 2021 (as introduced); and [4] S. 2943, the Ransom Disclosure Act (as introduced)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jaikaran, Chris
2021-10-25
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Artemis: NASA's Program to Return Humans to the Moon [Updated October 25, 2021]
From the Document: "Between 1969 and 1972, the Apollo program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) landed 12 American men on the Moon and returned them safely to Earth (see 'Figure 1'). Since then, no human has been farther from Earth than low-Earth orbit, a few hundred miles up; the distance to the Moon is about 240,000 miles. Artemis, named for Apollo's twin sister in ancient Greek mythology, is NASA's program for a return to the Moon by American astronauts--one of them a woman--in 2024."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morgan, Daniel (Daniel L.)
2021-10-25
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MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, October 22, 2021: Severity of Disease Among Adults Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Before and During the Period of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Predominance -- COVID-NET, 14 States, January-August 2021
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This early release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "Severity of Disease Among Adults Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Before and During the Period of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 delta variant] Predominance -- COVID-NET, 14 States, January-August 2021." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from MMWR can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2021.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2021-10-22
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MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, October 22, 2021: COVID-19 Vaccination and Non-COVID-19 Mortality Risk -- Seven Integrated Health Care Organizations, United States, December 14, 2020-July 31, 2021
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This early release issue of MMWR contains the following article: " COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Vaccination and Non-COVID-19 Mortality Risk -- Seven Integrated Health Care Organizations, United States, December 14, 2020-July 31, 2021." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from MMWR can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2021.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2021-10-22
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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, October 22, 2021
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "HIV Infection and HIV-Associated Behaviors Among Persons Who Inject Drugs -- 23 Metropolitan Statistical Areas, United States, 2018"; "Self-Management Education Class Attendance and Health Care Provider Counseling for Physical Activity Among Adults with Arthritis -- United States, 2019"; "'Mycobacterium porcinum' Skin and Soft Tissue Infections After Vaccinations -- Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio, September 2018-February 2019"; "Temporal Trends in Dietary Sodium Intake Among Adults Aged ≥19 Years -- United States, 2003-2016"; "Effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA [messenger ribonucleic acid] Vaccination Against COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Hospitalization Among Persons Aged 12-18 Years -- United States, June-September 2021"; "Notes from the Field: Pediatric HIV Outbreak in Ratodero, Pakistan -- April 2019-April 2020"; and "QuickStats: Age-Adjusted Rates of Firearm-Related Homicide, by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex -- National Vital Statistics System, United States, 2019." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2021.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2021-10-22
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Association Between COVID-19 Relief Funds and Hospital Characteristics in the US
From the Abstract: "In response to financial stress created by the reduction in care during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, hospitals received financial assistance through the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act program. To date, the allocation of CARES Act funding is not well understood. [...] This cross-sectional analysis of US-based hospitals and health systems assesses the hospital characteristics associated with CARES Act funding with linear regression models using linked hospital and health system-level information on CARES Act funding with hospital characteristics from Hospital Cost Report data. [...] The analysis included 952 hospital-level entities with an average payment of $33.6 million, most of which was received during the first payment round. Wide ranges existed in CARES Act funding, with 24% of matched hospitals receiving less than $5 million in funding and 8% receiving more than $50 million. Academic-affiliated hospitals, hospitals with higher pre-COVID-19 assets and hospitals with higher COVID-19 cases received higher levels of funding, while critical access hospitals received lower levels of financial assistance. A 10% increase in hospital assets, endowment size, and COVID-19 cases was associated with 1.4% (95% CI, 0.8% to 2.0%; P = .003), 0.2% (95% CI, 0.1% to 0.3%; P < .001), and 3.5% (95% CI, 2.8% to 4.2%; P < .001) increases in CARES Act funding, respectively. [...] In this cross-sectional study of US hospitals and health systems, findings suggest that High-Impact Distribution CARES Act funds may have disproportionately gone to hospitals that were in a stronger financial situation prior to the pandemic compared with those that were not, but funds also went disproportionately to those that eventually had the most cases."
Journal of the American Medical Association (Firm)
Qureshi, Nabeel Shariq; Whaley, Christopher; Briscombe, Brian . . .
2021-10-22
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Levelling Up Health Care: Build the NHS Back Better
From the Foreword: "The Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has pushed every health-care system in the world to its limits. The NHS [National Health Service] is no exception. The acute short-term pressures it faces when combined with longer-term challenges like an ageing population are threatening to overwhelm the system. There is much talk of the NHS facing a 'winter crisis', but the truth is that we face a crisis that has been getting worse for years, not just over one season. [...] The care system's immediate and deeper challenges must be dealt with in tandem. A long-term plan is needed to address both. This paper sets out important recommendations on how this can be done. It argues that simply doing more of the same will get the same result: waiting times, for example, had been rising for years before the pandemic hit. The lesson from the 2000s is that only when far-reaching reforms were put in place - alongside the right level of resources - did services improve and waiting times fall. The paper rightly argues that by fully embracing the possibilities of technology, the care system can meet the challenges it faces. It is easy in the midst of day-to-day pressures to lose sight of the fact that the alignment between genomic science and data analytics is opening up the possibility of a system that is better able to prevent disease, personalise care and empower patients. The key job of the system's leaders is to have the courage to harness these technologies so that outcomes improve and inequalities narrow."
Tony Blair Institute for Global Change
Summers, Harry; Mant, Kitty; Ramli, Rania . . .
2021-10-22
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Defense Primer: Army Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) [Updated October 22, 2021]
From the Document: "As an operational concept, Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) influence what types of weapon systems and equipment the Army procures, what types and numbers of soldiers are needed, the organizational structure of the Army, and what type of training is required--all significant legislative concerns for Congress. As such, an understanding of MDO could prove beneficial for congressional oversight activities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Feickert, Andrew
2021-10-22
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H.R. 5376 Universal Paid Family and Medical Leave Benefit Formula, and the Distribution of Workers Across Selected Earnings Groups [October 22, 2021]
From the Document: "H.R. 5376 (Title XIII, Subtitle A) proposes a new federal cash benefit for eligible individuals engaged in certain types of family and medical caregiving [hyperlink]. Benefits would be calculated on a weekly basis (paid monthly) for up to a maximum of 12 workweeks of qualified caregiving in a benefit period (generally a 12-month period). The weekly benefit amount would be equal to the product of the 'weekly benefit rate' multiplied by the ratio of the number of creditable caregiving hours in the week to the number of hours in the regular workweek (i.e., weekly benefit rate x [hours of caregiving/hours in regular workweek]). Creditable caregiving hours may not exceed the number of hours in an individual's regular workweek (i.e., the ratio [hours of caregiving/hours in regular workweek] cannot exceed one). For example, an individual who regularly works 40 hours and has annual average earnings of $72,000 could claim a weekly benefit of $922 (based on a weekly benefit rate of $922 calculated as shown below) if they engaged in at least 40 caregiving hours; the weekly claim would be $466 (i.e., ½ x $922) if they provided 20 hours of caregiving."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Donovan, Sarah A.; Huston, Barry F.
2021-10-22
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DHS Strategic Framework for Addressing Climate Change
From the Executive Summary: "The impacts of climate change pose both an acute and a systemic threat to the safety, security, and prosperity of the United States. This human-induced warming has already led to changes in the environment, such as rising ocean temperatures, shrinking sea ice, rising sea levels, and ocean acidification. As our climate continues to warm, the Nation will experience even more extreme climate change related disasters, such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, coastal storms, and inland flooding. These hazards often disproportionately affect the Nation's most vulnerable communities. As the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) continues to support and coordinate across the homeland security enterprise to address impacts of climate change, the Department will also model best practices to mitigate our own carbon footprint and build resilient capacity to adapt to a rapidly changing environment. This Framework provides the overarching goals, principles, and lines of effort for the Department to counter the effects of climate change on the homeland and join in the global effort to mitigate climate change."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2021-10-21
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Climate Change and International Responses Increasing Challenges to US National Security Through 2040
From the Scope Note: "This National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) is in response to a Presidential tasking to assess the national security impacts of climate change. While climate change effects are forecast to intensify in the latter half of the 21st century and continue well beyond 2100, based on current emissions trends and technologies, this NIE assesses the near- (5-10 years) and medium-term (10-20 years) geopolitical implications abroad--we do not assess impacts to the homeland or DOD facilities."
United States. Office of the Director of National Intelligence
2021-10-21?
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Fact Sheet: Prioritizing Climate in Foreign Policy and National Security
From the Document: "Today the Biden-Harris Administration released a suite of analyses from core national security and foreign policy components of the U.S. Government, in coordination with the National Security Council staff, that will serve as a foundation for our critical work on climate and security moving forward. Today's announcements fulfill key requirements of both the January 27 Executive Order (EO) 14008 on Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad to put the climate crisis at the center of U.S. foreign policy and national security and the February 29 Executive Order (EO) 14013 on Rebuilding and Enhancing Programs to Resettle Refugees and Planning for the Impact of Climate Change on Migration."
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2021-10-21
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Emerging Military Technologies: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated October 21, 2021]
From the Summary: "Members of Congress and Pentagon officials are increasingly focused on developing emerging military technologies to enhance U.S. national security and keep pace with U.S. competitors. The U.S. military has long relied upon technological superiority to ensure its dominance in conflict and to underwrite U.S. national security. In recent years, however, technology has both rapidly evolved and rapidly proliferated--largely as a result of advances in the commercial sector. [...] This report provides an overview of selected emerging military technologies in the United States, China, and Russia: [1] artificial intelligence, [2] lethal autonomous weapons, [3] hypersonic weapons, [4] directed energy weapons, [5] biotechnology, and [6] quantum technology. It also discusses relevant initiatives within international institutions to monitor or regulate these technologies, considers the potential implications of emerging military technologies for warfighting, and outlines associated issues for Congress. These issues include the level and stability of funding for emerging technologies, the management structure for emerging technologies, the challenges associated with recruiting and retaining technology workers, the acquisitions process for rapidly evolving and dual-use technologies, the protection of emerging technologies from theft and expropriation, and the governance and regulation of emerging technologies. Such issues could hold implications for congressional authorization, appropriation, oversight, and treaty-making."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sayler, Kelley M.
2021-10-21
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 570, Offshore Accountability Act of 2021
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Natural Resources on October 13, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 570 would codify certain reporting requirements for firms that operate oil and gas facilities in the Outer Continental Shelf. The bill would set deadlines for reporting any failures of safety or pollution control equipment and would require operators to provide written analyses to the Secretary of the Interior on the causes of the failure and corrective actions taken. Those documents would be made available to the public on the Department of the Interior's (DOI's) website. The bill also would require operators to notify the Secretary of any changes made by equipment manufactures in response to such failures. CBO expects that the reporting requirements in H.R. 570 would not significantly increase administrative costs because the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, an agency within DOI, collects similar information under current law. CBO estimates that the administrative expenses associated with implementing H.R. 570 would be less than $500,000; such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-10-21
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 5221, Urban Indian Health Confer Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Natural Resources on October 13, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 5221 would require the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) to ensure that the Indian Health Service (IHS) and other agencies within HHS confer with Urban Indian Health Programs (UIHPs), to the maximum extent practicable, on matters relating to carrying out the Indian Health Care Improvement Act and other provisions of law relating to Indian health care. UIHPs are health care organizations that are grantees of IHS but are not considered federal entities nor part of the IHS system. There are currently 41 UIHP clinics that provide primary care services to a mix of Indian and non-Indian patients. CBO estimates that enacting H.R. 5221 would not affect direct spending or revenues and would have an insignificant effect on spending subject to appropriation for IHS and other agencies' staff to confer with representatives of UIHPs as needed."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-10-21
