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Chemical Warfare: Implications for Operation Desert Storm and Beyond
"This paper presents the potential for use of lethal and incapacitating chemical agents in the Persian Gulf. Insight from past chemical warfare case studies, current int'l law, and U.S. and Soviet policy, strategy and tactics provide a basis for examination of Iraq's chemical warfare potential and operational strategy. In addition, a survey of Naval War College students assesses the current U.S. Armed Forces level of chemical warfare readiness. This analysis combined with the U.S. experience and current war with Iraq as well as proposing a more viable operational capability to meet stated national policy in response to chemical weapons."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Trummer, Frederick G. Jr.; Twining, Bruce L.
1991-02-11
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Counterinsurgency: An American Political and Military Weakness
"Current American capability in counterinsurgency is analyzed by comparing past and present U.S. policy and military preparedness to operate within the revolutionary warfare environment. A comparison of U.S. policy and military capabilities is made concerning High Intensity Conflict (HIC), Medium Intensity Conflict (MIC), and Low Intensity Conflict (LIC) environments, and the results show a substantial weakness in the counterinsurgency arena. Although a reasonable policy has been established based on a legitimate threat analysis, American effort's to develop a strategy and organize, train, and equip, U.S. military forces to operate within the counterinsurgency environment are inadequate."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Schattle, Duane P.
1991-02-11
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U.S. Navy's Role in Joint Task Force (JTF) Counternarcotics Operations: 'Mission Impossible' or 'A Recipe for Success'
From the thesis abstract: "Title XI of the National Defense Authorization Act for 1989 assigned the Department of Defense responsibility to coordinate the detection and monitoring tenants of U.S. counternarcotics operations. After 18 months of joint detection, monitoring , and interdiction, coordinated through DoD's Joint Task Force (JTF), the results have been dispiriting at best. The U.S. Navy as the principle maritime/air detection and monitoring tenant has experienced problems with interoperability (technical equipment and operational methodology), intelligence hoarding, training, and parochialism amongst the various counternarcotics agencies. This paper highlights DoD's initial concerns about counternarcotics missions, limitations imposed by the Posse Comitatus Act, and discusses the U.S. Navy's role in JTF detection and monitoring operations."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Hagy, Richard E., II
1991-02-11
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Adjusting to a New Security Environment: The Defense Technology and Industrial Base Challenge
The size, form, and purpose of the United States anneal forces are all being examined along with questions of how much defense the Nation needs and how much it can afford. While no clear answers have yet emerged, there is a consensus that-despite Operation Desert Storm-as long as positive trends in U.S.-Soviet relations continue, U.S. defense procurement during the coming decade will be much less than in the preceding one. As a result, the defense technology and industrial base that develops and produces our military systems is currently in flux, changing in both size and form. OTA has been asked by several congressional committees and individual Members of Congress to conduct an assessment of what form the future defense technology and industrial base might take; what form it ought to take; what government policies can do to draw these two together; and how the sweeping changes expected in the base can be managed to minimize adverse economic effects and ensure sufficient future technology and industrial capability to meet the Nation's needs. To set the context for this assessment, this background paper outlines the complex defense technology and industrial base challenges that confront the Nation in adjusting to a new security environment. It examines the role of the defense technology and industrial base in maintaining America's security, and the major factors affecting the country's evolving security posture.
United States. Government Printing Office
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1991-02
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Stress Management: Model Program for Maintaining Firefighter Well-Being
"Stress is recognized as one of the most serious occupational hazards affecting a firefighter's health, well-being and career. On the other hand, we know that stress is not something to be avoided absolutely, as it is essential for vitality and optimal functioning. In this program, participants will learn about fire service stress and how to apply sound stress managing principles for the purpose of minimizing the health-ravaging and costly consequences of excessive stress. Participants will learn how to become active, competent architects of career and life."
United States Fire Administration
1991-02
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Lower Southeast Florida Hurricane Evacuation Study: Technical Assessment for Broward County
This study is an update of the, 1983 study for Broward county and is, intended to provide emergency management officials with detailed data quantifying the major factors involved in hurricane evacuation decision making. The development of the SLOSH model, as well as regional development and population growth, necessitated this update.
National Hurricane Center (2012- )
1991-02-01?
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Lower Southeast Florida Hurricane Evacuation Study: Technical Assessment for Palm Beach County
This study is an update of the 1983 study for Palm Beach county and is intended to provide emergency management officials with detailed data quantifying the major factors involved in hurricane evacuation decision making. The development of the SLOSH model, as well as regional development and population growth, necessitated this update.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1991-02-01?
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National Search and Rescue Manual Volume II: Planning Handbook
"This Manual, prepared under the direction of the Interagency Committee on Search and Rescue (ICSAR), provides guidance to federal agencies concerned with the implementation of the National Search and Rescue Plan. It was intended for use as a reference book for providing specific information and instruction for search and rescue (SAR) planners"
United States. Coast Guard; United States. Department of the Army; United States. Department of the Navy . . .
1991-02-01
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Health Evaluation Report 87-352-2097; International Association of Fire Fighters Anaheim, California
"The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was contacted by the health and safety department of the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) in 1987 and requested to conduct medical screening tests on the approximately 800 fire fighters who would be attending their convention in Anaheim, California. During October 18-22, 1987, NIOSH conducted audiometric testing on 333 fire fighters attending the Ninth Redmond Symposium on Occupational Health and Hazards of the Fire Service. Pulmonary function tests (PFT) were also conducted on an equal number of fire fighters attending the symposium. The results of the PFT examinations were sent to the individual fire fighters who had participated in the screening, but further population analyses of the PFT data were not conducted, based on a determination by NIOSH medical personnel."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Tubbs, Randy L. (Randy Lloyd)
1991-02
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Semiannual Report to Congress on the Effectiveness of the Civil Aviation Security Program: July 1, 1989-December 31, 1989
"The report includes an analysis of the current threat against civil aviation along with information regarding hijacking,attempts, security incidents, bomb threats,and passenger screening activity. It also summarizes ongoing activities to assure adequate protection of civil air commerce against hijacking/sabotage and related crimes, and other aspects of the Civil Aviation Security Program."
United States. Federal Aviation Administration
1991-02
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Lower Southeast Florida Hurricane Evacuation Study Technical Assessment: A Summary for Broward County
"One of the most hurricane vulnerable areas of the United States is the lower southeast coast of Florida. This area is comprised of Monroe County (the Florida Keys) and the mainland counties of Dade, Broward and Palm Beach. Historically, there have been many hurricanes which have affected this region, either directly or indirectly. This technical report is for the Broward County portion of the study area. The tracks of the primary storms affecting Broward County are shown on Figure 2-3, Chapter Two, Hazard Analysis. [...] The Lower Southeast Florida hurricane evacuation study is an update of the 1983 regional study for Monroe, Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach counties and is intended to provide emergency management officials with detailed data quantifying the major factors involved in hurricane evacuation decision making. This is a document that evaluates the evacuation procedures specifically for Broward County."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States. Army. Corps of Engineers; National Hurricane Center (2012- )
1991-02
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Executive Order 12743: Ordering the Ready Reserve of the Armed Forces to Active Duty
"I hereby order as follows: To provide additional authority to the Department of Defense and the Department of Transportation to respond to the continuing threat posed by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the authority under section 673 of title 10, United States Code, to order any unit, and any member not assigned to a unit organized to serve as a unit, in the Ready Reserve to active duty (other than for training) for not more than 24 consecutive months, is invoked and made available, according to its terms, to the Secretary concerned, subject, in the case of the Secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, to the direction of the Secretary of Defense. The term 'Secretary concerned' is defined in section 101(8) of title 10, United States Code, to mean the Secretary of the Army with respect to the Army; the Secretary of the Navy with respect to the Navy, the Marine Corps, and the Coast Guard when it is operating as a service in the Navy; the Secretary of the Air Force with respect to the Air Force; and, the Secretary of Transportation with respect to the Coast Guard when it is not operating as a service in the Navy."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Bush, George, 1924- 2018
1991-01-18
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Echelons Above Corps (EAC) Intelligence and Electronic Warfare (IEW) Operations
In the mid-seventies, two events created a void in echelons above corps (EAC) intelligence doctrine and force structure: the transition of Army doctrine from field Army to EAC and the implementation of decisions resulting from the Intelligence Organization and Stationing Study. In 1982, the Army Chief of Staff approved the changes resulting from this document for planning purposes. During this time, US Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) completed the EAC Intelligence, Security, and Electronic Warfare Architecture Study. This was the base document for EAC intelligence and electronic warfare (IEW) force development. FM 100-16, published in April 1985, incorporated key IEW doctrinal principles. This manual applies those principles to the Military Intelligence (MI) brigades EAC) that support IEW in different theaters. The brigades are the critical parts of the IEW structure established at EAC. The IEW
functions of the MI brigades EAC) forge the links with the EAC staff, the echelons above corps intelligence center EACIC), echelons corps and below (ECB), other MI brigade elements, other services, and national level intelligence agencies. This manual provides the doctrine for EAC IEW operations, including organizations, missions, functions, and capabilities of MI organizations at EAC. This manual further supports Army doctrine described in FM 100-5 and FM 100-20. This manual is not designed nor intended to be a descriptive tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) manual. The uniqueness
of the EAC theaters in which the IEW units are located prohibits such a task. The geographical and operational focus of the theaters, along with command and National Command Authorities (NCA) guidance, orients the specific IEW support missions; for example, functional and regional tailoring to best
achieve the assigned mission.
United States. Department of the Army
1991-01-15
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Operating Policies and Procedures Memorandum 91-1: El Salvadoran and Guatemalan Cases Subject to Temporary Protected Status and Settlement in American Baptist Churches v. Thornburgh--II
"The interim final regulations implementing temporary protected status ('TPS') pursuant to Sections 302 and 303 of the Immigration Act of 1990 have been forwarded to each Immigration Judge under separate cover. See 56 Federal Register 617-624 (January 7, 1991) as attached to Memorandum for All Immigration Judges dated January 8, 1991. Currently, TPS may apply only to El Salvadorans who entered the United States prior to September 19, 1990, and meet certain other statutory and regulatory requirements."
United States. Department of Justice. Executive Office for Immigration Review
Robie, William R.
1991-01-11
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Executive Order 12742: National Security Industrial Responsiveness
"The United States must have the capability to rapidly mobilize its resources in the interest of national security. Therefore, to achieve prompt delivery of articles, products, and materials to meet national security requirements, the Government may place orders and require priority performance of these orders."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Bush, George, 1924- 2018
1991-01-08
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National Security Strategy: The Counternarcotics Effort Revisited 1991
"The proliferation of illicit drugs threatens our nations security and raises questions about how the military can be used to support our nation's strategy to control illicit drugs. The civilian sector, the Administration, Congress, and the military have all wrestled with how best to combat this major social problem. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 represented the first step by the President and Congress to increase military involvement in the counternarcotics effort. Subsequently, the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 was passed. In 1989, amendments to Title XI of the Defense Authorization Act assigned the Department of Defense significant new responsibilities in the counternarcotics effort. Further, the amendments enhanced the role of the National Guard in the counternarcotics effort. The National Guard's role in supporting drug law enforcement agencies in the continental United States has received a great deal of attention in recent years. This study project revisits the issues of our country's counternarcotics effort, focusing on the role of the military. Through interviews, research and a survey, the study explores the mood of the nation in determining the amount of support that exists in our country for the use of military forces in controlling illicit drugs. The study provides insights to the critical questions: Does the nation support the use of the military in our effort to control illicit drugs? Does the nation support the Presidents National Drug Control Strategy?"
Army War College (U.S.)
Portante, Guido J.
1991
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Analysis of U.S. Military Presence in North East Asia - Does Our New Strategy Fit the Circumstances
"Since World War II, the United States has invested heavily in the Pacific Region. This region is now our largest trading partner. We have active security arrangements with Japan, the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, Thailand, and Australia. We also have non-treaty security relations with several other countries in the region. The possibility of a diminished Soviet threat, reductions in our defense budget and allies who have the ability to do more for their own defense, suggest that it is now desirable to reduce U.S. forces in the region."
National War College (U.S.)
Walters, Jimmy L.
1991
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Policing the New World Order: An Alternative Strategy
"The United States responded decisively in the recent Persian Gulf crisis. The Bush Administration considered successful resolution of this crisis a precursor to the 'new world order'. Many questions now confront policymakers as America approaches the 21st Century. A pressing question is: Can America continue to serve as the world's policeman? America's challenge for the 1990s is to avoid the trappings of world policing that past superpowers have experienced throughout history, a la Pax Britannica. The United States can achieve this by first, formulating its national security strategy to elevate the role of the United Nations as the world's policeman. Second, the United States' national security strategy should support establishment of a United Nations standing 'peacemaking' force. This force would provide the United Nations and international community a short notice military employment capability during the early 'warning period' of an impending crisis. Such a force would ultimately lower the United States' profile as the world policeman in the emerging new world order."
National War College (U.S.)
Huddleston, Louis D.
1991
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Soldiers and Legislators: A Common Mission
"Legislators and soldiers share a common mission. Both have the responsibility, in their own way, for maintaining the national defense. But despite the deep inter-involvement of the two institutions, serious misconceptions cloud many senior officers' understanding of Congress's role in national defense. Most officers can vaguely recall their youthful civics classes that described the process by which a bill becomes law, but they are often unprepared to face the powerful clash of interests that forms the modern legislative process. Military officers must be willing to shed their cynicism, naïveté, and even hypocrisy by learning how the constituency, modus operandi, and professional bias of legislators must necessarily differ from those of the military. By arriving at an understanding of the uniquely American legislative process and by appreciating the complex pressures on Congress, senior military leaders will more effectively contribute to the nation's defense."
Army War College (U.S.)
Ivany, Robert R., 1947-
1991
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Drugs on the Border: The Role of the Military
"Mention military involvement in counter-drugs, and the fictional Tom Clancy-conceived scenario above may provide the sort of images that come to the average American's mind. Bloody, violent acts committed against culpable drug smugglers are the stuff of best-selling fiction, but they are just that--fiction. The reality of military support is not so dramatic, but it constitutes a solid contribution to law enforcement and valuable, real-world training for the participating units. This is true wherever the military is involved and especially on the Southwest land border. Although the military has provided counter-drug support for a number of years, the issue came to the fore in the fall of 1989 when President Bush declared drug abuse to be the gravest domestic problem facing our nation and a threat to the national security. These sentiments were seconded by Secretary of Defense Cheney. who declared, The detection and countering of the production, trafficking, and use of illegal drugs is a high priority national security mission of the Department of Defense. Cheney further charged the military's major commanders with hemispheric responsibilities to draft plans on how they could contribute to the counter-drug effort. That these statements were reaffirmed one year later in the midst of Desert Shield is testament to their enduring importance and a tocsin call for military support. The danger that drugs pose to our nation needs little elaboration."
Army War College (U.S.)
Brown, Dale E.
1991
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U.S. Naval Flight Surgeon's Manual, Third Edition
"As we quickly approach the 21st Century, the Navy Medical Department stands ready to take on some of the greatest challenges it has ever faced. With the Cold War now a part of history, we must learn to operate within a new world order; one in which we must maintain our level of readiness within the context of an ever changing geopolitical environment. Critical to our future success in responding to the needs of the Fleet and Fleet Marine Force will be our ability to synthesize past experiences into our current knowledge base while simultaneously projecting requirements into the future. One important way of accomplishing such a task is by the sharing of information as quickly and efficiently as possible. The Third Edition of the Flight Surgeon's Manual represents a major tool in this process. It is the culmination of 13 years of effort in distilling out the very best of aerospace science and technology."
Naval Aerospace Medical Institute (U.S.)
1991
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Memorandum of Understanding on Port Readiness, Revision No. 2
"The purpose of this revision is to change, modify, or revise selected parts of both the original Memorandum of understanding (MOU) between the Department of Defense (DOD) and Department of Transportation (DOT) concerning Port Readiness, signed 7~January 1985, and Revision No. 1."
United States. Coast Guard
1991
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Chicken Processing Plant Fires: Hamlet, North Carolina and North Little Rock, Arkansas
"The U.S. Fire Administration [USFA] develops reports on selected major fires throughout the country. The fires usually involve multiple deaths or a large loss of property. But the primary criterion for deciding to do a report is whether it will result in significant 'lessons learned.' In some cases these lessons bring to light new knowledge about fire--the effect of building construction or contents, human behavior in fire, etc. In other cases, the lessons are not new but are serious enough to highlight once again, with yet another fire tragedy report. In some cases, special reports are developed to discuss events, drills, or new technologies which are of interest to the fire service. The reports are sent to fire magazines and are distributed at National and Regional fire meetings. The International Association of Fire Chiefs assists the USFA in disseminating the findings throughout the fire service. On a continuing basis the reports are available on request from the USFA; announcements of their availability are published widely in fire journals and newsletters. This body of work provides detailed information on the nature of the fire problem for policymakers who must decide on allocations of resources between fire and other pressing problems, and within the fire service to improve codes and code enforcement, training, public fire education, building technology, and other related areas."
United States Fire Administration
1991
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Statistical Report United States Attorneys' Office: Fiscal Year 1991
"The United States Attorneys under the supervision and direction of the Attorney General are responsible for the investigation and prosecution of those who violate our Nations laws and for asserting and defending the interests of the United States its departments and agencies through the conduct of civil litigation The United States Attorneys appointed to serve in the 94 federal judicial districts throughout the country are charged with carrying out these prosecution and litigation responsibilities within their respective districts. [...] As part of their prosecution and litigation efforts the United States Attorneys report to Washington information on the criminal and civil matters and cases they handle." The charts and tables presented in this report reflect a statistical summary of the matters and cases handled by the United States Attorneys.
Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys
1991?
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U.S. Defense Industrial Base Threats from Globalization
"The international security setting is undergoing the most consequential changes since the end of World War II. Forty years of Cold War confrontation, has giver, way to a new world order. Characterized first and foremost, by a fundamental shift in relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, this new order has permitted the increased democratization of Eastern Europe and has resulted in turmoil of uncertain outcome in the Soviet republics. In the wake of this remarkable reality, a host of other security concerns have followed or intensified: regional disputes across wide spectrum of conflict, drug trafficking, terrorism, and the proliferation of weapons of great destructiveness. Taken as a whole, this extraordinary period of transition, in international affairs has triggered a fundamental refinement of the United State's national security concerns and defense policy priorities."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Cordeaux, Raoul C.
1991-01-01
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Research on PTSD and Other Post-Traumatic Reactions: European Literature
"We are devoting two issues of the 'PTSD [Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder] Research Quarterly' to an historical survey of PTSD research in Europe. In this issue Drs. Weisæth and Eitinger, of the World Veterans Foundation International Socio-Medical Information Centre (WISMIC), present an introductory essay on the European PTSD literature, followed by a detailed examination of the Norwegian literature on traumatic stress. Our Summer 1991 issue will conclude this survey with a discussion of PTSD publications from Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, and the Netherlands. [...] The last two decades have seen in Western Europe a steady increase of research into traumatic stress, similar to that in the United States, with the exception of veteran studies. Only some of this modern research activity is reflected here. We have left out studies that have already been referred to in previous issues of this publication or in the 'WISMIC Newsletter', and have instead concentrated on some less available, but nevertheless important, studies written in languages other than English with which the American audience may not be so familiar. In Europe as well as in the United States, the 1980 introduction of the DSM-III diagnosis of PTSD helped to move traumatic stress research a further step forward. However, in our experience, the sum of the diagnostic criteria was rather arbitrary, over-emphasizing psychic numbing, but disregarding the importance of aggressive symptomatology. The PTSD label attracted so much attention that the significance of other elements perhaps was neglected. The revised version of PTSD has been an improvement, and the broader range of research items has produced a more balanced development, ensuring that the onesidedness of the past will not repeat itself."
National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (U.S.)
Weisaeth, Lars; Eitinger, Leo, 1912-1996
1991
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Criminal Acts against Civil Aviation- 1991
"Criminal acts against civil aviation is a compilation of hijackings, bombings and other significant criminal acts against civil and general aviation interests worldwide."
United States. Federal Aviation Administration
1991
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PTSD and Combat-Related Psychiatric Symptoms in Older Veterans
This article on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) analyzes PTSD and its symptoms among pre-Vietnam military veterans. The article reviews literature published prior to the use of the term "PTSD", as well as literature after its common use. From the article: "During the past decade PTSD researchers have shown increased interest in men who fought in wars prior to Vietnam. This issue of the PTSD Research Quarterly reviews the literature on combat-related psychiatric symptoms in these men. The review reflects publication trends and is divided into two sections. One section contains sources published before the introduction of PTSD into the diagnostic nomenclature by the third edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual in 1980. The other contains sources published after the formalization of PTSD as a diagnostic entity. [...] One gets a sense of déjà vu when reading the older sources. The authors seem highly insightful, because the questions asked (and many of the answers) are startlingly similar to those in more contemporary materials. However, it is important to note that none of these studies were as diagnostically pure as more current investigations, and few used instruments that we now consider necessary for assessing PTSD. A significant limitation of the current literature is the absence of information about the assessment and treatment of PTSD in older veterans. Another limitation is the absence of longitudinal studies. The exception to this rule (Elder & Clipp, 1988, 1989), as well as attempts to document developmental trends retrospectively, suggest that interesting changes may occur over the life span in conjunction with normal aging processes. An additional limitation is the absence of information about women and minorities. Research on Vietnam veterans has shown that it is important to consider gender and ethnicity when studying PTSD. Taken together, the findings reviewed above are troubling: PTSD currently exists in many veterans decades after their exposure to combat."
National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (U.S.)
Schnurr, Paula P.
1991
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Research on PTSD and Other Post-Traumatic Reactions: European Literature (Part II)
"This is the second of a two-part series by Drs. Weisæth and Eitinger on the European PTSD [Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder] literature. Our previous issue focused on Norwegian publications, and this issue concludes with a review of publications from other European countries. PTSD is a diagnosis that spans national and cultural boundaries, even though it is strictly defined as such only in the diagnostic manual of the American Psychiatric Association. Change is underway, however, to promote the systematic global use of the term. If the 1990 draft of the proposed ICD-10 (the International Classification of Diseases) is accepted, a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder will be used internationally. In addition, the ICD-10 proposes a diagnosis of 'acute stress reaction.' This must have an immediate onset, defined as developing within one hour of exposure to the exceptional mental or physical stressor. Some of our own prospective studies starting in the immediate aftermath have found a high predictive validity of an acute diagnosis. This lends support to such a diagnostic proposal, which could also eliminate the problem that the DSMIII- R diagnosis of PTSD applies only after one month. In some other studies, for example, one on rape victims (this issue), the acute response was not predictive of PTSD; a combined formula of risk factors was needed for prediction. In addition, the ICD-10 proposes a diagnosis of 'enduring personality change after catastrophic experiences' when the specific personality changes have been present for at least three years. The changes meeting the criteria will often have been preceded by a long-lasting post-traumatic stress disorder. There are extensive ongoing consultations between the ICD10 and DSM-IV committees. Summing up, it will be an exciting challenge for the researcher in traumatic stress over the next few years to determine diagnostic categories that match clinical reality."
National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (U.S.)
Weisaeth, Lars; Eitinger, Leo, 1912-1996
1991
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Animal Models for the Neurobiology of Trauma
This article on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) discusses the study of animal responses to extreme stress or trauma as a means to better understand and treat PTSD in humans. From the article: "The animal model of inescapable stress mimics the exposure to extreme stress seen in patients with PTSD. Animals exposed to inescapable stress develop specific behavioral changes including deficits of memory, learned helplessness, and conditioned fear responses to stressors, which are associated with long-term changes in multiple neurobiological systems. This model has proven useful in the study of the neurobiological and behavioral consequences of trauma. In this issue we review animal models and preclinical research on the neurobiology of trauma. [...] Clinicians will notice parallels between the behavioral and biological sequelae of inescapable stress and the phenomenology of PTSD symptoms in their patients. The animal model of inescapable stress parallels the experience of being pinned down in combat or being the victim of repeated assaults. Inescapable stress produces a variety of behaviors in animals including abnormal alarm states, aggression, sensitivity to stress, altered sleep patterns, deficits in learning and memory, and withdrawal. These behaviors resemble those seen in patients with PTSD. As reviewed above, there are also a variety of neurobiological alterations produced by exposure to inescapable stress. This may provide a framework in which to conduct investigations designed to determine if similar changes occur in PTSD. For instance, evidence from animal findings of alterations in noradrenergic brain systems is consistent with emerging findings of abnormalities in noradrenergic systems in patients with PTSD as evidenced by abnormal responses to the alpha-2 noradrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine. The identification of specific neurobiological abnormalities may lead to the development of new psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments based on the pathophysiology of PTSD."
National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (U.S.)
Bremner, J. Douglas, 1961-; Southwick, Stephen M.; Charney, Dennis S.
1991
