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State of the Nation: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey Report #23: Depression Among Young Adults

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From the Document: "Alongside the direct health impact of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] itself, there has been increasing recognition of the consequences of the pandemic for mental health. Initial attention focused on the front line health workers impacted by the first surge, but Americans have felt the impact of the pandemic and the strategies required to contain it far more broadly. [...] In our earlier 50-state survey wave in May, we noted substantial elevation in rates of depression (up to 27% across age groups), compared to historical norms using the same screening measure - in those aged 20-39, rates of moderate depression between 2013 and 2016 averaged to 7.7%. In this report, we examine whether rates of depression among people aged 18-24 changed during the summer and early fall, as the pandemic expanded and shifted to new regions of the US. We characterize mental health in more detail, looking at individual symptoms, including thoughts of suicide, generalized anxiety, and disruption in sleep. We also consider whether particular demographic subgroups are differentially impacted in terms of mental health."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Harvard Medical School; Rutgers University . . .

Perlis, Roy H.; Green, Jon; Quintana, Alexi . . .

2020-11-09
State of the Nation: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey Report #22: Executive Approval Update

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From the Document: "Despite the headwinds confronting the country in facing COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], approval of most governors' and President Trump's COVID-19 response did not change greatly between September and October in our survey. President Trump's approval has ticked up a point to 35%, which is still problematically low approval for the most salient issue in the 2020 election by far (in 49 out of 50 states, Alaska being the one exception, COVID-19 is ranked as 'the most important problem'). More generally, after suffering a decline in the spring, the President's approval rating has been flatline around his October rating of 35%. [...] We note that the most recent survey was conducted from October 2nd to 25th. We are in the midst of a large spike of cases in the US, and with enormous geographic variation. The number of daily cases has roughly doubled since we began the survey and has increased by 15% since it concluded. Thus, the question we will address in our next executive approval report is how the current spike in cases will have affected presidential and gubernatorial approval."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Harvard Medical School; Rutgers University . . .

Lazer, David; Quintana, Alexi; Green, Jon . . .

2020-10
Transforming Social Care Provision: First Steps Towards Sustained Innovation

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From the Website Description: "Long before the unprecedented pressures placed on adult social care by COVID19 [coronavirus disease 2019], it was evident that the challenges being faced by the sector were at risk of overwhelming it. Our targeted discussions on this topic predate COVID19, but we believe that recent events have made the conclusions presented here even more relevant. We are not focused on how to get ever more out of existing arrangements but, rather, on how to innovate. The demand for adult social care in the UK is rising and will continue to rise. But the supply of such care is struggling to keep up. The result is that increasing numbers of people are being left without some of the support they need. Part of the answer to matching supply to demand undoubtedly requires increased public funding. But another important contribution to more closely matching the provision of social care to the demand for it is innovation. Innovation in social care can enable more and better care to be delivered more cost-effectively. The main focus of this Perspective is on ideas to stimulate and sustain innovation in social care; and ideas for research to bring closer a system of sustainable social care innovation."

RAND Corporation

Ling, Tom; Sussex, Jon; Gkousis, Evangelos

2020-08
When the Great Equalizer Shuts Down: Schools, Peers, and Parents in Pandemic Times

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From the Abstract: "What are the effects of school closures during the Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic on children's education? Online education is an imperfect substitute for in-person learning, particularly for children from low-income families. Peer effects also change: Schools allow children from different socioeconomic backgrounds to mix together, and this effect is lost when schools are closed. Another factor is the response of parents, some of whom compensate for the changed environment through their own efforts, while others are unable to do so. The researchers examine the interaction of these factors with the aid of a structural model of skill formation. They find that school closures have a large and persistent effect on educational outcomes that is highly unequal. High school students from poor neighborhoods suffer a learning loss of 0.4 standard deviations, whereas children from rich neighborhoods remain unscathed. The channels operating through schools, peers, and parents all contribute to growing educational inequality during the pandemic."

Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.). Institute for Policy Research

Agostinelli, Francesco; Doepke, Matthias; Sorrenti, Giuseppe, 1985- . . .

2020-12-18
Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-Based Epidemics (ESSENCE): Overview, Components, and Public Health Applications

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From the Introduction: "In recent decades, public health disease surveillance relied on laboratory confirmation and passive participation. Often, the lack of automated detection and reporting resulted in time delays that impeded prompt mitigation activities. Public health institutions thus began using enhanced surveillance techniques with the potential for timely epidemic detection and tracking. These techniques have been incorporated in electronic and increasingly internet-based health surveillance systems for everyday use by health monitors. Intensive efforts to establish health surveillance systems occurred at multiple institutions and government agencies in the late 1990s. As a result, a substantial collection of review papers, system-specific evaluations, and evaluation criteria have emerged [...]. The Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-Based Epidemics (ESSENCE) system originated as a collaboration between two such projects. A project of Dr Michael Lewis, then a medical resident under Dr Julie Pavlin at the Walter Reed Army Institute for Research (WRAIR), applied US military clinic visit data for outbreak detection in a project called ESSENCE [...]. Concurrently, for the same purpose, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) combined civilian data from hospital emergency departments (EDs), physician office visits, over-the-counter (OTC) sales, and school absenteeism records, first with internal funding, then for the State of Maryland [...]. The two groups joined forces in anticipation of possible bioterrorist activity at the turn of the century as January 1, 2000, approached, and this collaboration, along with similar efforts at other institutions, led to further funded development in the multicenter Bio-Event Advanced Leading Indicator Recognition Technology (BioALIRT) program of 2001-2003 for the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency [...]. In leading one of four BioALIRT research teams, the JHU/APL and WRAIR groups further matured the ESSENCE system concept."

JMIR Publications

Burkom, Howard S.; Loschen, Wayne; Wojcik, Richard . . .

2021-06-21
Rural Adults Report Worse COVID-19 Impacts Than Urban Adults

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From the Document: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] infection and mortality rates have been higher in rural than in urban America since late-2020. However, the consequences of COVID-19 extend far beyond the deaths that it has caused. The pandemic itself, and the spread mitigation policies it prompted, may have negatively affected physical and mental health, employment and financial wellbeing, and social relationships. This brief uses data from a national survey of working-age adults (ages 18-64) collected in February and March of 2021 to describe rural-urban differences in reported impacts of COVID-19 on physical and mental health, employment, financial wellbeing, and social relationships. Nearly 3 out of 5 respondents (58%) reported that COVID-19 has had a negative impact on their lives. Across most outcomes, rural residents fared worse than their urban peers."

Syracuse University. Lerner Center for Public Health Promotion; Syracuse University. Center for Aging and Policy Studies

Monnat, Shannon M.

2022-03-15
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey Report #27: Trajectory of COVID-19-Related Behaviors in Illinois

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From the Document: "The number of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] cases in Illinois has risen sharply over the last two months, from about 2,000 new cases a day in late September to 10,000 or so currently. In this report we evaluate whether there have been significant changes in the behaviors that facilitate the spread of the disease. The COVID States Project has been conducting a 50-state survey roughly once a month since April about attitudes and behaviors around COVID-19. Here we focus on public-health related behaviors that facilitate/inhibit the spread of the disease. It has become apparent that behaviors of particular importance are (1) those which bring people into indoor proximity; and (2) mask wearing."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Harvard Medical School; Rutgers University . . .

Druckman, James N., 1971-; Lin, Jennifer, 1974-; Perlis, Roy H. . . .

2020-11-27
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey Report #29: Election Fairness and Trust in Institutions

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From the Document: "Between November 3 and 30, we surveyed 24,019 individuals across all 50 states plus the District of Columbia. The survey was conducted by PureSpectrum via an online, nonprobability sample, with state-level representative quotas for race/ethnicity, age, and gender (for methodological details on the other waves, see covidstates.org). In addition to balancing on these dimensions, we reweighted our data using demographic characteristics to match the U.S. population with respect to race/ethnicity, age, gender, education, and living in urban, suburban, or rural areas. This was the latest in a series of surveys we have been conducting since April 2020, examining attitudes and behaviors regarding COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] in the United States."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Harvard Medical School; Rutgers University . . .

Ognyanova, Katherine; Lazer, David; Baum, Matthew A., 1965- . . .

2020-12-11
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey Report #26: Trajectory of COVID-19-Related Behaviors

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From the Document: "The current state of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic in the United States is dire, with circumstances in the Upper Midwest particularly grim. In contrast, multiple countries around the world have shown that temporary changes in human behavior and consistent precautions, such as effective testing, contact tracing, and isolation, can slow transmission of COVID-19, allowing local economies to remain open and societal activities to approach normalcy as of today. These include island countries such as New Zealand, Taiwan, Iceland and Australia, and continental countries such as Norway, Uruguay, Thailand, Finland, and South Korea. These successes demonstrate that coordinated action to change behavior can control the pandemic. In this report, we evaluate how the human behaviors that have been shown to inhibit the spread of COVID-19 have evolved across the US since April, 2020. Our report is based on surveys that the COVID States Project has been conducting approximately every month since April in all 50 US states plus the District of Columbia. We address four primary questions: 1) What are the national trends in social distancing behaviors and mask wearing since April? 2) What are the trends among particular population subsets? 3) What are the trends across individual states plus DC? 4) What is the relationship, at the state level, between social distancing behaviors and mask wearing with the current prevalence of COVID-19?"

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Harvard Medical School; Rutgers University . . .

Lazer, David; Santillana, Mauricio; Perlis, Roy H. . . .

2020-11-27
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey Report #28: Public Support for Measures Aimed at Curbing COVID-19 in Massachusetts

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From the Document: "Over 10 survey waves, we polled 139,230 individuals across all 50 states plus the District of Columbia. The data were collected between April and November 2020 by PureSpectrum via an online, nonprobability sample, with state-level representative quotas for race/ethnicity, age, and gender. In addition to balancing on these dimensions, we reweighted our data using demographic characteristics to match the U.S. population with respect to race/ethnicity, age, gender, education, and living in urban, suburban, or rural areas. For this report, we focused on data from Massachusetts: a total of 919 respondents polled between October 1 and November 28. The data was weighed for demographics to match the population of the state."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Harvard Medical School; Rutgers University . . .

Baum, Matthew A., 1965-; Ognyanova, Katherine; Uslu, Ata A. . . .

2020-12-04
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey Report #43: COVID-19 Vaccine Rates and Attitudes Among Americans

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From the Executive Summary: "Who has been most likely to be vaccinated? And who is most likely to be vaccine resistant? Among the early, eligible individuals, who has received the vaccine, and who has refused to be vaccinated? In this report we address these questions by examining the relationship between various sociodemographic categories and vaccination rates, vaccination resistance, vaccination hesitancy, vaccine accessibility, and vaccine refusal. We examine both the current state of these relationships, as well as changes in vaccine resistance over time. We find strong relationships between these vaccine outcomes at the individual level and age, education, income, race, partisanship, gender, and urbanicity. All of these relationships are statistically significant in a multivariable analysis; but education stands out as a particularly powerful predictor. The divergent vaccination rate likely partially reflects the complex distribution process for the vaccine that has hurt those with the least resources and knowledge to navigate that complexity. Further, the emphasis in many states on mass vaccination sites reduces the contact of vaccine skeptics with the person best able to discuss the benefits and risks of vaccination: their primary care physicians [hyperlink]."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy; Harvard Medical School . . .

Lazer, David; Ognyanova, Katherine; Baum, Matthew A., 1965- . . .

2021-03-12
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey, Report #38: Public Perceptions of Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic

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From the Document: "One of President Joe Biden's top pandemic-related policy priorities has been to get children back into schools. The president and his advisors have cited multiple reasons for the urgency of doing so, ranging from nutrition to mental health to the quality of K-12 [kindergarten through twelfth grade] learning during the pandemic. Since March of 2020, American school children have faced a variety of learning environments, varying by time and place, and ranging from all-virtual school, to hybrids of part-virtual and part-in-person school, to all-in-person school. Schools have reopened, only to close again in response to local outbreaks. As with other aspects of the pandemic, community response has often been vocal and polarized. Some parents have pressured local school boards to open their neighborhood schools to in-person learning; others have applied pressure for the opposite: all virtual schooling until local covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] transmission is brought down to manageable and safe levels. In our December 2020 survey wave, we included a series of questions aimed at assessing the state of opinion regarding these topics."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Rutgers University; Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.) . . .

Baum, Matthew A., 1965-; Perlis, Roy H.; Green, Jon . . .

2021-02-05
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey, Report #36: Evaluation of COVID-19 Vaccine Communication Strategies

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From the Document: "This report outlines the current state of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] vaccine hesitancy (defined as preferring to delay vaccination) and resistance (defined as not wanting to take the vaccine at any point), as well as the results from two experiments designed to test strategies for increasing Americans' willingness to take the vaccine when it's available to them. We evaluate the results of two experiments testing different communication strategies to increase people's willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine. Key findings are that a variety of 'messages' are effective for reducing vaccine hesitancy and resistance, while 'messengers' are less effective and - in the case of partisan messengers - have the potential to 'increase' resistance among political out-groups. The most effective strategies evoked scientists and people's own doctors as endorsers of vaccination. We found, also, that messages evoking harm reduction and 'people you know' were more effective in counties where the virus is spreading more quickly."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Rutgers University; Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.) . . .

Green, Jon; Lazer, David; Ognyanova, Katherine . . .

2021-01-25
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey Report #59: What Americans Think About People Who Are Not Vaccinated

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From the Document: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] continues to spread in the United States, driven by the Delta variant and fueled by the large number of unvaccinated individuals in the country. As a result, the role of unvaccinated Americans has received increasing attention from political and media elites. CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] director Rochelle Walensky, for instance, called the current situation [hyperlink] 'a pandemic of the unvaccinated'. President Biden noted that [hyperlink] 'We have a pandemic for those who haven't gotten a vaccination. It's that basic, that simple.'' This rhetoric, in turn, has at times shifted into blaming the unvaccinated for the continued spread of the disease. [...] In this report, we evaluate how people feel about those who are vaccinated and those who are not. [...] Overall, our findings suggest that people's own vaccination status predicts how they are likely to feel about others."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy; Harvard Medical School . . .

Lin, Jennifer; Lazer, David; Baum, Matthew A., 1965- . . .

2021-08-04
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey, Report #35: Public Attitudes Towards COVID-19 Vaccines

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From the Executive Summary: "We present a variety of descriptive results on attitudes and beliefs regarding COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] vaccines. We find a notable consensus across population subgroups regarding order of prioritization for receiving vaccines, which roughly aligns with current policies. We additionally find that while there are generally positive attitudes and beliefs regarding vaccines, there are also some negative attitudes and misbeliefs that are especially common within certain demographics (political independents and, to a lesser extent, Republicans; Black respondents; and individuals ages 25-44). The reported results are based on data collected from 24,682 people between December 16, 2020 and January 10, 2021. For these descriptive analyses, we apply survey weights using national benchmarks for race, gender, age, education, Census region, and urbanicity."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Rutgers University; Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.) . . .

Green, Jon; Lazer, David; Ognyanova, Katherine . . .

2021-01-25
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey Report #41: The Trajectory of Health-Related Behaviors in New Jersey

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From the Document: "New Jersey is similar to other states in the northeast, in that it had its initial spike in COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] cases during March and April 2020, with a second wave that peaked in December 2020 and January 2021. This report presents an overview of key trends in the behavior of New Jersey residents since the first months of the pandemic, with respect to following health guidelines aimed at curbing the spread of COVID-19. [...] Residents of New Jersey closely followed the social distancing guidelines in the spring of 2020, but progressively relaxed their adherence to health recommendations over the summer and early fall of 2020. People once again became more careful about social distancing as COVID-19 case counts increased towards the end of 2020. Our most recent data indicate that as case numbers decreased in 2021, behaviors relaxed as well."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy; Harvard Medical School . . .

Ognyanova, Katherine; Druckman, James N., 1971-; Lazer, David . . .

2021-03-05
COVID-19 Relief Assistance to Small Businesses: Issues and Policy Options [Updated May 31, 2022]

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From the Summary: "The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several types of programs to support small businesses, including direct disaster loan programs for businesses, homeowners, and renters; loan guaranty and venture capital programs; management and technical assistance training programs; and contracting programs. Congressional interest in these programs has become especially acute in the wake of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic's widespread adverse economic impact on the national economy. This report provides a brief description of the SBA's programs and examines congressional action to assist small businesses during and immediately following the Great Recession (2007- 2009) and during the COVID-19 pandemic[.]"

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Dilger, Robert Jay, 1954-; Lindsay, Bruce R.

2022-05-31
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey, Report #30: Economic Hardships Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic

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From the Key Findings: "[1] Parents with children at home are more likely than respondents without children at home to have experienced all five economic hardships, while women with kids at home are more likely than men with kids at home to have experienced four of the five hardships. The overall gaps range from a low of 4 percentage points for eviction from their home (6% for parents vs. 2% for non-parents), to highs of 11 points for taking pay cuts (26% vs. 17%) and being unable to make a rent or mortgage payment (21% vs. 10%)[.] [2] Economic hardships are fairly evenly distributed across partisan groups and regions of the country. [3] Respondents who report having had COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] (whether diagnosed by a medical professional or otherwise) are more likely than respondents who report not having had had COVID-19 to have suffered a series of five economic hardships we included in the survey, including losing a job, being evicted from their home, being unable to pay rent or their mortgage, taking a pay cut, or having to cut back on work to take care of a child. [4] Hispanics are more likely than other racial/ethnic groups to have experienced all five economic hardships. [5] We find fairly wide variations across the 50 states in the percentages of residents having experienced economic hardships, and no consistent geographic patterns. COVID-related hardships appear to be generally widespread across the country."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Harvard Medical School; Rutgers University . . .

Baum, Matthew A., 1965-; Lin, Jennifer; Lazer, David . . .

2020-12-17
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey, Report #40: COVID-19 Vaccine Attitudes Among Healthcare Workers

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From the Executive Summary: "'In this report, we examine the demographic correlates of vaccination, vaccine hesitancy, and vaccine resistance among the subset of 1,797 respondents in the COVID [coronavirus disease] states survey who indicated that they are healthcare workers. We find that education, income, gender, race/ethnicity, and partisanship are strong predictors of vaccination rates recorded thus far, as well as of vaccine hesitancy and resistance.' Healthcare workers represent a microcosm of US society, and a consequential one. They are polarized in terms of income and education, ranging from physicians with extensive postgraduate education, to cleaning staff with less than a high school education. Healthcare workers also have taken a disproportionate brunt of the national response to COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], in terms of the physical and emotional labor to care for millions of sick people; to bid goodbye to hundreds of thousands; and to confront, by the nature of their work, the increased risks of exposure to the virus. They have also been among the first wave of recipients of COVID-19 vaccinations; and as such, they are doubly important. First, they may be predictive of what is to come in the rest of the US's vaccination campaign. Healthcare workers represent the first diverse population that has the opportunity to get vaccinated. As such, their responses regarding vaccine willingness are more proximate and less hypothetical than they are with our other survey respondents. Second, they may directly affect the willingness [hyperlink] of other Americans to be vaccinated, by dint of their high perceived credibility regarding issues of health."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Rutgers University; Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.) . . .

Lazer, David; Perlis, Roy H.; Ognyanova, Katherine . . .

2021-02
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey, Report #37: Gun Purchases During the COVID-19 Pandemic

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From the Document: "Gun purchases in the United States have increased dramatically since the start of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. Based on FBI data, the National Shooting Sports Foundation reported 21 million background checks for firearms sales [hyperlink] in 2020, up from 13.2 million the previous year and surpassing the previous record of 15.7 million in 2016. The biggest spikes occurred in March and June, as shown in Figure 1. While March is typically a month of high gun buying [hyperlink], this year saw a much sharper surge. June's spike in gun purchases is even more abnormal compared to previous years when gun purchases are typically close to their low point."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Rutgers University; Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.) . . .

Simonson, Matthew; Lazer, David; Perlis, Roy H. . . .

2021-02-05
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey, Report #32: Update on Public Support for Measures Aimed at Curbing COVID-19

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From the Summary: "In report 25, published in November, we evaluated public support for taking more aggressive measures to limit the spread of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. The key finding is that there is broad support for taking more steps to limit the spread of the disease. In a just completed survey, we repeated these questions, finding that opinions are virtually unchanged since November: large majorities across the 7 issue areas support taking more aggressive steps. The measure with the least support, which would be the most drastic step - requiring most businesses other than grocery stores and pharmacies to close - has exactly the same level of support we observed in November: 60%. The only step that has seen statistically significant erosion in support is restricting international travel, which has edged downward from November, from 88% to a still quite high 84%. Support across the 50 states plus DC also is quite high. In 43 states plus DC, majorities support all 7 measures; in 4 states majorities support 6 measures, and in three (Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming), majorities support 5 of 7 measures (the two exceptions being requiring most businesses to close and prohibiting K-12 [kindergarten through twelfth grade] schools from teaching in person)."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Rutgers University; Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.) . . .

Lazer, David; Quintana, Alexi; Baum, Matthew A., 1965- . . .

2021-01-15
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey, Report #34: Update on Holiday Gatherings in December 2020

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From the Document: "Public health officials have expressed concern that multi-household holiday gatherings might have driven a January surge of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] cases. As noted in report 31 [hyperlink], social distancing behaviors have generally been improving since late October, including in our most recent wave conducted over the holidays. However, the scope of our data collection regarding social distancing, which focused on proximity to others in the 24 hours preceding survey response, might have missed important spikes in proximity around Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year. Therefore, here we evaluate the responses from a survey conducted between December 16th and January 10th, to a separate question asking whether people had gathered for the holidays in November and December."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Rutgers University; Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.) . . .

Lazer, David; Quintana, Alexi; Baum, Matthew A., 1965- . . .

2021-01-25
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey, Report #33: Update on COVID-19 Test Turnaround Times Across the Country

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From the Key Takeaways: "1) Average wait times for COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] test results continue to fall steadily (from 3.9 days in March to 2.2 days in December). 2) Racial disparities still exist in testing times: in December, Hispanic and Black respondents waited 0.7 and 0.4 days longer than white respondents, respectively. 3) In December, the average respondent waited 2.4 days between seeking a test and obtaining a test. They waited another 2.2 days to receive test results. 4) Testing is still too slow to support effective contact tracing."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Rutgers University; Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.) . . .

Chwe, Hanyu; Quintana, Alexi; Lazer, David . . .

2021-01-15
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey, Report #49: Vaccinating America's Youth

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From the Document: "With Pfizer's COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] vaccine soon to be available to 12-15-year-olds [hyperlink], how prepared are Americans to vaccinate their children? And do they support requiring that children be vaccinated before returning to in-person school? In this report, we examine three aspects of childhood vaccinations: parents' resistance to vaccinating their children, support among all adults for making vaccinations a requirement in schools, and attitudes towards vaccination among youth."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy; Harvard Medical School . . .

Simonson, Matthew; Chwe, Hanyu; Lazer, David . . .

2021-05-04
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey, Report #55: Social Isolation During the COVID-19 Pandemic

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From the Document: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] is transmitted through physical proximity; as a result, reducing proximity has been the major preventive measure used against the pandemic until the recent introduction of vaccines. Has social isolation in the US increased during the pandemic? In this report, we examine trends in 'social support' (the resources and help that people can mobilize through their social networks) and 'social isolation' (when individuals have few or no relationships through which they can mobilize resources and help). In the surveys that we have been conducting from April 2020 to June 2021 in all 50 US states plus the District of Columbia, we ask four questions (drawn from prior studies) about the number of relationships respondents have available for different purposes. Specifically, we ask how many people respondents think they have in their complete social circle who they could count on for the following purposes: [1] to care for them if they fell ill and needed it (caring support); [2] to lend them money if they needed to borrow it (financial support); [3] to talk to if they had a problem, felt sad or depressed (emotional support); and [4] to help them if they needed to find a job (employment support). In this report, we focus on social isolation, which we define as having one or fewer relationships in a given category, a threshold used in prior studies."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy; Harvard Medical School . . .

Quintana, Alexi; Lazer, David; Perlis, Roy H. . . .

2021-07-06
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey, Report #46: Executive Approval Update

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From the Document: "As part of the COVID [coronavirus disease] states project, we have been asking people in all 50 states about their approval of their governors and the President. Since our last report on executive approval [hyperlink], which examined trends through October, 2020, there have been radical shifts in the pandemic, with huge surges of cases and deaths, followed by a dramatic drop since January [hyperlink]. Changes in executive approval during this time have been more subtle. See Figure 1 for approval trends overall, and Figure 2 for these trends separated by partisanship. [...] There were some notable trends with respect to partisanship and approval after the election. Although state-by-state numbers according to partisanship are quite noisy because of small sample sizes (see margins of error due to sample size at the state level in Table 1), we identify three major patterns."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy; Harvard Medical School . . .

Lazer, David; Uslu, Ata A.; Quintana, Alexi . . .

2021-03-22
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey, Report #48: Assessing the Impact of the Pause in J&J Vaccine Use on COVID Vaccination Intent

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From the Document: "On April 13 [2021], the FDA and CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] recommended a pause in the use of the Johnson and Johnson (J&J) COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] vaccine. This followed reports of a rare type of blood clot emerging in a small number of individuals following the use of the vaccine. This action raised serious concerns and criticisms of these agencies that the pause might lead to an increase in vaccine hesitancy and resistance in the United States. In this report, we evaluate the likely impact of the pause on vaccine resistance. We do this through two types of analyses, both of which took advantage of the fact that we began fielding our survey on April 1st, collecting over 8,000 responses before the April 13th pause, and continued beyond the April 23 suspension of the pause. The first analysis compares responses of individuals who participated in the survey before the pause to those who participated after the pause, to assess whether there was a post-pause change in intentions to vaccinate. For the second analysis, we conducted a smaller 'panel' survey following the pause, re-interviewing a subset of respondents who had participated in our survey before April 13th and indicated that they were not yet vaccinated. This allows an evaluation of whether particular individuals changed their view toward vaccination from shortly before the pause to shortly after the pause. Below, we first evaluate the public awareness of the pause, and then turn to analyses of changes in vaccine attitudes in each of these samples."

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy; Harvard Medical School . . .

Lazer, David; Ognyanova, Katherine; Green, Jon . . .

2021-04-30
COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey, Report #47: Update on COVID-19 Vaccine Attitudes Among Healthcare Workers

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From the Document: "This report is an update of our February report [hyperlink] on attitudes and vaccination rates of healthcare workers. The essential patterns are similar, with the obvious exception being the increased rates of vaccination. We focus on vaccination, vaccine resistance, vaccine hesitancy, vaccine access, and vaccine refusal." The previous report can be found at [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=850470].

Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy; Harvard Medical School . . .

Lazer, David; Ognyanova, Katherine; Green, Jon . . .

2021-03-22
Symptoms of COVID-19 Infection and Magnitude of Antibody Response in a Large Community-Based Study

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From the Abstract: "The majority of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] cases are asymptomatic, or minimally symptomatic with management in the home. Little is known about the frequency of specific symptoms in the general population, and how symptoms predict the magnitude of antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] infection. [...] The researchers quantified IgG [Immunoglobulin G] antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) in home-collected dried blood spot samples from 3,365 adults participating in a community-based seroprevalence study in the city of Chicago, USA, collected between June 24 and November 11, 2020."

Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.). Institute for Policy Research

McDade, Thomas; Schrock, Joshua; D'Aquila, Richard . . .

2021-02-19
Association Between COVID-19 Relief Funds and Hospital Characteristics in the US

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From the Abstract: "In response to financial stress created by the reduction in care during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, hospitals received financial assistance through the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act program. To date, the allocation of CARES Act funding is not well understood. [...] This cross-sectional analysis of US-based hospitals and health systems assesses the hospital characteristics associated with CARES Act funding with linear regression models using linked hospital and health system-level information on CARES Act funding with hospital characteristics from Hospital Cost Report data. [...] The analysis included 952 hospital-level entities with an average payment of $33.6 million, most of which was received during the first payment round. Wide ranges existed in CARES Act funding, with 24% of matched hospitals receiving less than $5 million in funding and 8% receiving more than $50 million. Academic-affiliated hospitals, hospitals with higher pre-COVID-19 assets and hospitals with higher COVID-19 cases received higher levels of funding, while critical access hospitals received lower levels of financial assistance. A 10% increase in hospital assets, endowment size, and COVID-19 cases was associated with 1.4% (95% CI, 0.8% to 2.0%; P = .003), 0.2% (95% CI, 0.1% to 0.3%; P < .001), and 3.5% (95% CI, 2.8% to 4.2%; P < .001) increases in CARES Act funding, respectively. [...] In this cross-sectional study of US hospitals and health systems, findings suggest that High-Impact Distribution CARES Act funds may have disproportionately gone to hospitals that were in a stronger financial situation prior to the pandemic compared with those that were not, but funds also went disproportionately to those that eventually had the most cases."

Journal of the American Medical Association (Firm)

Qureshi, Nabeel Shariq; Whaley, Christopher; Briscombe, Brian . . .

2021-10-22

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