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COVID-19: Federal Air Marshal Service Should Document Its Response to Cases and Facilitate Access to Testing, Report to Congressional Committees
From the Highlights: "In the U.S. there have been over 29 million cumulative reported cases of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] and about 524,000 reported deaths, as of March 23, 2021. Public health officials have recommended social distancing and other steps to reduce the spread of the disease, but air marshals often work on planes where they cannot fully adopt these measures. The CARES [Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security] Act included a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to conduct monitoring and oversight of the federal government's response to the COVID19 pandemic. This report examines (1) how many air marshals have been diagnosed with COVID-19; (2) FAMS's [U.S. Federal Air Marshal Service] steps to protect air marshals' health; and (3) how FAMS adapted its operations during the pandemic."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2021-06
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Improving the Availability and Affordability of Pandemic Risk Insurance: Projected Performance of Proposed Programs
From the Webpage: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic led to a substantial drop in U.S. economic activity in 2020. Businesses often purchase business interruption coverage for loss of revenue due to fires and other perils, but insurers have held that in most cases they are not obligated to cover the enormous losses caused by COVID-19. Now, insurers, insurance industry trade groups, policyholder groups, and Congress have developed proposals to expand the availability of insurance for pandemic-induced business closures or restrictions. The programs differ in several key dimensions, including the amount of risk borne by commercial insurers, the approach to paying claims, the extent to which the U.S. government receives a premium for the risk it bears, and the extent of policyholder subsidies. But the programs all seek to define benefits and the benefit distribution mechanism in advance rather than rely on programs hastily crafted after an event occurs. The authors describe the distinguishing features of the most-visible proposals and develop a quantitative model that projects their potential consequences. Proposed programs are evaluated in terms of the proportion of revenue decline replaced (efficacy), efficiency, affordability, the risk borne by the commercial insurers, expected annual government net outlays, and the amount of subsidy provided to policyholders. This analysis provides information useful to assessing the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches for improving the availability and affordability of pandemic risk insurance."
RAND Corporation
Dixon, Lloyd S.; Morikawa, Jamie
2021
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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, May 28, 2021
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Breastfeeding Initiation -- United States, 2019"; "HIV Viral Load Monitoring Among Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy -- Eight Sub-Saharan Africa Countries, 2013-2018"; "Mask Use and Ventilation Improvements to Reduce COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Incidence in Elementary Schools -- Georgia, November 16-December 11, 2020"; "COVID-19 Testing to Sustain In-Person Instruction and Extracurricular Activities in High Schools -- Utah, November 2020-March 2021"; "COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections Reported to CDC -- United States, January 1-April 30, 2021"; "'Notes from the Field': Impact of the COVID-19 Response on Scale-Up of HIV Viral Load Testing -- PEPFAR [U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief]-Supported Countries, January-June 2020"; and "'QuickStats': Percentage of Adults Aged 18-26 Years Who Ever Received a Human Papillomavirus Vaccine, by Race and Hispanic Origin and Sex -- National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2019." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2021.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2021-05-28
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Global Economic Effects of COVID-19 [Updated June 17, 2021]
From the Overview: "The World Health Organization (WHO) first declared COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] a world health emergency in January 2020; on March 11 it announced the viral outbreak was officially a pandemic, the highest level of health emergency. Since then, the emergency evolved into a global public health and economic crisis that affected the $90 trillion global economy beyond anything experienced in nearly a century. [...] By early March 2020, the focal point of infections shifted from China to Europe, especially Italy, but by April, the focus had shifted to the United States, where the number of infections had been accelerating. By April 2021, India and Brazil emerged as viral hot spots with the number of infections and deaths reaching daily record levels in those countries. [...] The infection has sickened over 174 million people globally with over 3.7 million fatalities. The United States reported that by mid-June 2021, over 33 million Americans had been diagnosed and nearly 600,000 had died from the virus. [...] During the G-7 (Group of Seven) summit in England on June 11, 2021, the United States and the other G-7 leaders announced they would provide a combined total of 1 billion doses of the COVID-19 vaccine in addition to lifesaving medical supplies, oxygen, diagnostics, therapeutics, and personal protective equipment (PPE) to low and middle income developing countries."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jackson, James K., 1949-; Weiss, Martin A.; Schwarzenberg, Andres B. . . .
2021-06-17
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COVID-19 and the State of K-12 Schools: Results and Technical Documentation from the Fall 2020 American Educator Panels COVID-19 Surveys
From the Webpage: "In spring 2020, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to an unprecedented and sweeping shift in the landscape of public schooling in the United States. Beginning in March, schools across the country closed their doors and adopted remote learning supports that varied in degree and type. In May 2020, researchers from the RAND Corporation drew on RAND's American Educator Panels (AEP) to both document how schools were navigating these challenging circumstances and examine disparities in the supports schools were able to provide to teachers and students. Several reports based on these surveys provided a nationally representative picture of teaching and learning throughout spring 2020. In October 2020, RAND researchers once again surveyed principals and teachers through the AEP to gather information about how educators are approaching and experiencing the 2020-2021 school year. This report provides additional information about the sample, survey instrument, and resultant data for the COVID-19 surveys that were administered to principals and teachers during October 2020 via the RAND Corporation's AEP."
RAND Corporation
Kaufman, Julia H.; Diliberti, Melissa; Hunter, Gerald Paul . . .
2020
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Potential WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 [June 16, 2021]
From the Document: "The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spurred biopharmaceutical companies to conduct costly and risky research and development (R&D) to develop vaccines and other products to respond to COVID-19. Firms have relied on intellectual property rights (IPR)to commercialize these products. Governments and nonprofits have funded and coordinated some of the underlying R&D. Some groups have voiced concerns over the impact of IPR on affordable access to these products for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). An active debate is unfolding in the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the role of IPR in the pandemic response. On May 5, U.S. Trade Representative Katherine Tai announced the Biden Administration's support for the concept of a waiver of the 1995 WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS ) for COVID-19 vaccines, and pledged to 'actively participate in text-based negotiations at the [WTO] to make that happen.' Many consider this notable, given the United States' history of advancing stronger IPR standards globally. Members of Congress have varying views on the issue."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias; Fergusson, Ian F.
2021-06-16
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Guidance on Allocating and Targeting Pandemic Influenza Vaccine
"This guidance is intended to provide strong advice to support planning an effective and consistent pandemic response by States and communities. Nevertheless, it is important that plans are flexible as the guidance may be modified based on the status of vaccine technology, the characteristics of pandemic illness, and risk groups for severe disease-factors that will remain unknown until a pandemic actually occurs. […] The goal of the pandemic influenza vaccination program is to vaccinate all persons in the United States who choose to be vaccinated. It is recognized that vaccine supply to meet this goal will likely not be available all at once, but rather, be produced at a rate that depends on both vaccine characteristics (antigen required) and manufacturing capacity. Given that influenza vaccine supply will increase incrementally as vaccine is produced during a pandemic, allocation decisions will have to be made. Such decisions should be based on publicly articulated and discussed program objectives and principles. The overarching objectives guiding vaccine allocation and use during a pandemic are to reduce the impact of the pandemic on health and minimize disruption to society and the economy. One of the most important findings of the working group analysis, and the strongest communication from the public and stakeholder meetings, was that there is no single, overriding objective for pandemic vaccination and no single target group to protect at the exclusion of others. Rather, there are several important objectives and, thus, vaccine should be allocated simultaneously to several groups."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services; United States. Department of Homeland Security
2008
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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, May 27, 2022
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Barriers to and Disparities in Access to Health Care Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years with Epilepsy -- United States, 2015 and 2017"; "Seizure- or Epilepsy-Related Emergency Department Visits Before and During the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Pandemic -- United States, 2019-2021"; "Multistate Outbreak of 'Listeria monocytogenes' Infections Linked to Fresh, Soft Hispanic-Style Cheese -- United States, 2021"; "Post-COVID Conditions Among Adult COVID-19 Survivors Aged 18-64 and ≥65 Years -- United States, March 2020-November 2021"; "'Notes from the Field': Self-Reported Health Symptoms Following Petroleum Contamination of a Drinking Water System -- Oahu, Hawaii, November 2021- February 2022"; and "'QuickStats': Percentage Distribution of Deaths Involving Injuries from Recreational and Nonrecreational Use of Watercraft, by Month -- United States, 2018-2020." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-05-27
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COVID-19 State of Vaccine Confidence Insights Report 24 (February 1 - 21, 2022)
From the Document: "By rapidly reviewing and analyzing numerous sources and inputs [...], the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] State of Vaccine Confidence Insights Report emphasizes major themes influencing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake. These are characterized by the level and type of threat to vaccine confidence, degree of spread, and directionality. In addition, by examining how consumers think and feel, social processes, and the practical issues around vaccination, the Insights Report seeks to identify emerging issues of misinformation, disinformation, and places where intervention efforts can improve vaccine confidence across the United States. The information in this report is only a snapshot, and certain populations may be underrepresented. Images and quotes are illustrative examples and are not meant to comprehensively cover all content related to the highlighted themes." Some major themes from this Insights Report include, "Consumers' interest in new COVID-19 vaccines from Ocugen-Bharat Biotech and Novavax, which are not yet FDA-authorized, but are WHO [World Health Organization] prequalified"; "Continued discussions on infection-induced immunity versus vaccine-induced immunity among the public"; "Increasing public perception that the pandemic is over; support for community mitigation efforts is waning"; "Myth emerged about a syndrome called Vaccine Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (VAIDS)"; and "Some parents are disappointed in the delay of COVID-19 vaccines for children less than 5 years old while others are strongly opposed to pediatric vaccines."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-03-28
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COVID-19 State of Vaccine Confidence Insights Report 25 (February 22 - March 14, 2022)
From the Document: "By rapidly reviewing and analyzing numerous sources and inputs [...], the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] State of Vaccine Confidence Insights Report emphasizes major themes influencing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake. These are characterized by the level and type of threat to vaccine confidence, degree of spread, and directionality. In addition, by examining how consumers think and feel, social processes, and the practical issues around vaccination, the Insights Report seeks to identify emerging issues of misinformation, disinformation, and places where intervention efforts can improve vaccine confidence across the United States. The information in this report is only a snapshot, and certain populations may be underrepresented. Images and quotes are illustrative examples and are not meant to comprehensively cover all content related to the highlighted themes." A major theme from this Insights Report involves "Consumers and news outlets expressed their frustration and lack of trust in CDC." Some "Continuing and Evolving Themes" include: "Consumers expressed pandemic fatigue and stated they would no longer practice prevention and mitigation strategies"; "The public continues to have questions and concerns about pediatric COVID-19 vaccines while others eagerly await Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for children under 5 years old"; "Consumers continue to have questions and concerns about the safety of COVID-19 vaccine"; and "Consumers continue to discuss their support or opposition to COVID-19 boosters."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-05-12
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COVID-19: Going Back to School Safely, Hearing of the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, United States Senate, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, Second Session on Examining COVID-19, Focusing on Going Back to School Safely, June 10, 2020
This is the June 10, 2020 hearing on "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]: Going Back to School Safely," held before the Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions. From the opening statement of Patty Murray: "[W]e are here today to discuss something else this country owes all young people and children and that is a quality of public education even in the middle of a global pandemic. COVID-19 has upended schools in ways that are truly unprecedented, creating chaos for educators and support staff, parents, and of course our students. [...] At a minimum, public health experts say before reopening classrooms, states should be able to provide widespread testing and contact tracing to follow-up in every single case of the virus. The Federal Government should also start planning now for the distribution of a safe and effective vaccine, which will be critical for schools ultimately returning to normal. But until we have a safe and effective vaccine, I am glad to see so many states and school leaders engaged in detailed scenario planning. Because before families send their children back to the classrooms, educators return to teach, they need to know schools have thought through every possible scenario." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Penny Schwinn, Matthew Blomstedt, Susana Cordova, and John B. King Jr.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022
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Clear Lines of Responsibility Would Facilitate Implementation of the National Biodefense Strategy
From the Key Takeaways: "[1] There has been little discussion of the current National Biodefense Strategy, the foundation for the federal government's pandemic preparedness and response. [2] The biodefense enterprise is currently extremely fragmented and requires a herculean level of coordination at the higher levels of the federal government. [3] Now is the time for the Administration and Congress to create better budgetary visibility and better lines of authority over the federal biodefense enterprise."
Heritage Foundation (Washington, D.C.)
Bartels, Frederico; Brookes, Peter
2020-06-01
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Coping During COVID: Veterans' Mental Health and Implementation of the Hannon Act, Hearing Before the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventeenth Congress, First Session, March 24, 2021
This is the March 24, 2021 hearing on "Coping During COVID [coronavirus disease]: Veterans' Mental Health and Implementation of the Hannon Act," held before the U.S. Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs. From the opening statement of Jon Tester: "Many of our men and women in uniform face isolation and mental health challenges when they return home from their service, and more than a year into his [sic] pandemic we now know that veterans across the country experience mental health concerns at higher rates than ever, and that is why it is important that we gather today to talk about the challenges veterans have faced accessing mental health care during this pandemic, and to hear from both the VA [Department of Veterans Affairs] and the DoD about what they are doing to address those concerns. [...] The Hannon Act combines some of the best ideas from veterans, VSOs [Veterans Service Organizations], VA, and mental health professionals to improve veterans' access to mental health care. It does so through strengthening telehealth and alternative therapies, better connections to care in the community, research through evidence-based treatments, and accountability for the VA's management of suicide prevention resources." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: David Carroll, Lisa K. Kearney, Tammy Barlet, Thomas Porter, Jim Lorraine, Clifford A. Smith, Matthew A. Miller, Karin A. Orvis, and Chad Bradford.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2021
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Paycheck Security: Economic Perspectives on Alternative Approaches to Protecting Workers' Pay During COVID-19, Virtual Hearing Before the Subcommittee on National Security, International Development and Monetary Policy of the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, Second Session, July 7, 2020
This is the July 7, 2020 hearing on "Paycheck Security: Economic Perspectives on Alternative Approaches to Protecting Workers' Pay During COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]" held before the Subcommittee on National Security, International Development and Monetary Policy of the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives. From the Opening Statement: "In February, before a pandemic was declared and the economic livelihood of Americans was placed in peril, I sent a letter, asking the White House, the Treasury Department, and the Federal Reserve how they planned to prevent a crisis from occurring due to COVID-19. I asked them what their strategy was to help protect American's health and the national economy. It would be months until that letter that I wrote with Chairmen Meeks, Green, and Clay would receive a response. Unfortunately, by that time it was clear, at least to me, that there was no plan. Because we did not plan, we have become a part of the virus' plan. Congress was forced to take unprecedented steps to rescue our economy and provide emergency assistance to American families and front-line workers through the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Lisa D. Cook, Lily Eskelsen Garcia, Joseph Stiglitz, and Diego Zuluaga.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2021
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Rising Stress and Burnout in Public Health: Results of a National Survey of the Public Health Workforce
From the Document: "Two years of COVID [coronavirus disease] response have contributed to increased stress and burnout, as well post-traumatic stress symptoms, according to the Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey (PH WINS), conducted between September 2021 and January 2022. At the same time, public health workers report that they remain committed to their jobs and communities. The survey by the de Beaumont Foundation and the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials collected the perceptions of nearly 45,000 staff in state and local government public health departments. Conducted in 2014, 2017, and 2021, PH WINS is the only nationally representative survey of state and local government public health employees. The survey collects information on engagement and satisfaction, intent to leave, training needs, and public health's most pressing issues, as well as demographic information. This research brief describes key findings from PH WINS 2021 related to satisfaction and engagement, mental health, and intent to leave. Additional data and analyses, including a methodological report, will be released in summer 2022 to provide a more detailed picture of the issues and needs of this vital workforce."
de Beaumont Foundation; Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (U.S.)
2022-03
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Private Health Insurance: Limited Data Hinders Understanding of Short-Term Plans' Role and Value During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Report to Congressional Committees
From the Highlights: "Millions of Americans who lost their jobs during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic also lost their ESI [employer-sponsored insurance]. Short-term plan insurance was one option for these consumers. However, these plans can be significantly different from other health coverage options for those losing ESI. Therefore, it is important to understand the role they play in the market and for individual consumers. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was responsible under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act for monitoring the federal government's pandemic response. In this report, GAO describes what is known about short-term plans and the role that they might play for individuals who lost ESI during the pandemic. Stakeholder views of the value of short-term plans in meeting consumer needs are also discussed. GAO conducted a literature search and review of studies on short-term plans and conducted interviews with national organizations such as the National Association of Insurance Commissioners. GAO also interviewed seven policy researchers selected to include diverse policy perspectives and stakeholders. This included (1) officials from six state insurance departments selected to represent different levels and types of regulation, and (2) representatives from four organizations that sell short-term plans."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-05
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United States-India Strategic Dialogue on Biosecurity: Report from the Eighth Dialogue Session, Focused on the Second Year of COVID-19 Responses in India and the United States and the Pandemic's Impact on Global Biosecurity
From the Executive Summary: "On February 8 and 9, 2022, the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security co-hosted a virtual dialogue session with the Regional Centre for Biotechnology of the Department of Biotechnology in the Indian Ministry of Science and Technology. The meeting focused on successes, challenges, opportunities, and lessons learned in the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] responses in India and the United States, and how COVID-19 responses can continue while also preparing for future health security crises. The dialogue focused on COVID-19 developments that occurred since the last meeting in January 2021. Discussions centered around national response efforts, mass vaccination, surveillance approaches, causes and biosecurity implications of COVID-19 misinformation and disinformation, synthetic biological risks, global biosecurity governance, and the need for future collaboration among countries and within the scientific community. The meeting convened senior thought leaders, scientists, public health practitioners, and medical experts from the United States and India. In accordance with the dialogue format, participants offered insights based on personal expertise and did not represent the government of either country in an official capacity."
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Center for Health Security
Gronvall, Gigi Kwik; Trotochaud, Marc; Cicero, Anita
2022-02
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United States-India Strategic Dialogue on Biosecurity: Report from the Seventh Dialogue Session, Focused on COVID-19 Responses in India and the United States: Lessons Learned and Path Forward
From the Executive Summary: "On January 26 and 27, 2021, the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security hosted a virtual dialogue discussion, focused on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) responses in India and the United States. The session explored lessons learned thus far and the path forward for both nations in responding to the pandemic. The meeting was held in collaboration with the Regional Centre for Biotechnology of the Department of Biotechnology in the Indian Ministry of Science and Technology. The dialogue focused on a range of emerging issues related to COVID-19, including national response efforts, security implications of COVID-19 with respect to bioterrorism/biodefense preparedness, biosafety and biosecurity, vaccine and therapeutics development and use, diagnostic and surveillance approaches, use of nonpharmaceutical interventions, health misinformation in the context of the pandemic, and political influence in response operations and policies. Through the discussion, participants gained an increased understanding of shared challenges in the responses of both the United States and India to COVID-19, which may be addressed to increase future preparedness. The meeting convened senior thought leaders, scientists, public health practitioners, and medical experts from the United States and India. In accordance with the dialogue format, participants offered insights based on personal expertise and did not represent the government of either country in an official capacity."
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Center for Health Security
Gronvall, Gigi Kwik; Trotochaud, Marc; Hosangadi, Divya . . .
2021-03
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Covid, Crime, and Climate Change in the Caribbean: 'Perspectives from the Participants of the Caribbean Defense and Security Course (CDSC) 2021'
From the Introduction: "Thanks to the online technology that we have all become well accustomed to, the Perry Center was able to organize a virtual CDSC [Caribbean Defense and Security Course] in August 2021 bringing together 48 participants from eleven Caribbean countries for a week of online learning and dialogue. Understandably, the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic permeated many of the academic sessions. Pandemics had been another bullet point on a long list of real and potential threats to the security of the region, but COVID-19 took these phenomena out of the realm of the theoretical and/or marginal (Zika, SARS [severe acute respiratory syndrome], Ebola, etc.) and placed them right at the center of global politics and national security. [...] Each CDSC participant was required to write a short essay, an Op-Ed of sorts, on a relevant topic of their choosing to complete the course. Here, we share a selection of eighteen of those 48 essays, chosen by Perry Center professors and written by soldiers, police officers, members of parliament, representatives of regional organizations, civilian government officials and journalists from the Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, Belize, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago. These essays cover the entire gamut of defense and security issues relevant to the Caribbean. We hope they provoke some thought among readers and help us all think more deeply and creatively about how our governments and institutions can work together as we emerge from the pandemic and move towards the new normal."
William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies
Paterson, Patrick J.
2022-03
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COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey, Report #50: Update on the Johnson & Johsnon Vaccine Pause Impact on Pubilc Vaccination Intent
From the Summary: "We evaluate whether the temporary pause of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine on April 13 negatively affected vaccine attitudes. We find no evidence that the pause affected vaccine intentions. However, the rapid rate of vaccinations has largely exhausted the number of vaccine enthusiastic people, likely driving the current slow down in vaccination rates. In our Report #48 from April 2021 [hyperlink], we showed findings from our most recent survey indicating that the FDA and CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]'s recommendation to temporarily pause the Johnson & Johnson vaccine did not affect overall trends in intentions to vaccinate in the United States, despite a majority of respondents indicating that they were aware of the decision. Here, we briefly elaborate on those findings using a multivariate regression." The previous report can be found at [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=868017].
Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy; Harvard Medical School . . .
Green, Jon; Lazer, David; Baum, Matthew A., 1965- . . .
2021-05-07
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Individual Differences in the Affective Response to Pandemic-Related Stressors in COVID-19 Health Care Workers
From the Abstract: "We investigated the evolving prevalence of mood and anxiety symptoms among health care workers from May 2020 to January 2021, risk factors for adverse outcomes, and characteristic modes of affective responses to pandemic-related stressors. [...] A total of 2307 health care workers (78.9% female, modal age 25-34 years) participated in an online survey assessing depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale) symptoms, demographic variables, and self-reported impact of pandemic-related stressors. A total of 334 subjects were reassessed 6 months later. [...] Clinically significant mood and anxiety symptoms are highly prevalent and persistent among health care workers, and are associated with numerous risk factors, the strongest of which are related to pandemic stressors and potentially modifiable. Interventions aimed at reducing social isolation and mitigating the impact of fear of infection warrant further study."
Elsevier (Firm)
Zebley, Benjamin; Wolk, Danielle; McAllister, Mary . . .
2021-12
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Two Years into the Pandemic, Charitable Food Remains a Key Resource for One in Six Adults: Findings from the December 2021 Well-Being and Basic Needs Survey
From the Document: "Despite federal stopgap policies and a substantial charitable food response to mitigate the effects of food insecurity during the pandemic, hunger remains a reality for many across the US struggling to make ends meet. Although charitable resources, such as food banks, were highly visible in the early months of the pandemic, they continue to be a crucial resource for families two years later. We analyze data from the December 2021 round of the Urban Institute's Well-Being and Basic Needs Survey (WBNS), a nationally representative survey of more than 8,000 adults ages 18 to 64, and compare those data to results from the December 2019 and December 2020 rounds to examine the trend in free-grocery or free-meal use. We also examine the characteristics and circumstances of people who sought charitable food during 2021, and we ask people who reported they had not used charitable food if they knew how to find these resources in their community and how comfortable they would be seeking this assistance."
Urban Institute; Income and Benefits Policy Center
Gupta, Poonam; Salas, Julio; Waxman, Elaine
2022-05
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SARS-CoV-2 Testing Prior to International Airline Travel, December 2020-May 2021
From the Abstract: "While there have been several case reports and simulation models of SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] transmission associated with air travel, there are limited data to guide testing strategy to minimize the risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and transmission onboard commercial aircraft. Among 9,853 passengers with a negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR [polymerase chain reaction] performed within 72 hours of departure from December 2020 through May 2021, five (0.05%) passengers with active SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified with rapid antigen tests and confirmed with rapid molecular test performed before and after an international flight from the United States to Italy. This translates to a case detection rate of one per 1970 travelers during a time of high prevalence of active infection in the United States. A negative molecular test for SARS-CoV-2 within 72 hours of international airline departure results in a low probability of active infection identified on antigen testing during commercial airline flight." This article will undergo additional copyediting before it is published in its final form.
Mayo Clinic; Elsevier (Firm)
Tande, Aaron J.; Binnicker, Matthew J.; Ting, Henry H. . . .
2021-08-26
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Strategies and Challenges in Feeding Out-Of-School Students: An Examination of School District Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic
From the Document: "With school districts across the country shuttered as a result of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, states and localities are urgently trying to determine new ways to provide nutritious meals to low-income students and their families. The United States' primary child nutrition programs are not designed to be emergency feeding systems but rather to provide free and reduced-price nutritious meals to students through the school system. Now, however, many school districts have become emergency community feeding centers for students (and in some notable cases their families) and will do so for an unknown length of time and with budgets that have been stretched increasingly thin. All of this is occurring under the cloud of a disease that has killed more than 43,000 Americans since the end of February. This brief examines the current landscape of state and federal policy changes, the unique challenges the COVID-19 pandemic is forcing school districts to navigate, the variety of models districts are currently using to deliver meals to students, and the situation's implications for policy changes or future emergencies."
Urban Institute
Schwabish, Jonathan A.; Joo, Nathan; Spievack, Natalie . . .
2020-04
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Federal Investment in Community-Driven Public Safety
From the Document: "The harms of trauma, victimization, and heavy justice system presence tend to cluster in communities experiencing concentrated poverty and multiple forms of disinvestment. These dynamics are particularly present in predominantly Black, Latinx, and Native American communities. Perspectives of people living in these communities and experiencing these harms are rarely incorporated into discussions about policy or budget priorities, and these residents are too often excluded from decisions about the public safety strategies and resources that affect them most. As a result, the policies and strategies that governments advance in the name of 'public safety' can have little to do with how communities define and understand safety. Governments expend tremendous resources on police, prosecution, and corrections but fail to sufficiently support the community infrastructure essential to well-being. This produces top-down public safety policy that is reactive and punitive, further entrenching systemic racism and economic inequality in ways that often destabilize communities rather than strengthening and protecting them."
Urban Institute
Jannetta, Jesse; Rejón, Fernando; Sakala, Leah
2020-09
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More Than One in Six Adults Were Food Insecure Two Months into the COVID-19 Recession: Findings from the May 14-27 Coronavirus Tracking Survey
From the Document: "In May 2020, food insecurity rates remained high but had moderated somewhat since the early weeks of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. Efforts to increase Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits and provide school meals and charitable food likely reduced pressure on food budgets for many households. However, not all adults whose families needed assistance with out-of-school meals reported receiving it. Adults with lower incomes, adults whose families have lost work or work-related income during the pandemic, non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic adults, parents living with children under 19, and adults with at least one noncitizen family member continued experiencing higher rates of food insecurity than other adults, further exacerbating social and health disparities across the country."
Urban Institute
Waxman, Elaine; Gupta, Poonam; Karpman, Michael
2020-07
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Food Insecurity Edged Back Up After COVID-19 Relief Expired: Findings from the September 11-28 Coronavirus Tracking Survey
From the Document: "Food insecurity decreased early in the pandemic between late March/early April and mid-to-late May, after stimulus checks were released to many Americans and a $600 weekly supplement to unemployment benefits was implemented. However, food insecurity edged back up the month after the unemployment benefit boost expired. In September 2020, one in five adults reported their households had experienced food insecurity in the prior 30 days, an increase of 1.7 percentage points since May 2020, according to new data from the Urban Institute's Coronavirus Tracking Survey. Nearly four in ten adults who reported they or a spouse or partner lost a job at some point during the pandemic reported being food insecure in the September survey, which was fielded just over one month after the weekly supplement to unemployment benefits expired at the end of July. Black and Hispanic/Latinx adults, two groups who have experienced significant negative economic and health impacts from COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], continued to experience food insecurity at rates approximately twice that of white adults. Parents with children under age 19 had similar rates of food insecurity in May and September, while adults not living with children experienced a statistically significant increase over the same period."
Urban Institute
Waxman, Elaine; Gupta, Poonam; Gonzalez, Dulce
2020-10
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Six Months into the Pandemic, 40 Percent of Parents with Young Children Have Experienced Economic Fallout: Findings from the September 11-28 Coronavirus Tracking Survey
From the Document: "Early childhood experiences play a crucial role in shaping outcomes in adulthood. But limited attention has been given to the risks associated with hardships currently being experienced by families with young children. In this brief, we examine how families with children under age 6 are faring six months into the pandemic. Using data from the most recent wave of the Coronavirus Tracking Survey, a nationally representative survey of nonelderly adults conducted September 11-28, 2020, we assess food insecurity and other key indicators of material hardship and well-being in September among families with young children."
Urban Institute
Waxman, Elaine; Gupta, Poonam; Gonzalez, Dulce
2020-12
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COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey Report #45: COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Resistance Among Parents
From the Document: "Are parents more skeptical of coronavirus vaccines than other adults? A 2017 study [hyperlink] by the Pew Research Center found that parents--especially those with younger children--are generally more vaccine hesitant than non-parents. Moreover, in recent years, increasing numbers of parents have either delayed or forgone entirely [hyperlink] having their children vaccinated against preventable diseases. The question thus arises as to whether this pattern applies to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] vaccine. In a December 2020 report [hyperlink], we found that substantial majorities of parents supported prohibiting in-person teaching in K-12 [kindergarten through twelfth grade] schools, and requiring that children be vaccinated before returning to in-person classes. But does this translate into an intention among parents to vaccinate themselves? In a subsequent report [hyperlink] (February 2021), we found stark divides in vaccine hesitancy by education, race, income, party, and other demographic factors. This raises the question of whether parents from all backgrounds are more skeptical than non-parents, or if vaccine skepticism among parents varies with party, race, or economic class. To address these questions, this report compares rates of vaccine hesitancy and resistance among respondents with or without children under age 18."
Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy; Harvard Medical School . . .
Simonson, Matthew; Baum, Matthew A., 1965-; Lazer, David . . .
2021-03-19
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Pain in the Nation 2022: The Epidemics of Alcohol, Drug, and Suicide Deaths
From the Introduction: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has intensified the nation's troubling long-term trends for alcohol, drug, and suicide deaths. [...] Five years ago, Trust for America's Health and Well Being Trust started the Pain in the Nation report series to examine the alcohol, drug, and suicide crises in the United States and called for a comprehensive National Resilience Strategy. [...] The first Pain in the Nation report projected that, if mortality trends held steady, drug-induced deaths would reach 28.4 deaths per 100,000 people in 2025. In reality, that projection was low and was reached by 2020--within half the time expected. Despite the various federal and state programs and policies implemented, they have not slowed the trends, and likely were insufficient--especially considering that the worldwide pandemic further exacerbated existing problems. The latest provisional data show fatal overdoses exceeding 100,000 Americans annually, driven by a significant rise in synthetic opioid and psychostimulant overdoses. Policymakers, health officials, and all Americans must recognize the shortcomings of existing policy efforts to address the ever-changing and escalating drug overdose crisis and also consider how to make progress in the years ahead. This brief includes three sections: (1) a look back at the past two decades of the drug overdose crisis and a reconsideration of policy priorities; (2) a review of the latest mortality trends from alcohol, drugs, and suicide; and (3) an outline of key policy solutions and recommendations to stem and reverse these trends."
Trust for America's Health; Well Being Trust
Warren, Molly
2022-05
