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Inspection Procedures for the COVID-19 Emergency Temporary Standard
From the Purpose: "The purpose of this Direction is to provide guidelines and establish uniform inspection and enforcement procedures for the (COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] emergency temporary standard, hereafter referred to as the ETS."
United States. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
2021-06-28
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Impact of COVID-19 on the Local Jail Population, January-June 2020
From the Document: "Local jails in the United States experienced a large decline (down 185,400 inmates) in their inmate populations from June 30, 2019 to June 30, 2020, which can be attributed mainly to the COVID-19 pandemic. The inmate population confined in local jails was 549,100 at the end of June 2020, down from 734,500 at the end of June 2019. The midyear 2020 inmate population was the lowest since 1996, when 518,500 inmates were confined in local jails (not shown in tables). The impact of COVID-19 on local jails began in March 2020, with a drop of 18% in the inmate population between the end of February and the end of March, followed by an 11% drop by the end of April. By the last weekday in April 2020, the number of jail inmates dropped to a low of 519,500. By the end of May 2020, the population increased about 3% and was up another 2% by the end of June 2020. The decline in the inmate population since midyear 2019 resulted from both a reduction in admissions to jails and expedited releases in response to the COVID-19 pandemic from March to June 2020."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Minton, Todd D.; Zeng, Zhen; Maruschak, Laura M.
2021-03
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Public Health Investigations of COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Cases
From the Background: "As of the end of March 2021, >30 million coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and >546,000 COVID-related deaths had been reported in the United States. Safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines are an important tool in controlling the pandemic. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for three COVID-19 vaccines. In large, randomized controlled trials, each vaccine was safe and efficacious for preventing symptomatic, laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 disease. There were no statistically significant differences in efficacy by age, gender, race, or comorbidities. Despite the high level of efficacy, a small number of breakthrough cases occurred. The phase 3 studies have not yet identified risk factors for vaccine breakthrough cases; however, approximately 44,000 people received the FDA-authorized vaccines during the clinical trials and follow-up is ongoing. In addition, several other COVID-19 vaccines are in late-stage development. [...] This protocol can be used to guide public health investigations of COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough cases."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
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Annual Report 2021: Citizenship and Immigration Services Ombudsman
From the Executive Summary: "The Office of the Citizenship and Immigration Services Ombudsman (CIS Ombudsman) 2021 Annual Report covers calendar year 2020, as well as key developments in early 2021, and contains: [1] An overview of the CIS Ombudsman's mission and services; [2] A review of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) programmatic and policy challenges during this reporting period; and [3] A detailed discussion of pervasive problems, recommendations, and best practices in the administration of our immigration laws."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of the Citizenship and Immigration Services Ombudsman
2021-06-30
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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines [July 8, 2021]
From the Introduction: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Treatment Guidelines have been developed to provide clinicians with guidance on how to care for patients with COVID-19. Because clinical information about the optimal management of COVID-19 is evolving quickly, these Guidelines will be updated frequently as published data and other authoritative information become available."
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
2021-07-08
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Covax and Global Access to Covid-19 Vaccines
From the Summary: "The development of Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] vaccines offers a potential pathway towards global recovery. However, the purchasing and administration of vaccines has been dominated by richer economies. [...] The Covax initiative [hyperlink] was established in April 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO), Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations. It aims to ensure fair access to Covid-19 vaccines, and to accelerate their production. [...] This briefing sets out how the Covax scheme works, the challenges faced in administrating vaccine campaigns in Africa, Asia and the Middle East, and the contributions of the UK and other high and upper-middle income economies to Covax and the distribution of vaccines."
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Library
Loft, Philip
2021-07-09
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Learning from the COVID-19 Pandemic to Address Climate Change [2020]
From the Document: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has dramatically revealed the difficulties society faces in dealing with extreme global events. As of July 24, 2020, in the United States alone, more than 4.1 million people have contracted the coronavirus and close to 150,000 have died from it. These numbers would have been much lower if public and private sector leaders had: [1] Recognized the cognitive biases that obstruct effective decision-making and action; [2] Heeded the advice of experts; [3] Designed a risk management strategy that addressed cognitive biases and took the concerns of experts into account We begin by examining why the United States did not use these strategies during the early stages of COVID-19 and why it imposed social distancing measures only after illness and death from the coronavirus ballooned in mid-March 2020. Using the lessons of the COVID-19 pandemic, we propose ways to implement a risk management strategy that would reduce the damage from climate change in the coming years by significantly reducing carbon emissions."
Management and Business Review
Kunreuther, Howard; Slovic, Paul, 1938-
2020
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Origins of COVID-19: An Investigation of the Wuhan Institute of Virology
From the Executive Summary: "More than one year after the World Health Organization declared a pandemic, the world is still reeling from the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] virus and the disease it causes, COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. More than four million people have lost their lives worldwide, including more than 612,000 Americans, while economies around the world have been devastated by the fallout. This report investigates the origin of this virus and looks at how it became a deadly pandemic."
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs
McCaul, Michael T.
2021-08
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Misinformation Mayhem: Social Media Platforms' Efforts to Combat Medical and Political Misinformation
From the Introduction: "Social media platforms today are playing an ever-expanding role in shaping the contours of today's information ecosystem. The events of recent months have driven home this development, as the platforms have shouldered the burden and attempted to rise to the challenge of ensuring that the public is informed - and not misinformed - about matters affecting our democratic institutions in the context of our elections, as well as about matters affecting our very health and lives in the context of the pandemic. This Article examines the extensive role recently assumed by social media platforms in the marketplace of ideas in the online sphere, with an emphasis on their efforts to combat medical misinformation in the context of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic as well as their efforts to combat false political speech in the 2020 election cycle. In the context of medical misinformation surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, this Article analyzes the extensive measures undertaken by the major social media platforms to combat such misinformation. In the context of misinformation in the political sphere, this Article examines the distinctive problems brought about by the microtargeting of political speech and by false political ads on social media in recent years, and the measures undertaken by major social media companies to address such problems. In both contexts, this Article examines the extent to which such measures are compatible with First Amendment substantive and procedural values."
George Washington University. Law School
Nunziato, Dawn C.
2020
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COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake Behavioral Science Task Force: Final Report - February 23, 2021
From the Executive Summary: "In this COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Vaccination Uptake Behavioral Science Task Force Final Report we integrate insights and concrete/practical recommendations from a high-level team of behavioral science experts regarding a specific question - how can we increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake among employees of long-term care facilities?"
University of Pennsylvania; University of California, Berkeley; Carnegie-Mellon University . . .
Barsade, Sigal; Chatman, Jennifer; Duckworth, Angela . . .
2021-02-23
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Risks and Restrictions: Striking the Right Balance
From the Overview: "Cases of the virus continue to rise in the UK, as do deaths and hospitalisations. While the vaccination programme is providing substantial protection, it does not remove the danger of the NHS [National Health Service] being overwhelmed again, and there are associated risks of additional pressures that come from all the untreated conditions and waiting lists that have accumulated over the course of the pandemic. Infections will continue to rise, putting an increasing number of people at risk of developing Long Covid [coronavirus disease]. [...] The problem with the government's present strategy is that it risks generating confusion that will undermine the efficacy of its approach. Our view is that everything is simpler to understand and implement if we are clear in the distinction between vaccinated and unvaccinated people. Otherwise we are in danger of loosening restrictions too extensively, for example, in relation to mask-wearing, while being too rigid in other instances, for example, the isolation provisions around NHS Track and Trace. We go on to explain here what we consider to be a far more balanced approach to risks and restrictions."
Tony Blair Institute for Global Change
De Boer, Joanna; Britto, David; Miller, Brianna . . .
2021-07-18
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Polypandemic: Munich Security Report Special Edition on Development, Fragility, and Conflict in the Era of Covid-19
From the Executive Summary: "With Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], the world is being confronted with multiple pandemics rather than just one. Covid-19 has provoked a polypandemic that is undermining development progress, exacerbating state fragility, and potentially further eroding international cooperation. If left unmitigated, the coronavirus pandemic and the pandemics that accompany it, including those of hunger, inequality, and authoritarian rule, will disproportionately hit those populations that were most vulnerable to begin with."
Munich Security Conference
Eisentraut, Sophie; Miehe, Luca; Hartmann, Laura M. . . .
2020-11
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Unequal Pandemic, Fairer Recovery: The COVID-19 Impact Inquiry Report
From the Introduction: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has had a profound impact on people's health and their livelihoods. By mid-March 2021, the pandemic had led to 119,000 excess deaths in the UK and in 2020 caused a 9.9% drop in GDP [gross domestic product]. The UK government and devolved governments have taken far-reaching action in attempts to suppress the virus: schools closed, routine health care suspended, and businesses and community facilities shut down. People's experiences of the pandemic have varied greatly. Not everyone faced the same risk of exposure to the virus nor equivalent severity in health outcomes. The measures taken to suppress the virus have affected people's lives and livelihoods differently - with both immediate and longer term consequences for people's health and wellbeing. [...] This report explores how the same factors contributing to this widening of health inequalities exposed the UK to a high death toll and reduced people's ability to deal with the subsequent economic shock. Drawing on an extensive body of evidence, this report identifies what has driven such outcomes during the pandemic."
Health Foundation (Great Britain)
Suleman, Mehrunisha; Webb, Caitlin; Sonthalia, Shreya . . .
2021-07
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Estimating SARS-CoV-2 Infections from Deaths, Confirmed Cases, Tests, and Random Surveys
From the Document: "There are multiple sources of data giving information about the number of SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] infections in the population, but all have major drawbacks, including biases and delayed reporting. For example, the number of confirmed cases largely underestimates the number of infections, and deaths lag infections substantially, while test positivity rates tend to greatly overestimate prevalence. Representative random prevalence surveys, the only putatively unbiased source, are sparse in time and space, and the results can come with big delays. Reliable estimates of population prevalence are necessary for understanding the spread of the virus and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. We develop a simple Bayesian framework to estimate viral prevalence by combining several of the main available data sources. It is based on a discrete-time Susceptible-Infected-Removed (SIR) model with time-varying reproductive parameter. Our model includes likelihood components that incorporate data on deaths due to the virus, confirmed cases, and the number of tests administered on each day. We anchor our inference with data from random-sample testing surveys in Indiana and Ohio. We use the results from these two states to calibrate the model on positive test counts and proceed to estimate the infection fatality rate and the number of new infections on each day in each state in the United States. We estimate the extent to which reported COVID [coronavirus disease] cases have underestimated true infection counts, which was large, especially in the first months of the pandemic. We explore the implications of our results for progress toward herd immunity."
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Irons, Nicholas J.; Raftery, Adrian E.
2021-07-26
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Unauthorized Immigrants' Access to COVID-19 Vaccines [February 25, 2021]
From the Document: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] vaccines have been widely viewed as a means of reducing the spread of COVID-19 and facilitating a return to work and school. In general, for COVID-19 vaccines to effectively reduce disease transmission, a large percentage of the population must be vaccinated. This includes anyone who resides in the United States regardless of their authorization to do so. This Insight covers the distribution of COVID-19 vaccine to unauthorized immigrants (sometimes referred to as 'undocumented') in the United States--a population that may face barriers to vaccine access."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Heisler, Elayne J., 1976-; Kolker, Abigail F.
2021-02-25
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Unauthorized Immigrants' Eligibility for COVID-19 Relief Benefits: In Brief [May 1, 2020]
From the Introduction: "Of the 44.4 million foreign-born individuals residing in the United States in 2017, about one-quarter (10.5 million) were estimated to be unauthorized immigrants. Nearly two-thirds of unauthorized immigrants have resided in the United States for over 10 years. The degree to which unauthorized immigrants should be accorded certain rights and privileges as a result of their residence in the United States has long been the subject of congressional interest, which has been heightened amidst the coronavirus pandemic and the congressional response to its impact on the economy. Prior to 1996, there was no uniform rule governing which categories of foreign nationals (i.e., 'aliens' ) residing in the United States were eligible for which government-provided benefits and services. Title IV of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA, P.L. 104-193) established comprehensive restrictions on the eligibility of noncitizens for federal public benefits. These restrictions applied to the majority of non-naturalized (i.e., non-U.S. citizen) foreign-born persons, including lawful permanent residents (also known as 'green card holders'), asylees and refugees, nonimmigrants, and unauthorized immigrants. This report focuses exclusively on the unauthorized population; it outlines their eligibility for federal benefits generally, and for benefits included in the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA; P.L. 116-127) and the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136) specifically."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kolker, Abigail F.
2020-05-01
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Long Time Coming: How the Immigration Bond and Detention System Created Today's COVID-19 Tinderbox
From the Executive Summary: "Immigrants detained by Immigration and Customs Enforcement are at increased risk of contracting COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] due to over-inflated jail populations, decreased access to medical care, and inadequate sanitation and hygiene. While this immediate health emergency brings immigration detention to a crisis point, there are underlying systemic problems that must be addressed. By examining immigration bond and detention this report aims to shed light on the immediate threat to detained immigrants and set forth a roadmap for a more humane system going forward."
Seton Hall University. School of Law
Mansoor, Hafsa; Comly, Katherine
2020-04-20
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Undocumented During COVID-19: Essential for the Economy but Excluded from Relief
From the Executive Summary: "Undocumented workers and their families are at the frontline of the response to the Coronavirus pandemic. Their work in essential sectors of the economy, from agriculture to medical services, is sustaining the U.S. economy and providing all Americans with vital products and services to survive during today's health and economic crisis. [...] In this brief, based on a technical report published by the UCLA [University of California, Los Angeles] North American Integration and Development Center (NAID), we quantify the economic contributions of undocumented workers to GDP [gross domestic product], employment, and tax revenues; we show the relative vulnerability of this group to the economic shocks caused by COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]; and we quantify the costs to GDP, employment, and tax revenue that result from excluding undocumented workers and their families from relief benefits."
North American Integration & Development Center; UCLA Latino Policy and Politics Initiative; UCLA Institute for Research on Labor and Employment
Ojeda, Raul Hinojosa; Robinson, Sherman; Dominguez-Villegas, Rodrigo . . .
2020-04-24
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What the World Health Organization Must Do to Earn Back U.S. Support
From the Key Takeaways: "[1] In a pandemic, a global health organization that is overly deferential to one nation and incapable of being an honest broker costs the very lives it exists to save. [2] While China deserves primary blame for the devastation of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], the WHO [World Health Organization] also played a key role by failing to alert the world to Beijing's lack of transparency. [3] The WHO's failures cannot be allowed to recur. Without change, it will fail again. It must implement reforms if it wants to restore confidence and earn U.S. support."
Heritage Foundation (Washington, D.C.); American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research
Schaefer, Brett D.; Pletka, Danielle
2020-08-06
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Detailed Study of Patients with Long-Haul COVID: An Analysis of Private Healthcare Claims
From the Summary: "Many patients recover from COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] within a few weeks, but some exhibit persistent or new symptoms more than four weeks after first being diagnosed. Patients with such post-COVID conditions are variously referred to as having long-haul COVID, long COVID or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Using longitudinal data from a database of over 34 billion private healthcare claim records, FAIR Health studied a total of 1,959,982 COVID-19 patients for the prevalence of post-COVID conditions 30 days or more after their initial diagnosis with COVID-19. To FAIR Health's knowledge, this is the largest population of COVID-19 patients so far studied for post-COVID conditions. The patients' post-COVID conditions were analyzed, with the most common conditions identified. Particular attention was given to age and gender, mental health conditions and death."
FAIR Health, Inc.
2021-06-15
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I-Recover: Management Protocol for Long Haul COVID-19 Syndrome (LHCS)
From the Document: "The approach outlined [herein] is a consensus protocol based on a collaboration led by Dr. Mobeen Syed ('Dr. Been'), Dr. Ram Yogendra, Dr. Bruce Patterson, Dr. Tina Peers, and the FLCCC [Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care] Alliance. Given the lack of clinical treatment trials of Long Haul COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Syndrome, these recommendations are based on the pathophysiologic mechanisms of COVID-19 and post-viral illnesses along with our collective experience observing profound and sustained clinical responses achieved with the treatment approaches [herein]. This protocol has also been used to treat post-vaccine inflammatory syndromes with similar success. As with all FLCCC Alliance protocols, the components, doses, and durations will evolve as more clinical data accumulates"
Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance
2021-06-16
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Guidance on 'Long COVID' as a Disability Under the Ada, Section 504, and Section 1557
From the Document: "Although many people with COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] get better within weeks, some people continue to experience symptoms that can last months after first being infected, or may have new or recurring symptoms at a later time. This can happen to anyone who has had COVID-19, even if the initial illness was mild. People with this condition are sometimes called 'long-haulers.' This condition is known as 'long COVID.' [...] This guidance explains that long COVID can be a disability under Titles II (state and local government) and III (public accommodations) of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504), and Section 1557 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Section 1557). Each of these federal laws protects people with disabilities from discrimination. This guidance also provides resources for additional information and best practices. This document focuses solely on long COVID, and does not address when COVID-19 may meet the legal definition of disability."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services. Office for Civil Rights; United States. Department of Justice. Civil Rights Division
2021-07-26
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Fact Sheet: Biden-Harris Administration Marks Anniversary of Americans with Disabilities Act and Announces Resources to Support Individuals with Long COVID, July 26, 2021
This fact sheet details the Biden-Harris administration's policies aimed at improving available resources for Americans with disabilities and providing expanded resources for Americans with long COVID (coronavirus disease). This document also presents clarification for Long COVID's classification as a disability.
United States. White House Office
2021-07-26
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Long-Term Immunological Health Consequences of COVID-19
From the Executive Summary: "As the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic continues, it has become clear that infection with SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] may be responsible for previously unexpected long-term immunological health consequences. The UK's immunologists have been at the forefront of researching the phenomena that we are seeing and the mechanisms behind them. This briefing note aims to summarise what we do and don't currently know about the long-term immunological health consequences of COVID-19 and sets out the key recommendations for future research. [...] The briefing note lays out several recommendations to help us understand what SARS-CoV-2 and our immune response to it does to our health over the long term. This includes using large cohort studies over a number of years to follow the health of those have been infected from diverse demographics. This type of longitudinal study is particularly important to aid knowledge on the long-term effects of COVID-19. Failure to seize this opportunity now has the potential to perpetuate chronic ill health in those patients recovering from COVID-19[.]"
British Society for Immunology
2020-08-13
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Short Report on Long COVID
From the Document: "This report is provided at the request of SAGE [Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies] and includes information from ongoing studies investigating long COVID [coronavirus disease] including the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Longitudinal Health and Wellbeing National Core Study-CONVALESCENCE Study, REACT-2 [Real-time Assessment of Community Transmission (REACT) Study-2], PHOSP-COVID [Post-hospitalisation COVID-19 study], ONS's [Office for National Statistics's] COVID-19 Infection Survey (CIS) and the COVID Symptom Study App [application]."
Great Britain. Office for National Statistics; COVID-19 Longitudinal Health and Wellbeing National Core Study
Park, Chloe; Chaturvedi, Nishi; Sterne, Jonathan A. C. . . .
2021-07-22
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How ACL's Disability and Aging Networks Can Help People with Long COVID
From the Document: "While most people with COVID-19 [coronavirus 2019] get better within weeks, some continue to have symptoms--or develop new ones--after their initial recovery. The technical term for this is 'Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2],' or PASC, but it is more commonly called 'long COVID.' People with long COVID are often called 'long-haulers.' Long COVID [hyperlink] can happen to anyone who has had COVID-19, even those who had only mild symptoms. It can persist for a long time, and severity can range from mild to incapacitating. If you have long COVID, you may need assistance to do things you did by yourself in the past. You also may need to make changes in your life or to your home to adapt to the changes in your abilities. [...] We compiled this guide to help you connect to services and supports in your community."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services. Administration for Community Living
2021-07
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Supporting Covid-19 Long Haulers: Anticipating the Needs of Employees in Response to COVID-19
From the Document: "As the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic continues to unfold globally, reports are emerging of some COVID-19 survivors experiencing longer-term symptoms (lasting more than 3 months) and/or experiencing new neurological symptoms after the acute COVID-19 illness has passed. While extensive research has been ongoing throughout the pandemic as it relates to prevention, risk reduction and treatment of the COVID-19 disease [...], more focus is now being directed towards better understanding the long-term health impacts of this disease. Studies so far have shown that of those who have been infected with COVID-19 and hospitalized, 50-80% continue to experience lingering virus symptoms three months after the start of the infection -- even after tests no longer detect the virus in the body. When looking at a population more broadly, 30% of a cohort of people with COVID-19, including those seen in an outpatient setting, experienced ongoing symptoms. Because these individuals have persistent symptoms, some of which may limit return to work, employers need to consider how to support them returning to work with a focus on workplace accommodations and flexibility in time away."
Aon Corporation
2021
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COVID-19 'Long Hauler' Symptoms Survey Report
From the Context: "Many members of Survivor Corps report suffering from long-term symptoms of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] and have taken to calling themselves 'Long Haulers.' The forum founder, Diana Berrent, posted a survey on the Survivor Corps Facebook page asking members who identified as Long Haulers to respond by selecting all of the COVID-19-related symptoms they have experienced. The survey symptom list was based on initial COVID-19 research conducted by researchers affiliated with Survivor Corps, Dr. Natalie Lambert at Indiana University School of Medicine and Dr. Wendy Chung at Colombia University Irving Medical Center. The survey was made 'open' so that survey participants could add symptoms to the list, and then future participants could also select the participant-added symptoms."
Indiana University School of Medicine
Lambert, Natalie J.; Survivor Corps
2020-07-25
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In the Wake of the Pandemic: Preparing for Long COVID
From the Foreword: "Over the past year the world has tracked the progress of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic using data on cases and deaths. Yet we now know that these provide only a partial picture. Many people struggle to recover from the acute infection, suffering often disabling symptoms that last weeks or months and, in some cases, with disabilities that are likely to be very long lasting. Our understanding of this new condition, now termed Long COVID [coronavirus disease], is growing rapidly. For this, we owe a great deal to many people, but especially to those affected who have come together to document, analyse and report on the complex nature of this condition and its impact on their lives, as well as the health professionals, in some cases themselves suffering from Long COVID, who have initiated important research projects. This policy brief seeks to raise awareness of Long COVID and to provide a resource for those in decision-making roles, setting out in basic terms what we know about this condition and what the policy options are for developing a response that leaves no one behind."
World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe; European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies
Rajan, Selina; Khunti, Kamlesh; Alwan, Nisreen . . .
2021
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Biodefense: After-Action Findings and COVID-19 Response Revealed Opportunities to Strengthen Preparedness, Report to Congressional Committees
From the Highlights: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic shows how catastrophic biological incidents can cause substantial loss of life, economic damage, and require a whole-of-nation response involving multiple federal and nonfederal entities. The 2018 National Biodefense Strategy outlines specific goals and objectives to help prepare for and respond to such incidents. The CARES [Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act] Act includes a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to conduct monitoring and oversight of federal efforts to prepare for, respond to, and recover from COVID-19. This report addresses: (1) interagency plans key federal agencies developed, and exercises they conducted, to help prepare for biological incidents; and (2) the extent to which exercises and real-world incidents revealed opportunities to better achieve National Biodefense Strategy objectives. GAO reviewed biological incident plans and after-action reports from exercises and real-world incidents from calendar years 2009 through 2019, including a non-generalizable sample of 19 reports selected based on threat scenario and other factors. GAO interviewed federal and state officials to obtain their perspectives on plans, exercises, and the COVID-19 response."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2021-08
