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Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Weekly Epidemiological Update [20 September 2020]
From the Document: "To date, over 30.6 million COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] cases and 950,000 deaths have been reported to WHO [World Health Organization]. From 14 through 20 September, there were almost 2 million new cases of COVID-19, which represents a 6% increase compared to the previous week, and the highest number of reported cases in a single week since the beginning of the epidemic. During the same period, there was a 10% decrease in the number of deaths, with 36,764 deaths reported in the past seven days."
World Health Organization
2020-09-20
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Symptoms Vary: Understanding Americans' Differing Views on COVID-19, Ebola, and Zika
From the Key Findings: "[1] Compared to the 2014-2016 Ebola virus outbreak and the 2016 Zika virus outbreak, Americans are more concerned about the coronavirus outbreak, more dissatisfied with the government's response, and more willing to close the country's borders -- especially to foreign citizens. [2] Americans' attitudes toward these three outbreaks are tied to basic biological predispositions, particularly their sensitivity to the threat of contamination, also known as disgust sensitivity. Disgust appears to create more concern about the outbreaks and a greater willingness to take protective steps, such as social distancing. [3] Democrats and Republicans have reacted differently to these outbreaks. Republicans were more concerned about Ebola than were Democrats, and as much if not more concerned about Ebola than the coronavirus."
Democracy Fund Voter Study Group
Kam, Cindy D., 1975-; Sides, John
2020-07
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Nature of Work After the COVID Crisis: Too Few Low-Wage Jobs
From the Introduction: "Prior to the onset of the COVID [coronavirus disease] crisis, the industrialized world was undergoing rapid employment growth, so much so that The Economist magazine declared in May 2019, 'Most of the rich world is enjoying a jobs boom of unprecedented scope' ('The Economist '2019). Despite these encouraging trends, a cross-national Pew Research Center survey conducted in 2018 found that majorities of citizens in advanced and emerging economies anticipated that robots and computers would probably or definitely take over many jobs, exacerbating inequality, and making it more difficult to find work (Wike and Stokes 2018). The COVID crisis has upended these predictions, bringing to an end the longest economic expansion in U.S. history and causing a worldwide spike in unemployment.Ironically, technological advances generally, and automation specifically, had almost nothing to do with this reversal of fortune. Should we now stop worrying about technological unemployment and focus instead on conventional threats? Or are all prior bets simply off? In our view, the answer to both questions is 'no.' The current COVID crisis makes the trajectory of automation's impact on employment more readily discernible, and what we see provides no grounds for setting aside our concerns."
Hamilton Project
Autor, David H.; Reynolds, Elisabeth B.
2020-07
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Guiding Principles for Immigration Policy in a Post-Pandemic World
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has shone a spotlight on inequalities in U.S. society. By the end of June 2020 more than two and a half million people have been diagnosed with COVID-19 and more than 130,000 people have died across all 50 states; yet not all communities have been hit evenly. [...] While the nation's response to the pandemic has been flawed-- with a terrible loss of life and economic suffering--the tragedy of the pandemic and policy responses represents an opportunity for a reset in thinking to inform public deliberation. Where there has been success in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic consequences two common elements stand out: decentralized decision-making and approaches that have emphasized positive sum solutions, where benefits to an individual are not at the expense of others and may even bring benefits to others. With little clear national leadership, decisions were made at the state and local level; calls for isolation, lockdown, and social distancing to 'flatten the curve' were grounded in the argument that the health of each of us depended on the actions of all of us. Considering the future of immigration policy, efforts to find decentralized and positive-sum solutions may be useful guiding principles to think about in the months and years to come."
Utah State University. Center for Growth and Opportunity
Waslin, Michele; Witte, James
2020-07
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Case of Economic Openness in the Time of Coronavirus
From the Document: "After decades of increased income inequality and slow or stagnant wage growth, many Americans have concluded that the economy no longer works for them. Sadly, these views are well-supported by economic statistics that show a divergence between growth in national income - which remains quite strong - and growth in the income of a typical household - which is far flatter. These trends have only exasperated other types of inequality among groups, including the racial disparities that drive recent protests. The coronavirus crisis has placed inequality in a particularly harsh light, as the poor and vulnerable have been far more likely to suffer illness and death, and far more likely to face job loss and economic adversity. [...] The first task is to ensure economic recovery from the coronavirus. [...] Second, we need a tax system that is suited for our present economic challenges. [...] Finally, we also need to help workers and communities that are left behind, whether due to technological progress, domestic competition , or competition from aboard."
Utah State University. Center for Growth and Opportunity
Clausing, Kimberly A.
2020-07
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Openness is as Important Now as it Has Ever Been
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has shaken the world. Faced with the lack of medical treatment or a vaccine, nations around the globe have opted for the only remedy known against the easily communicable virus -namely, the adoption of social distancing measures that curtail its contagion. As the pandemic rolled from Wuhan, China, to other nations, international borders closed, quarantines were imposed on newcomers and, overall, international mobility came to a near-complete halt. In the United States, the President's announcement on restrictions placed on international arrivals from 26 countries on March 11, 2020,2 led to the State Department's suspension of exchange programs, which allow qualified foreign-nationals to participate in work- and study-based exchange visitor programs, for, at least, 60 days. Participants in these exchange visitor programs include foreign-born medical school graduates who complete their residency requirements and sub-specialty training in the United States prior to going back home for two years before they can return to the United States-usually through an H1-B or L-1 visa. [...] An important challenge in recovering from the pandemic will be fighting perceptions of immigrants as economic and security threats. And instead creating and maintaining an open economy that welcomes the international exchange of ideas that has characterized and fueled growth in the United States for decades."
Utah State University. Center for Growth and Opportunity
Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina
2020-06
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Lessons on Immigration During COVID-19
From the Document: "In the middle of the COVID-19 [coronvirus disease 2019] pandemic and national lockdowns, many western governments sought out foreign workers to do essential jobs. [...] Despite the value and importance of immigrant workers, COVID-19 threatens to feed nationalistic and anti-immigrant forces within western societies. In the United States, President Trump's recent measures to restrict visas have brought many labor market to a halt. These measures do not protect American workers, but instead, threaten to cripple essential sectors that are highly dependent on immigration and will set back the recovery. State governments, advocacy groups, corporate America, and civil rights organizations should challenge these measures to build America from the ashes of COVID-19. The pandemic brought lockdowns that sapped America's economic and social vitality. Infusing and integrating immigrants can restore this vitality."
Utah State University. Center for Growth and Opportunity
Kaushal, Neeraj
2020-07
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Immigrants Truly Make America Great (And Without Them, That Greatness is at Risk)
From the Document: "In response to concerns regarding COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], President Trump has essentially ended immigration to the United States. On April 22nd, the President signed a two-month ban prohibiting anyone outside the U.S., excepting current spouses and children of U.S. citizens, from obtaining permanent resident status. The goal of this proclamation was to prevent such new permanent residents from competing with existing U.S. citizens and permanent residents for jobs during the coronavirus recovery. Trump's purpose, he claims, is to protect jobs for Americans as we emerge from the coronavirus-induced lockdown. Yet there have also been suggestions that such limits on immigration could be made permanent. If Trump's goals are jobs and economic growth, he needs to rethink his approach to immigration. [...] Without immigration, America's economy would not enjoy the performance that has made it the world leader in innovation and technological growth."
Utah State University. Center for Growth and Opportunity
Goldstone, Jack A.
2020-06
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Proposal for Immigration Reform
From the Introduction: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] crisis threatens to disrupt patterns of migration crucial to global economic recovery. As an American immigration historian and a non-resident fellow of the Migration Policy Institute, I offer a path towards turning the current conversation from one threatening greater immigration restriction to a more constructive one of policy reform."
Utah State University. Center for Growth and Opportunity
Kraut, Alan M.
2020-06
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Students, Skilled Immigration, and Our Path to Recovery
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has asked us to suffer through a medically induced economic coma, with our local businesses mostly shut down and international borders closed to solve a public health emergency. We all want non-essential businesses to get back on their feet as soon as virus containment allows. Each passing month makes it harder for companies to survive and restore jobs and economic opportunity. Millions of people are waiting to be called back, which cannot come soon enough despite the massive stimulus provided in the economy."
Utah State University. Center for Growth and Opportunity
Kerr, William R. (William Robert)
2020-06
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Immigration as a Tool to Boost U.S. Economic Growth and Prosperity
From the Document: "As unemployment rates soar, policymakers may be tempted to try to protect American workers from perceived labor market competition from immigrants. Slamming the door shut to new immigrants and even making some current immigrants leaves may seem like a surefire way to make more jobs available to laid-off American workers. But such moves would do little to create jobs in the short run and would prove counterproductive in the longer run."
Utah State University. Center for Growth and Opportunity
Orrenius, Pia M.; Zavodny, Madeline
2020-06
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Immigrant Entrepreneurs: What is Their Role in the Pandemic Recovery Effort
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has hit U.S. households and businesses very hard. Particularly hard hit are small businesses, many of which have now been closed for over two months with minimal, if any, income or public support. The U.S. small business sector is increasingly made up of immigrant-founded firms, and are particularly prevalent in the COVID-19 hotspot locations in New York, New Jersey, California, and [...] Florida. As the U.S. economy begins to reopen, what is the role of these immigrant-founded firms in the recovery effort? And what policies will make them more (or less) successful in bringing back the jobs to those hard-hit areas?"
Utah State University. Center for Growth and Opportunity
Kerr, Sari Pekkala
2020-06
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COVID-19 Fact Sheet: Practices for Jails and Prisons
From the Document: "Jails and prisons in our country are full and many are severely overcrowded. People in custody are in close contact with each other, without frequent and adequate access to water and soap. This is a recipe for rapid spread of infection in a context where many are medically vulnerable, medical care is deficient, housing conditions are squalid and the well-being of those in prison is often neglected. Given that there is already dissemination into the general community, it is only a matter of time before the novel coronavirus enters a US jail or prisons. All prisons and jails should anticipate that the coronavirus will enter their facility, and they need to have plans for monitoring and treating anyone who has symptoms. Epidemiologists recommend that jails and prisons take basic steps to reduce the potential harm."
Justice Collaborative Institute
2020-03?
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COVID-19 Fact Sheet: Practices for Protecting Immigrant Communities
From the Document: "People in detention are highly vulnerable to outbreaks of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] because they are housed in close quarters and are often in poor health and this, of course, includes those in immigration custody. The United States operates the world's largest immigration detention system. On any given day, the country has some 30,000 people in administrative immigration detention. There are no regulations or enforceable standards regarding immigration detention conditions, including medical treatment."
Justice Collaborative Institute
2020-03?
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COVID-19 Emergency Response: Courts
From the Document: "Judges and Court Officials should take the following actions to end the spread of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] within their communities while there is a pandemic."
Justice Collaborative Institute
2020-03?
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COVID-19 Emergency Response: Law Enforcement
From the Document: "Local law enforcement should take the following actions to prevent and contain the spread of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] within the communities in which they are located."
Justice Collaborative Institute
2020-03?
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COVID-19 Emergency Response: Prosecutors
From the Document: "Prosecutors should take the following actions to end the spread of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] within their communities while there is a pandemic."
Justice Collaborative Institute
2020-03?
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COVID-19 and the Criminal Justice System: 'Improving Conditions of Confinement and Protecting Constitutional Rights'
From the Summary: "This FJP [Fair and Just Prosecution] 'Issues at a Glance' brief is part of a series examining unfolding criminal justice system responses to the public health crisis created by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]). This brief addresses how prosecutors can help preserve and protect the health and rights of people who remain behind bars amid the pandemic. As prosecutors pursue critical decarceral strategies in response to the threat posed by COVID-19, they should simultaneously take steps to ensure that people who remain in custody receive recommended public health protections, access needed treatment and healthcare, and are afforded their full constitutional rights. This brief provides recommendations for how prosecutors can promote such actions in partnership with other community and correctional leaders, justice system stakeholders, and public health officials, and spotlights examples of prosecutorial leadership and innovation on these issues."
Fair and Just Prosecution
2020-09
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COVID-19 and the Criminal Justice System: 'Youth Justice Issues, Challenges, and Recommended Reforms'
From the Summary: "This FJP [Fair and Just Prosecution] 'Issues at a Glance' brief is part of a series examining unfolding criminal justice system responses to mitigate the public health crisis created by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]). This brief focuses specifically on issues that are unique to the youth justice setting. In particular, this brief examines the medical risks that COVID-19 poses for children; the harmful impact of measures being taken in youth facilities in response to the current pandemic, such as discontinuation of in-person family visits and rehabilitative programming; and other ways in which COVID-19 is impacting people involved with the youth justice system. The brief then discusses steps criminal justice leaders can and should take to protect young people and the broader community amid COVID-19, spotlighting actions taken by prosecutors and other officials in the first months of the crisis. Given both the medical and socio-emotional consequences of ongoing incarceration during the pandemic, the fact that most incarcerated children do not present a serious risk to the safety of others, and the fact that the youth justice system is intended to be a rehabilitative-focused system, there is a particular need to work quickly to vastly reduce the number of young people in carceral settings."
Fair and Just Prosecution
2020-08
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COVID-19 and Mass Incarceration: 'Key Resources' [Revised August 28, 2020]
From the Document: "'FJP's [Fair and Just Prosecution] COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] and Mass Incarceration resources offer insights into trends and promising practices among reform-minded elected prosecutors responding to COVID-19, as well as answers to frequently asked questions. This selection of resources from around the nation features policy guidance for justice system stakeholders, with an emphasis on how to decarcerate and promote public health and safety, as well as useful documents and websites tracking policy changes, outbreak hot spots, and litigation.'"
Fair and Just Prosecution
2020-08-28
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Unmasking Reasons for Face Mask Resistance
From the Document: "The relaxing of physical distancing has resulted in a spike of cases in several American states. In a recent systematic review and meta-analysis in the 'Lancet', Chu and colleagues suggest that while waiting for an effective vaccine, a combination of interventions, including physical distancing and mask use, are needed to reduce aerosol transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ]--the virus responsible for coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19). Notably, states who mandated the use of face masks in the community, in addition to other existing interventions, saw a significant decline in the daily increase of COVID-19 transmission. Mass masking may protect well wearers and reduce transmission from infected individuals who show no symptoms; asymptomatic or the highly infectious presymptomatic; distinguishing between both remains a challenge. Yet, face masking is subject to variable levels of uptake and adherence. Many possible factors are contributing to this."
University of New South Wales
Zagury-Orly, Ivry
2020-07
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COVID-19 Fact Sheet: Practices for Law Enforcement
From the Document: "Police should take steps to reduce the churn in and out of jails for people who do not pose a reasonable threat to public safety. […] Jails, especially overcrowded jails, combine the worst aspects of a cruise ship and a large public gathering and, thus, can be the perfect breeding ground for the spread of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. […] Proper sanitization is a key aspect in preventing the spread of COVID-19 but may be nearly impossible for those we send to our local jails. Practicing even the most simple hygiene, such as washing hands, is not a given in jails. […] Law enforcement can help protect both themselves, anyone inside of a local jail, and their communities by not placing vulnerable people in custody and can do so without risking public safety."
Justice Collaborative Institute
2020-03?
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COVID-19 Fact Sheet: Practices for Prosecutors
From the Document: "In order to prevent the rapid growth of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] from overburdening our health-care system and claiming lives, it is the responsibility of decision makers at every level to prevent and contain the spread of the virus by implementing the most effective measure in abating the pandemic: social distancing. Prosecutors, as one of the most powerful actors in the criminal justice system, should use their discretionary powers to help limit the spread of COVID-19 as bringing one person with it into our courts, parole or probation offices, jails, or prisons, can lead to it quickly impacting entire entire communities."
Justice Collaborative Institute
2020-03?
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COVID-19 Fact Sheet: Practices to Avoid in Jails and Prisons
From the Document: "Due to the unique circumstances of a jail, it is not a secure facility that can be quarantined. Measures undertaken to minimize contact with court staff may keep court staff safer, but will not prevent the spread of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] within a jail or the surrounding community."
Justice Collaborative Institute
2020-03?
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COVID-19 Emergency Response: Jails
From the Document: "Local officials should take the following actions to to prevent and contain the spread of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] in jails and in the communities in which they are located."
Justice Collaborative Institute
2020-03?
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COVID-19 Emergency Response: Prisons
From the Document: "State and Federal Officials should take the following actions to prevent and contain the spread of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] both within state and federal prisons and in the communities in which they are located."
Justice Collaborative Institute
2020-03?
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Justice and the Virus: Racial Patterns [audio]
From the Webpage: "'No more black blood in these streets!' That was among the chants at a march denouncing racist police violence in Brooklyn this week, one of countless such protests taking place across the country. The death of George Floyd--handcuffed, on the ground, while a white Minneapolis police officer pressed his knee into Floyd's neck for close to nine minutes--has triggered a wave of long-held anger and revulsion. Floyd's death comes in the midst of a pandemic made worse by the same racism that took his life. Vincent Southerland compares the brazen, public manner in which Floyd was killed to a lynching. Southerland is the executive director of the Center on Race, Inequality, and the Law at New York University. 'Racism is a shapeshifter,' Southerland tells New Thinking host Matt Watkins, noting it can 'mutate like a disease.' As that centuries-old disease combines with the novel coronavirus, Southerland considers what effect COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], and the reaction to police violence, might have on the deep racial patterns of the justice system." The duration of podcast is 20 minutes and 9 seconds.
Center for Court Innovation (U.S.)
Watkins, Matthew
2020-06-03
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Lives on the Line: Women with Incarcerated Loved Ones and the Impact of COVID-19 Behind Bars
From the Executive Summary: "Incarceration has always posed a grave threat to public health. Jails, prisons, and detention centers subject people to dangerous, unhealthy, inhumane conditions and experiences by design. So, when COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] became a pandemic, we knew that our loved ones' lives were on the line. We knew that the crowded, unsanitary conditions behind bars and a lack of access to medical care would mean that incarcerated people would be among those hit hardest by the virus. We knew that the patriarchal, punitive values embedded into the prison industrial complex would prevent incarcerated people from receiving the kind of care they need to survive a pandemic. And we knew that this harm would ripple out to cause profound physical, emotional, and economic harm for the communities that mass incarceration targets: historically marginalized people, especially Black and Brown communities and women."
Essie Justice Group; Lives on the Line Demands
Clayton-Johnson, Gina; Karefa-Johnson, Rena; Rasaki, Titilayo
2020?
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Face Masks and Coverings for the General Public: Behavioural Knowledge, Effectiveness of Cloth Coverings and Public Messaging
From the Summary Key Points: "[1] Cloth face coverings are effective in reducing source virus transmission, i.e., outward protection of others, when they are of optimal material and construction (high grade cotton, hybrid and multilayer) and fitted correctly and for source protection of the wearer. [2] Socio-behavioural factors are vital to understanding public adherence to wearing face masks and coverings, including public understanding of virus transmission, risk perception, trust, altruism, individual traits, perceived barriers. [3] Face masks and coverings cannot be seen in isolation but are part of 'policy packages' and it is imperative to review interrelated non-pharmaceutical interventions in tandem including hand hygiene, sanitizers and social distancing when maintaining the 2 metre or 1 metre+ distancing rule is not possible. [4] Consistent and effective public messaging is vital to public adherence of wearing face masks and coverings. Conflicting policy advice generates confusion and lack of compliance. Populations without a previous history of mask wearing have rapidly adopted face coverings during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] period."
Royal Society (Great Britain); British Academy
2020-06-26
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Measuring the Impacts of COVID-19 on Job Postings in Australia Using a Reweighting-Estimation-Transformation Approach
From the Abstract: "We propose a reweighting-estimation-transformation (RWET) approach to estimate the impacts of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] on job postings in Australia. Contrary to the commonly used aggregation-based method on counting data, our approach can be used in a relatively 'thin' market, such as Australia. In a thin market, the number of job postings is relatively small, and the share of empty cells increases substantially when aggregating the data into finer categories. Using Australian job postings collected by Burning Glass Technologies and the RWET approach, our empirical evidence shows that the overall labour demand in Australia as of July 2020 is slowly recovering from its lowest 45 per cent dip at the beginning of May. Our results also suggest that the impacts of the pandemic are relatively evenly distributed across skill levels, but vary substantially across states, industries and occupations. Our findings of the dynamics on the demand side of the labour market suggest that skill-targeted policies might not be as effective as policies targeted at the state and industry levels to facilitate economic recovery."
IZA Institute of Labor Economics
Shen, Kailing; Taska, Bledi
2020-08
