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To Follow or Not to Follow: Social Norms and Civic Duty During a Pandemic
From the Document: "The outbreak of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has put substantial pressure on individuals to adapt and change their behaviours. As the hope of a vaccine remains at least a year away, everyone is urged to take action to slow the spread of the virus. Thus, 'flattening the curve' has become vital in preventing medical systems from being overrun, and it relies on massive collective action by citizens to follow specific public health measures such as physical distancing, hand washing, and physical isolation for vulnerable individuals. Despite the recommendations, the public has often been confronted with the reality that some individuals are not respecting them, including elected officials. [...] In this article, we explore the effects of civic duty and social norms on adherence to public health recommendations. We find that civic duty promotes following health recommendations and that norms become important in the absence of duty."
Cambridge University Press
Bourgeois, Laura French; Stephenson, Laura Beth, 1976-; Harell, Allison
2020
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Louisiana Must Overhaul Its Justice System Practices to Respond to COVID-19
From the Document: "Louisiana is emerging as a hot spot at the center of the global COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. On March 22, Governor John Bel Edwards issued a statewide stay-at-home order. People are forbidden from leaving their homes except for the absolute essentials and are instructed to maintain at least six feet distance from others. As of April 9, 2020, there were 18,283 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Louisiana with 702 reported deaths. By the time this goes to print, already these numbers will be outdated. New Orleans's hospitals are already stretched to capacity."
Vera Institute of Justice
2020-04-09
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Los Angeles Must Make Bold, Decisive Changes in Its Justice System to Respond to COVID-19
From the Document: "With each day, the number of people infected with COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] in Los Angeles increases. There are more than 2,000 confirmed cases within the county already and at least 37 deaths. The numbers are expected to surge in the coming days and weeks. To curb the spread of the virus, public officials in Los Angeles have ordered Angelenos to stay home, avoid gatherings of 50 or more within a confined space, and limit contact with others generally. But social distancing--or any other practices known to prevent and contain COVID-19--simply cannot happen in the local criminal justice system. During arrest, people are handcuffed and held in close quarters with others, unable to cover their faces if they sneeze or cough. The same happens in courts daily, exponentially increasing the likelihood of spread. The jails are veritable petri dishes for COVID-19, with thousands of people incarcerated in proximity to each other and hundreds of officers and staff coming and going from the facilities daily. Finally, community-based reentry service providers lack personal protective equipment and resources to help people transition safely back to the community."
Vera Institute of Justice
2020-03-30
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How Local Leaders Can Ensure Immigrant Justice During COVID-19
From the Document: "Our immigration system is on the threshold of a new crisis precipitated by the COVID19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. Some immigrants already face the threat of permanent separation from their families and communities, and many also face the threat of violence and even death upon deportation. Now, immigrants are also grappling with a growing health threat. With enforcement by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) ongoing during the pandemic, people continue to enter immigration detention centers, exacerbating the already dire conditions inside. People in detention face high risks of infection from the close quarters of facilities, shelters, and courtrooms, and they lack adequate sanitation, health care, and protective measures. The frequent transfer of people throughout the immigration detention system also contributes to the rapid spread of the virus. Even with limited testing, confirmed cases in ICE detention continue to skyrocket, with more than 1,000 people testing positive for COVID-19 as of May 9, 2020. The number of children in the custody of the Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) testing positive is also on the rise, according to a May 14, 2020, statement by ORR."
Vera Institute of Justice
2020-05
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COVID-19 Overview and Infection Prevention and Control Priorities in Non-US Healthcare Settings
From the Purpose and Scope: "This overview was created for healthcare workers in non-US healthcare settings and non-US national government officials working on the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] response. The information in this document draws from CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] and WHO [World Health Organization] guidance documents and Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) priorities for the response to COVID-19 in healthcare settings and includes information that can be used in non-US contexts."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2020-07-08
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Guidance for Reducing Jail Populations to Mitigate the Impact of COVID-19 in Washington, DC
From the Document: "Four months into the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, the risk of illness and death has yet to dissipate in Washington, DC. In fact, the number of people infected increases every day. As of June 29, 2020, there have been 10,327 confirmed cases and 551 deaths. To curb the spread of the virus, the mayor ordered people to stay at home and generally limit their contact with others. But there's one place where social distancing and other practices known to contain COVID-19 simply cannot happen: the DC jail. Jails are veritable petri dishes for COVID-19--and people incarcerated in them are not only some of the most vulnerable to contracting the virus, but they are often overlooked, too. Hundreds of people are incarcerated in close proximity to each other, numerous staff enter and exit the facilities daily, and basic protective measures like hand sanitizer are prohibited as contraband."
Vera Institute of Justice
2020-07-07
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New York Can -- And Must -- Lead to Protect People in Prison
From the Document: "New York is the epicenter of the novel coronavirus outbreak in the United States. With infection rates climbing daily, a public health disaster looms particularly large for one group of New Yorkers with no ability to protect themselves: the 43,000 men and women incarcerated in New York State's 52 prisons. Twenty-two percent of people incarcerated in state prison in New York--9,550 people--are 50 and older. Many more have serious chronic medical issues. Conditions inside--including many people sleeping 40 or 50 to a room, with limited or no access to soap and no ability to create social distance--make it impossible for people to protect themselves."
Vera Institute of Justice
2020-04
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Guidance for Preventive and Responsive Measures to Coronavirus for Immigration System Actors
From the Document: "The coronavirus, or COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], has been declared by the World Health Organization to be a global pandemic. As the number of people infected in the United States grows exponentially, we must focus on prevention and containment in the criminal and immigration legal systems. Actors in the criminal and immigration legal systems have a unique and critical role to play. The importance of this role is underscored by how vast these systems are--almost 10.5 million arrests a year, 2.2 million people in jail and prison at any given time, 50,000 in immigration detention, and another 4.5 million under some form of supervision on probation or parole."
Vera Institute of Justice; Community Oriented Correctional Health Services
2020-03-18
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Guidance for Preventive and Responsive Measures to Coronavirus for Parole, Probation, and Clemency
From the Document: "The coronavirus, or COVID-19, has already been declared by the World Health Organization as a global pandemic. As the number of people infected in the United States grows exponentially, we must focus on prevention and containment in the criminal and immigration legal systems. Actors in the criminal and immigration legal systems have a unique and critical role to play. The importance of this role is underscored by how vast these systems are--almost 10.5 million arrests a year, 2.2 million people in jail and prison at any given time, 50,000 in immigration detention, and another 4.5 million under some form of supervision on probation or parole."
Vera Institute of Justice; Community Oriented Correctional Health Services
2020-03-18
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AEI Political Report: How COVID-19 is Changing Us, Voting in November, Sexual Misconduct and Politicians, and China
From the Website: "In this issue of AEI's [American Enterprise Institute] Political Report, we examine how Americans are experiencing daily life with coronavirus, attitudes toward voting in November, sexual misconduct and politicians, and attitudes toward China."
American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research
Bowman, Karlyn H.; Clemence, Jacqueline; Goldstein, Samantha
2020-05-20
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Hearing: Examining the National Response to the Worsening Coronavirus Pandemic [video]
This is the House Committee on Homeland Security hearing "Examining the National Response to the Worsening Coronavirus Pandemic" streamed live on July 8, 2020. The duration of the video is 3 hours, 21 minutes and 34 seconds.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security
2020-07-08
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We Must Urgently Do More to Address COVID-19 Behind Bars and Avoid Mass Infection and Death: Guidance for Attorney General Barr, Governors, Sheriffs, and Corrections Administrators
From the Document: "This country--indeed, the world--has not faced a health crisis of the urgency, magnitude, and scale of the one posed by the novel coronavirus. As the total number of infections in the United States tops 1.3 million and the death toll passes 80,000, two vulnerable groups remain largely ignored: people who are incarcerated and those who work in jails, prisons, and detention centers. There is no public safety without public health in this pandemic. We urge leaders across the country to take steps to protect our whole community, including people behind bars."
Vera Institute of Justice
2020-05-12
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Guidance for Preventive and Responsive Measures to Coronavirus for Youth Agencies
From the Document: "The coronavirus, or COVID-19, has been declared by the World Health Organization as a global pandemic. As the number of people infected in the United States grows exponentially, we must focus on prevention and containment in the criminal and immigration legal systems. Preventing and responding to coronavirus among young people in the justice system requires special considerations, although the fundamental priority is the same--to remove youth from detention settings."
Vera Institute of Justice
2020-03-24
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Guidance for Preventive and Responsive Measures to Coronavirus for Rural Justice Systems
From the Document: "The coronavirus, or COVID-19, has been declared by the World Health Organization as a global pandemic. As the number of people infected in the United States grows exponentially, we must focus on prevention and containment in the criminal and immigration legal systems. Preventing and responding to coronavirus in rural justice systems requires special considerations, although the fundamental priority is the same--to remove people from detention settings and reduce contact between all people as much as possible."
Vera Institute of Justice
2020-03-24
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How COVID-19 is Changing Americans' Behaviors, Expectations, and Political Views
From the Document: "Since the beginning of April, we have been following the same representative sample of Americans in a series of regular surveys. The longitudinal nature of the project allows us to not only track whether Americans' views are changing, but also what might be driving such changes. We find that, while strong divisions persist across party lines, personal experiences with COVID19 [coronavirus disease 2019], such as having lost income because of the pandemic, may affect views and preferences among Americans. Researchers at the Poverty Lab and the Rustandy Center for Social Sector Innovation at the University of Chicago are conducting this longitudinal survey in partnership with NORC at the University of Chicago, an independent, non-partisan research institution. Below we summarize some findings from waves one through five (conducted from April 6 through May 18). The findings refer to different time frames according to the questions analyzed. Surveys are administered to the same sample of more than 1,400 Americans based on NORC's probability-based AmeriSpeak Panel, which is designed to be representative of the U.S. population."
Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics
Bertrand, Marianne; Briscese, Guglielmo; Grignani, Maddalena . . .
2020-07
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Guidance for Preventive and Responsive Measures to Coronavirus for Prosecutors, Defenders, and Courts
From the Document: "The coronavirus, or COVID-19, has been declared by the World Health Organization to be a global pandemic. As the number of people infected in the United States grows exponentially, we must focus on prevention and containment in the criminal and immigration legal systems. Actors in the criminal and immigration legal systems have a unique and critical role to play. The importance of this role is underscored by how vast these systems are--almost 10.5 million arrests a year, 2.2 million people in jail and prison at any given time, 50,000 in immigration detention, and another 4.5 million under some form of supervision on probation or parole."
Vera Institute of Justice; Community Oriented Correctional Health Services
2020-03-18
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New York City Must Act Now on COVID-19 at Rikers Island
From the Document: "With each day, the number of people infected with COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] at Rikers Island increases at an alarming rate. The first reported case was on March 18. Five days later, 38 out of the 5,293 people incarcerated at the time tested positive for COVID-19 and another 56 were quarantined. New York City is the epicenter of the COVID-19 crisis in the country and, by now, those numbers will have spiked again. Dr. Ross MacDonald, Rikers' chief medical officer, tweeted, 'We cannot change the fundamental nature of jail. We cannot socially distance dozens of elderly men living in a dorm, sharing a bathroom. Think of a cruise ship recklessly boarding more passengers each day.' Dr. MacDonald's voice is one among many calling for the mayor and the Department of Correction to release as many people from jail as they can to stem the public health crisis erupting inside the walls. The Board of Correction, New York City's independent correctional oversight agency, called for the release of people over 50 years old, those with underlying health conditions, those detained for administrative reasons such as technical violations of parole, and those serving short sentences. Adding up the numbers, the Board recommended releasing 1,922 people from Rikers Island."
Vera Institute of Justice
2020-03-25
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Key Research Question: What is the Effectiveness of Wearing Medical Masks, Including Home-Made Masks, to Reduce the Spread of COVID-19 in the Community? [Updated June 19, 2020]
From the Context: "Community mask use is now either encouraged or mandatory in over 80 countries, with many jurisdictions encouraging but not mandating the use of cloth masks; however, some countries such as Australia and New Zealand continue to not recommend community masking and have achieved low rates of COVID [coronavirus disease] activity despite the lack of this particular intervention. [...] With a focus on recovery and relaxation of social distancing in the context of the stabilization of the initial wave of the pandemic, the general population is returning to community and workplace settings where social distancing will not always be possible, which is driving interest in, and controversies around the use of cloth and home-made masks."
Alberta Health Services
Asadi, Leyla
2020-06-19
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Mutual Fund Performance and Flows During the COVID-19 Crisis
From the Abstract: "We present a comprehensive analysis of the performance and flows of U.S. actively-managed equity mutual funds during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] crisis of 2020. We find that most active funds underperform passive benchmarks during the crisis, contradicting a popular hypothesis. Funds with high sustainability ratings perform well, as do funds with high star ratings. Fund outflows largely extend pre-crisis trends. Investors favor funds that apply exclusion criteria and funds with high sustainability ratings, especially environmental ones. Our finding that investors remain focused on sustainability during this major crisis suggests they view sustainability as a necessity rather than a luxury good."
Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics
Pástor, Luboš; Vorsatz, M. Blair
2020-07
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Next Cares Act: A Better, Faster Way to Deliver Aid
From the Introduction: "Even as COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]-related economic and social restrictions ease across the U.S., many businesses and workers will continue to be vulnerable for months to come without more help from the federal government. In March, Congress passed the $2.2 trillion CARES [Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security] Act, which included several forms of assistance to shore up credit and financial markets and to provide a critical lifeline to workers and businesses. Although the CARES Act undoubtedly helped the economy from sinking into the abyss, many of its specific programs have been slow to get benefits to the businesses and workers who need them the most."
The New Center
Baumel, Julia
2020-07
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WHO Mass Gathering COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool -- Generic Events
From the Document: "The content of this Risk Assessment tool has been updated to reflect new WHO [World Health Organization] guidance and new evidence on both COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] and mass gatherings, as well as feedback from end-users. Additional improvements have been made to the way the information is organized and presented: the Decision Tree is now built into the tool and a new tab dedicated to Risk Communication has been added. The expanded tool now includes six tabs: 1. Instructions; 2. Decision Tree; 3. Risk Evaluation; 4. Risk Mitigation; 5. Decision Matrix; 6. Risk Communication."
World Health Organization
2020-07-10
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Global COVID-19 Clinical Platform with Pregnancy Module -- CRF-P
From the Introduction: "In response to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) has launched a global COVID-19 anonymized clinical data platform (the 'COVID-19 Data Platform') to enable State Parties to the International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005) to share with WHO anonymized clinical data related to patients with suspected or confirmed infections with SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] (collectively 'anonymized COVID-19 data'). The anonymized COVID-19 data received by WHO will remain the property of the contributing Entity and will be used by WHO for purposes of verification, assessment and assistance pursuant to the IHR (2005), including to inform the public health and clinical operation response in connection with the COVID-19 outbreak. To help achieve these objectives, WHO has established an independent Clinical Advisory Group to advise WHO on global reporting and analysis of the anonymized clinical COVID-19 data. State Parties and other entities are invited to contact WHO to obtain more information about how to contribute anonymized clinical COVID-19 data to the WHO Data Platform. To preserve the security and confidentiality of the anonymized COVID-19 data, State Parties and other entities are respectfully requested to take all necessary measures to protect their respective log-in credentials and passwords to the COVID-19 Data Platform."
World Health Organization
2020-07-13
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Back to School in Brazil: Social Distancing Edition
From the Document: "On July 8, 2020, the Brazil Institute and the Lemann Foundation, with the support of the AWS Institute, convened a discussion on the future of education in Brazil in a world with COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], and how educators and policymakers can leverage technology effectively to allow students and teachers to return to a newly-digital classroom."
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Brazil Institute; AWS Institute; Fundação Lemann
2020-07
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Mitigating COVID-19 Effects with Conventional Monetary Policy
From the Document: "The Federal Reserve slashed the federal funds rate in response to the effects of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. The full impact of the pandemic on the economy is still uncertain and depends on many factors. Analysis suggests that allowing the federal funds rate to fall fast will help the economy cope with the aftermath of COVID-19. In particular, the limited policy space due to the effective lower bound of the federal funds rate before the pandemic reinforces rather than offsets the need for a rapid funds rate decline."
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
Cúrdia, Vasco
2020-04-13
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Issue Guide: COVID-19 Case Investigation and Contact Tracing, Considerations for Using Digital Technologies
From the Executive Summary: "As communities relax stay-at-home orders and ramp up testing, the public health system is seeing increases in COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] cases. Until vaccines are broadly available, the primary ways of preventing transmission of COVID-19 include interventions such as case investigation, contact tracing, social distancing, and isolation and quarantine. Case investigation and contact tracing are well-established public health functions that have been implemented for many diseases like Ebola, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and tuberculosis. However, the scale and speed needed for COVID-19 is unprecedented. An extensive and swift expansion of the case investigation and contact tracing workforce--paired with continuous evaluation to ensure effectiveness--is needed to adequately respond to rising caseloads and rapid investigation cycles. To complement this time-tested, workforce-based solution, technology companies have been engaging with various public health experts to develop new tools that could aid in COVID-19 response efforts. Public health officials may choose to incorporate solutions that can augment and support case investigation and contact tracing while also protecting privacy."
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (U.S.)
2020?
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Health-Protective Behaviour, Social Media Usage and Conspiracy Belief During the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency
From the Abstract: "Social media platforms have long been recognised as major disseminators of health misinformation. Many previous studies have found a negative association between health-protective behaviours and belief in the specific form of misinformation popularly known as 'conspiracy theory'. Concerns have arisen regarding the spread of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] conspiracy theories on social media. [...] Three questionnaire surveys of social media use, conspiracy beliefs and health-protective behaviours with regard to COVID-19 among UK residents were carried out online, one using a self-selecting sample (N = 949) and two using stratified random samples from a recruited panel (N = 2250, N = 2254). [...] All three studies found a negative relationship between COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and COVID-19 health-protective behaviours, and a positive relationship between COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and use of social media as a source of information about COVID-19. Studies 2 and 3 also found a negative relationship between COVID-19 health-protective behaviours and use of social media as a source of information, and Study 3 found a positive relationship between health-protective behaviours and use of broadcast media as a source of information."
Cambridge University Press
Allington, Daniel; Wessely, Simon; Duffy, Bobby . . .
2020-06-05
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Global Order After COVID-19
From the Introduction: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic is the most disruptive global event since the Great Depression and World War 2. At least 4.8 million people have been infected in less than six months; more than 300,000 have died, and many more deaths will occur even if effective vaccines or treatments are eventually developed. The economic costs are staggering: much of the world has fallen into recession, debt levels are soaring, and future growth prospects have dimmed. It is in some ways the first fully global crisis in human history, one from which no country can remain aloof. Yet despite these far-reaching effects, the current pandemic will not transform the essential nature of world politics."
Institut für Sicherheitspolitik
Walt, Stephen M., 1955-
2020
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School Reopening Planning: Federal, Association, and State Considerations
From the Overview: "As we approach the traditional start of the academic school calendar, school district administrators, educators, staff, and parents are working to determine the feasibility and practicality for schools to reopen in light of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. It is imperative that education and public health leaders work collaboratively to develop plans that support the health and wellbeing of students, teachers, staff and the community, while working to reduce possible transmission of COVID-19. Communities across the country and world are identifying hybrid and alternative mechanisms of traditional instruction to ensure that core and ancillary components of education are provided. These plans and recommendations consider a variety of factors, both known and unknown, that should be taken into consideration. The examples below provide guidance and recommendations from national associations, state action plans, and other resources that can be used to inform future recommendations and policy decisions."
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (U.S.)
2020-07-14
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COVID-19: Defining an Invisible Enemy Within Healthcare and the Community
From the Document: "The rapid dissemination of severe respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) throughout the globe has been declared a pandemic. A lack of national and internationally agreed case definitions for healthcare-associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to inconsistencies in describing epidemiology, which limit comparisons. [...] Recent NHS [National Health Service] England guidance recommends screening all emergency hospital admissions on admission followed by a single repeat, for those testing negative, between 5 and 7 days after admission. Our data demonstrate that healthcare-associated COVID-19 has contributed an important number of cases patients during the height of a pandemic. Sequential screening of non-COVID-19 hospitalized patients beyond this, possibly on a weekly basis up to 14 days after hospital discharge, may prove beneficial in further reducing the threat posed by SARS-CoV-2. Further validation of proposed definitions is required and according to the evolution of CDI [Clostridium difficile infection] definitions, amendments are likely."
Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America
Musa, Saif A.; Sivaramakrishnan, Anand; Paget, Stephanie . . .
2020
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COVID-19: The Gendered Impacts of the Outbreak
From the Document: "Policies and public health efforts have not addressed the gendered impacts of disease outbreaks. The response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appears no different. We are not aware of any gender analysis of the outbreak by global health institutions or governments in affected countries or in preparedness phases. Recognising the extent to which disease outbreaks affect women and men differently is a fundamental step to understanding the primary and secondary effects of a health emergency on different individuals and communities, and for creating effective, equitable policies and interventions."
Lancet
Lewin, Sharon; Rasmussen, Thomas A.; Wenham, Clare . . .
2020-03-06
